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Topic: Black Consciousness Movement

	Black People's Convention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black in the context of BCM is an inclusive concept of historically oppressed peoples (Africans, Coloureds and (Asian) Indians) in then aprtheid South Africa.
		The BPC was to the South African Student Organization ((SASO)) South Africa's Black Consciousness Movement the same role that the Black Panther Party (BPP) was to SNCC and the Black Power Movement.
		In exile from 1974 onwards BCM activists and organizers re-built the movement as the Black Consciousness Movement of Azania (BCMA) and in 1980, became the external wing of AZAPO, with an interim executive leadership committee.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_People's_Convention (594 words)

	Black Consciousness Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) is a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960’s out of the political vacuum created by the decimation of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership, by jailing and banning, after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960.
		The Black Consciousness Movement heavily supported the protests against the policies of the apartheid regime which led to the Soweto riots in June of 1976.
		And as the influence of the Black Consciousness Movement itself waned, the ANC was returning to its role as the clearly leading force in the resistance to white rule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement (4375 words)

	The Black Consciousness Movement in South African Literature
		It was "the prime mover of the Black consciousness Movement in South Africa" (Motlhabi, 1984; 106 in Snail,1992; 243).
		The thesis of those schools of thought favouring a major influence on BCM from Black politics in the USA is supported by the fact that SASO's formation coincided with the decision of the church in America to address the plight of the American Blacks within its ranks.
		Writers of the BCM period were in the fore-front of heeding that cultural call as reflected in their poetry, for poetry - and plays - were the major genres of that period.
	nigeriansinamerica.com /articles/26/1/The-Black-Consciousness-Movement... (2036 words)

	Steve Biko and Black Conciseness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Black Consciousness(BC): In reaction to white racism and liberal paternalism, fl intellectuals, led by Steve Biko, decided in the late 1960s that fls (defined as all who were discriminated against on grounds of race) must organise themselves to promote fl assertion and self-esteem, as fls in the United States were doing.
		Blacks were told to rid themselves of their slave mentality: ‘Black man, you are on your own’ was the cry, and other slogans were freely borrowed from the American Black Power movement.
		Black Consciousness contributed significantly to the ferment behind the Soweto riots, but in September 1977 Steve Biko died in detention and the following month the BC organisations were banned.
	about-south-africa.com /html/steve_biko.html (507 words)

	From the President of SOPA
		The events of the past nine years and especially the dismal failure of the current government in the past five years to deliver freedom, liberation and dignity for fl people is eloquent evidence of the need for fl consciousness as a philosophy of struggle for the majority of fl people.
		Rather it is by encountering and exposing the flness of fl people in all its dimensions as defined and presented by fls themselves that they will meaningfully and with integrity walk the path of freedom with fls.
		In this, fl consciousness is the supreme weapon of struggle as we build a new country and a new people for a new future.
	www.saweb.co.za /election/parties/sopa/sopames.html (681 words)

	Steve Biko and informal and community education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		He was scathing of the white liberals who attached themselves to the fl cause but shied away from the notion of Black Power because they saw it as an example of extremism and just as bad as white supremacy.
		Black consciousness, according to Steve Biko, sought ‘to show fl people the value of their own standards and outlook …to judge themselves according to these standards and not to be fooled by white society who have whitewashed themselves and made white standards the yardstick by which even fl people judge each other’.
		He defined fls as ‘those who are by law or tradition politically, economically and socially discriminated against as a group in South African society and identifying themselves as a unit in the struggle towards the realisation of their aspirations’.
	www.infed.org /thinkers/biko.htm (1162 words)

	:: Neo Black Movement Of Africa :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Stephen Biko, founder of the Black Consciousness movement was born in South Africa.
		The Black Consciousness movement, which sought to imbue Black youth with the concept of Black dignity and self-reliance, emerged from those groups and the several others that were influenced by them.
		Biko felt that Blacks had to be proud of themselves and their heritage for the liberation struggle to succeed and urged Blacks to stand on their own two feet.
	www.nbmafrica.com /black-heroes-R-S.htm (1502 words)

	Being A Black Woman In The World - Pt. 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		As a result, Whites often feel that Blacks tend to “overreact.” What they forget is that “Blacks live lives of quiet desperation generated by a litany of daily large and small events that, whether or not by design, remind them of their place” in society.
		Black people were able to challenge their own inferiority, and rejected the negative notions that Whiteness imposed on them.
		The political critique of the Black Consciousness Movement challenged the notion that because the ideal is a shared society, shared organizations and methods of struggle are the only ways to achieve.
	www.finalcall.com /artman/publish/printer_2569.shtml (2100 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Biko: A Man for His People
		The Black Consciousness movement began in the late 1960s, based on the idea that South African fls had to break out of the psychological chains created by a racist system before they could win the struggle for full liberation.
		Black South Africans had to free themselves of any sense that they were dependent on whites, or that they had to prove they could be just like the whites.
		The Black Consciousness movement, as expressed by the all-fl South African Students Organization and by the Black People's Convention, meant that South African fls had a vocabulary with which they could define themselves as human beings in their own right, with their own culture to be proud of.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=108342 (1719 words)

	Biko by H. Holt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Blacks have to be leading the league in terms of 'liberation literature' but it doesn't matter because they don't read and when they do it's not material like this.
		His Black Consciousness movement was as much a political force against apartheid as it was an indictment of self-inflicted notions of inferiority.
		Defining fl consciousness in the South African context and working towards reversing centuries of social engineering this is Biko's story and his life - ably demonstrated by Donald Woods, his friend and confidante.
	www.football-gear.biz /stuff-0805006559.html (507 words)

	ROAPE: Briefing - Black Consciousness
		Black consciousness is a term adopted by a range of groupings - notably by SASO, SASM, BPC and BAWU, but also by many other groups as well: theatre and other cultural and community groups, educationalists, journalists, theologians.
		It seeks to instil the idea of self-determination in the fl community: to restore feelings of pride and dignity to fls after centuries of racist oppression, to restore to them the knowledge of their own history and to assert their right to make history.
		Spokesmen of the movement do not advocate the need for armed struggle - which would of course court immediate reprisal from the State - they speak of the need for fls to come together and close ranks.
	www.roape.org /cgi-bin/roape/show/0709.html (351 words)

	20. Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
		Biko defined Black Consciousness as an "attitude of the mind and a way of life," calling for Africans to take pride in their "Blackness".
		The rise of fl consciousness in the 1960s and 1970s was characterised by the turmoil and turbulence that swept over South Africa at that time.
		Black Africans rose up en masse against the years of suppression, bombarding the white government with a series of protests, mass demonstrations and strikes.
	www.un.org /Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/globalatlas/20s3.htm (151 words)

	Biko's Black Consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This strangling silence was due to the overt and blatant use of oppression by the apartheid state through the suppression of the African Nationalist movements and the imprisonment, banning or exile of prominent anti-Apartheid leaders.
		The philosophy of Black Consciousness was an attitude of the mind; that is Africans had to rid themselves of their inferiority complexes and acquire a social identity of their own in order to gain political ascendency and power.
		I will focus mainly on the philosophy of the Black Consciousness Movement, Biko's fundamental contribution and involvement in this new movement, why he was perceived as a threat to the state, and also describe his legacy after his tragic and brutal murder at the hands of the security forces.
	www.history.und.ac.za /soweto/bikothe.htm (437 words)

	World Socialist Movement - International Politics/ Conflict
		The BCM, which was formed in 1967, was the umbrella body of all organisations subscribing to the philosophy of fl consciousness, including A.Z.A.P.O..
		Black consciousness developed a political and economic policy aimed at modifying the worst elements of capitalism.
		According to the BCM, fl communalism, as an economic policy was based on the principle of sharing and emphasised communal ownership of property and wealth.
	www.worldsocialism.org /wsm-pages/safrica.html (2741 words)

	Cobb: The Natural
		If you were to be fl in the ferment of the Black Consciousness Movement, you had to be intellectually sharp and you had to keep up.
		Yet in the deductively-fixated society in which the alchemical socio-chemistry of flness is embedded, such logic chopping is seen as real, where what is actually happening is that we are psychological insurgents in an imperially aggressive war of memetic occupation and aggression.
		Blackness only signifies conflict, but most of the conflict it signifies is studio gangsta, which is actually little more than the decadence that surplus wealth affords.
	www.mdcbowen.org /cobb/archives/004109.html (2783 words)

	Historical Background of the Black Arts Movement (BAM) - Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Because I was not reared in the Black church I was something of an anomaly among Northern Blacks.
		Malcolm's voice was the embodiment of the fl power sentiments both in content as well as in the stylistic flourishes of well-timed phrasing, non-western references (especially Islam and Pan-Africanism), and audacious metaphors designed to appeal to grassroots sensibilities (e.g.
		Black Power came to be associated with a militant advocacy of armed self-defense, separation from "racist American domination" and a pride in and assertion of the goodness and beauty of Blackness.
	www.black-collegian.com /african/bam2_200.shtml (1717 words)

	Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Indeed, for a great number of Black youths, the infamous story of the sixty-nine Black protesters who, while fleeing from police gunfire, were mown down in the township of Sharpeville, was one with which they they were raised.
		During the 1970's, the Black Consciousness Movement had been gathering steam, and many of the ideologies of this movement were particularly attractive to Black youth.
		Thus, in light of a highly inadequate system of schooling, constant denial by the Apartheid Government of basic human rights for South African Blacks, and the spreading ideologies of the Black Consciousness Movement, it seemed inevitable that the anger and resentment felt by the Black youth of South Africa was close to erupting.
	www.history.und.ac.za /soweto/backgrou.htm (607 words)

	Biko's Legacy - Social Justice Wiki
		Steve Biko’s primary goal in his movement was to provide consciousness for fls who had otherwise been disillusioned and anesthetized by their plight so that they would have a drive to change things.
		Aside from this being mainly a movement of awareness, there was also not a clear or concise methodology to combat the problems that plagued fls in South Africa.
		Moodly writes that, “In the 1970’s the Black Consciousness Movement was said to have been cocooned as an intellectual movement with little grassroots supports, lacking a solid base in the organized trade-union movement.
	socialjustice.ccnmtl.columbia.edu /index.php/Biko's_Legacy (726 words)

	AfricanTribute
		This movement was all about fl pride, and encouraged fls to fight their own fights.
		Among its major goals was to discredit the notion that fls were inferior to whites and thus had to be subservient to them.
		This was in line with the Black Consciousness idea that fls fight their own fights and chart their own future.
	kenya740.tripod.com /biko.html (852 words)

	Abram Tiro
		This was an ideology developed primarily by fl students after 1968 to encourage fls to liberate themselves psychologically from the effect of the institutionalised racism and white liberalism.
		This was an offshoot of the Black Consciousness Movement and its aim was to influence the direction of Southern African student politics.
		Biko, the father of the fl consciousness movement, together with other fl leaders, had broken away from the white dominated student body Nusas to form the fl-led SASO.
	home.intekom.com /southafricanhistoryonline/pages/people/tiro,a.htm (694 words)

	South Africa Seminar: Info Pages
		Steve Biko is remembered as a founder and martyr of the South African Black Consciousness Movement.
		It is undoubtedly true that Steve Biko is the father of the South African Black Consciousness Movement.
		Through the Black People's Convention (which Biko helped to found), he was able to directly reach out to the South African Student's Movement, the National Association of Youth Organizations, the Black Worker's Project, and many more organizations.
	www.stanford.edu /~jbaugh/saw/Ajani_Biko.html (821 words)

	TRC- S5-Threats to Membership Based Organisations
		The Black Consciousness Movement, which rejected politics dependent upon membership based organisations, sought to provide a leadership which could mobilise mass protests and bring about the kind of confrontations which the Government would, in the end, find unmanageable.
		Black Consciousness thinking at the time was that the struggle for liberation in this country should be directed from within the country, and its leadership under Steve Biko attempted to develop a relatively independent internal political organisation.
		Inkatha, on the other hand, had emerged to lead fl South Africans in politics based on a central structured organisation, the prime purpose of which was to provide secure bases for democratic opposition.
	www.ifp.org.za /Archive/trc/trc513.htm (596 words)

	20. Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
		Inspired by Stephen Biko, the movement caught fire in the minds and hearts of fl Africans across the country.
		Although Stephen Biko did not live to see this, the legacy of Black Consciousness that he inspired lives on today in the pride of the African people and the new rainbow nation's appreciation of its colourful diversity.
		It called for fl people from all walks of life - students, intellectuals, professionals - to unite in their stand against apartheid and to throw away the psychological bonds of inferiority and submissiveness that had been perpetrated by white power.
	www.un.org /Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/globalatlas/20sp.htm (2722 words)

	\|\|:: BIKO BIOGRAPHY ::\|\|
		Biko, best known of the leaders of the Black Consciousness Movement, is regarded as one of the greatest martyrs of the anti-apartheid struggle.
		But the fl students, under his leadership, argued that they were fl before they were students and that a fl political movement should be formed.
		His movement came into its own in the mid-1970s when the liberation movement appeared to be faltering, with many ANC leaders in jail or exile.
	www.buffalocity.gov.za /visitors/biko.stm (654 words)

	Black Consciousness Beyond 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It was an open letter that was written by the leadership of the BPC as a result of an instruction from a meeting of the BC organizations and other organizations of civil society that set in June 1977, in Hammanskraal, which led to the savaged onslaught on Black Consciousness organizations.
		I remember it as the day on which the Black consciousness Movement as a whole was attacked.
		Biko himself cautions us in one of his assays on the Definition of Black consciousness that “ further implications of Black Consciousness are to do with correcting false images of ourselves in terms of Culture, Education, Religion, Economics.
	www.azapo.org.za /speeches/speech20.htm (1066 words)

	Index
		On September 11th, 1977 South African police were transporting Stephen Biko, the leader of the fl consciousness movement in South Africa more than 700 miles to Pretoria.
		Widely considered one of the great leaders of the struggle against apartheid, Steve Biko is credited with developing Black Consciousness - the militant ideological and psychological tools which were crucial in the fight against apartheid.
		I think that he spoke a lot about the need for fl people to be central in defining and articulating their own aspirations and that nobody was going to lead them out of the oppression that they were under.
	www.democracynow.org /print.pl?sid=03/09/11/1454245 (703 words)

	Biko: Breaking the Silence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This powerful documentary portrait of Steve Biko, the fl activist who died in prison over 15 years ago, shows his seminal role in the Black Consciousness movement.
		His words brought inspiration to the movement, especially to today's generation of young fl resistors.
		The film traces the Black Consciousness movement from its inception in the late sixties to its relevance today.
	www.filmakers.com /indivs/Biko.htm (87 words)

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