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	Black Elk - Native American near-death experiences
		Living between 1863 and 1950, Black Elk survived the collision of two eras, when the ancient primal world of his people was shattered by the violent invasion of the new industrial culture.
		When Black Elk was a boy of nine, he collapsed with a severe, painful swelling of his legs, arms and face.
		Black Elk was afraid to tell his experience, and moped around as a shy, withdrawn boy for eight years.
	www.near-death.com /elk.html (806 words)

	Spearfish Canyon Foundation-Culture/History
		Black Elk was a 'wichasha wakon,' a holy man, and was the second cousin to Crazy Horse and had known the great chieftain well.
		Black Elk shared his vision with Neihardt because he wished to pass along to future generation some of the reality of Oglala life and the visions of its future.
		Black Elk Speaks, originally published in 1932, is venerated by many who have become alarmed at the declining spiritual and material quality of life in the modern age.
	www.spearfishcanyon.com /nomadic.htm (639 words)

	Black Elk Speaks
		Black Elk, the Sioux holy man, was chosen by The Six Grandfathers as the savior of the Sioux nation.
		Black Elk saw in Catholicism a way for his people to practice religion within the confines of the United States laws, and "at the same time, he was able to fulfill the traditional role of a Lakota leader, poor himself, but ever generous to his people"(DeMallie 23).
		Black Elk saw that the powers of the Grandfathers existed and were permanent aspects of reality, "but their capacity to act in the ordinary world which we see has been disrupted by the action of white intruders" (5).
	www.colostate.edu /Orgs/NieveRoja/issue4/black.htm (4737 words)

	MenWeb - Men's Issues. Wallace Black Elk Speaks
		And the inspiring wisdom of Wallace Black Elk.
		Black Elk after his talk, and talk about the use of Lakota rituals and traditions in Men's Work.
		Black Elk: The word "tradition" doesn't belong to us.
	www.menweb.org /blkelkiv.htm (987 words)

	Black Elk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black Elk married his first wife Katie War Bonnett in 1892.
		After her death in 1903 he too became baptized, taking the name Nicholas Black Elk, and continued to serve as a spiritual leader among his people, seeing no contradiction in embracing what he found valid in both his tribal traditions concerning Wakan Tanka, and those of Christianity.
		He remarried in 1905 to Anna Brings White who was a widow, with two daughters, and who bore him three more children, and remained his wife until she died in 1941.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Elk (302 words)

	CliffsNotes::Black Elk Speaks:Book Summary and Study Guide
		Black Elk’s story is also a political story of conquest and dispossession that raises questions about ethics and the use of power and provides an alternative view of the American experience.
		Black Elk complicates the cultural relativism of the American historical narrative by observing, for example, that yellow metal (gold) made the white men go crazy; or that the Indians were forced into square houses that lacked the power of the circle; or that treaties were violated in the U.S. Government’s seizure of Indian territory.
		Black Elk Speaks depicts the great cost, in human and environmental terms, of such events as the building of the Transcontinental Railroad, the settlement of the west, and the discovery of gold.
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-38,pageNum-2.html (1543 words)

	Black Elk Speaks (Radio Edit) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk almost died (and maybe did!) while his vision unfolded, which could suggest it was what we would today call a near death experience.
		Black Elk, by no fault of his own, was incapable of saving his nation from the forces of Westward expansion and gold prospecting.
		That said, Black Elk may have become a shaman simply because it was available (today, we might call it a "career path.") Not that his visions didn't motivate and "legitimize" him, simply that if he had been raised by farmers, he probably would have become a farmer instead.
	www.rubi-con.org /nieken/writ/blackelk2.html (1441 words)

	Encyclopedia of North American Indians - - Black Elk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk was born in December 1863 on the Little Powder River, west of present-day South Dakota.
		Black Elk was the fourth person in his family in as many generations to bear this name.
		Black Elk's vision eventually became a message to the Lakota Nation—a warning that, should the Lakota people cross over into total assimilation and acculturation, they would lose their rich traditions and cease to exist as a unique nation.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_004200_blackelk.htm (900 words)

	Black Elk Speaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk continued to have similar and related visions throughout his life, calling on the images he saw to preform brave deeds and/or heal.
		Black Elk and tribe espoused, and the (not unreasonable) idea that the invading American cultural force was inherently evil and the antithesis to the "sacred" and divine significance of the Lakota culture.
		Just because Black Elk was on the loosing side of a cultural war does not mean he and his people were "holy" or were the "good guys." Just because I am the genetic and cultural descendent of the "evil" white invaders does not mean I need feel guilty or sympathetic.
	www.rubi-con.org /nieken/writ/blackelk.html (2136 words)

	Black Elk Speaks
		One thing I found enjoyable about Black Elk, and the Sandoz books is that while the Indians they spoke with took their religion and duties very seriously, they also had a great sense of humor, and didn't mind poking fun at themselves as well as whites.
		Black Elk Speaks is a superb eye witness account of the Sioux experience with European expansion into the Dakotas.
		Black Elk tells the story of his life and his spiritual experiences unabashedly, and with the force and clarity that come with wide experience and careful contemplation.
	www.truthbook.com /amazon/Black_Elk_Speaks.htm (1940 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk grew up in a time when white settlers were invading the Lakotas' homeland, decimating buffalo herds and threatening to extinguish the Lakotas' way of life.
		Black Elk's profound and arresting religious visions of the unity of humanity and the world around him have transformed his account into a venerated spiritual classic.
		Black Elk was a person where the materialistic and the spiritual were in balance.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0803261705 (1320 words)

	Black Elk
		Black Elk dictated his autobiography to Neihardt and recounted Lakota history and traditions in an effort to preserve them.
		Was Black Elk a believing Christian or hiding his true Lakota spirituality under a Christian mantle to appease white culture?
		During the 1930s and 1940s, Black Elk performed reenactments and was a speaker on Lakota life.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0909621.html (221 words)

	Black Elk Speaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		I have whiled away most of the afternoon reading about Black Elk and his stories of the Ogalala and Crow and the other dying Sioux nations, and about the coming of the white man, and the long-hair Custer, and the reservations of the Hang-Around-The-Fort people.
		I was most interested in Black Elk's healing visions during the time of the death of the Indian nations, for, in the long run, we are all Indians.
		Black Elk said that he did not ever tell any one person all of his vision, until the very end, but only little pieces of it to any one person, because if you did, it would lose its power and would not work for you.
	www.summitlake.com /LA_PAROLA/Essays/Black_Elk.html (1867 words)

	'Ben Black Elk Speaks' by Warfield Moose Jr. : ICT [2002/11/14]
		Ben Black Elk was 70 years old at the time and wished to share his lifetime's worth of experience with the children in the traditional spoken word fashion.
		Ben Black Elk relates tales from his childhood including the death of his maternal grandfather Good Thunder, who was one of the originators of the ghost dance.
		He speaks about how his aunt gave away four horses for each of his braids that were cut off when he was sent to the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania in 1912.
	www.indiancountry.com /content.cfm?id=1037289795 (565 words)

	Vine Deloria, Jr. on the authenticity of BLACK ELK SPEAKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is, admittedly, difficult to discover if we are talking with Black Elk or John Neihardt, whether or not the positive emphasis which the book projects is not the optimism of two poets lost in the modern world and transforming drabness into an idealized world.
		That it speaks to us with simple and compelling language about an aspect of human expereince and encourages us to emphasize the best that dwells within us is sufficient.
		Black Elk and John Neihardt would probably nod affirmatively to that statement and continue their conversation.
	faculty.smu.edu /twalker/blkelk0.htm (344 words)

	Black Elk's Vision
		First, the fl horse riders with the cup of water; and the white horse riders with the white wing and the sacred herb; and the sorrel riders with the holy pipe: and the buckskins with the flowering stick.
		By the time Black Elk was sixteen years old his tribe had been decimated, and what remained of his people would soon be subjected to living on the terms of the White Man, on what were to become Indian reservations.
		And the four fl horses raised their voices, neighing long and loud, and the whites and the sorrels and the buckskins did the same; and all the other horses in the village neighed, and even those out grazing in the valley and on the hill slopes raised their heads and neighed together.
	www.welcomehome.org /rainbow/prophecy/BlackElk.html (10411 words)

	American Passages - Unit 1. Native Voices: Authors
		John G. Neihardt, however, was not an anthropologist, and he did not speak Lakota; thus, his account of Black Elk's vision is not only filtered through several translators and transcribers but has been altered to fit Neihardt's own interpretation of Black Elk's world.
		John G. Neihardt, poet laureate of Nebraska, had a literary rather than a purely scientific motivation for speaking to Black Elk: he was gathering research material for the last volume of his epic poem, A Cycle of the West.
		Even as Black Elk Speaks recounts the earlier period of renewal during the Ghost Dance Movement, the authors are speaking and writing during another important period of American Indian rejuvenation—the years leading up to the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) or "Indian New Deal" of 1934.
	www.learner.org /amerpass/unit01/authors-5.html (743 words)

	Black Elk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk was born into a tribe of the Plains Indians, the Oglala Sioux.
		Black Elk knew that something was wrong in his life because he suffered socially, physically, and psychologically.
		Many of the people Black Elk used to care for as a medicine man came to him for advice, and many followed in his direction.
	jbtank.com /indians/blackelk.html (545 words)

	PAL: Black Elk (1863-1950)
		Black Elk speaks; being the life story of a holy man of the Oglala Sioux.
		Downey, Anne M. "'A Broken and Bloody Hoop': The Intertexuality of Black Elk Speaks and Alice Walker's Meridian." MELUS 19.3 (Fall 1994): 37-45.
		In the second (1961) edition of Black Elk Speaks, John Neihardt changed the title page of the text from "as told to John Neihardt" to "as told through John Neihardt." Explain the significance of this change, and interpret the relationship it suggests between Neihardt and Black Elk, and between Neihardt and Black Elk Speaks.
	www.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap7/blackelk.html (766 words)

	Black Elk Speaks
		No one had seen Black Elk and a kind and gentle woman in Native American dress had taken the initiative to keep the audience entertained by getting up on the stage and telling stories.
		Not only had Black Elk been traveling by airplane a lot over the last few months but like so many Medicine Men, he was referring to their occupation which required them to be spending a lot of time in the "Sky"; a metaphor for Heaven or the Spirit World used by the American Indian.
		Black Elk proceeded to Teach us that the spoken language of the Lakota Indians had extensions that were used to Communicate with all of the animals.
	sangre-de-cristo.com /westcliffe/stories/Black_Elk_Speaks.htm (1848 words)

	Black Elk: Facts and extensive reading list
		Black Elk admitted later, “I had been appointed by my vision to be intercessor for my people with the spirit powers...if I had done this probably we would have been as we were before [the white men came].
		Black Elk had a colossal vision in 1872 at the age of nine.
		Black Elk accepted the truths of both religions and developed a sophisticated framework in which Christianity became the fulfillment of his Lakota religion.
	www.heroesofhistory.com /page89.html (1909 words)

	Black Elk Speaks - University of Nebraska Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk Speaks is the story of the Lakota visionary and healer Nicholas Black Elk (1863—1950) and his people during the momentous twilight years of the nineteenth century.
		Black Elk met the distinguished poet, writer, and critic John G. Neihardt (1881—1973) in 1930 on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota and chose Neihardt to tell his story.
		When Black Elk received his great vision, white settlers were invading the Lakotas’ homeland, decimating buffalo herds, and threatening to extinguish the Lakotas’ way of life.
	www.nebraskapress.unl.edu /bookinfo/4702.html (241 words)

	NMAI: Press Releases: Charlotte Black Elk Speaks
		The lecture, which is grounded in Black Elk's family stories and history, will be given in honor of Women's History Month.
		Charlotte Black Elk is the great-granddaughter of Nicholas Black Elk, who gained renown through John Niehardt's book, Black Elk Speaks.
		Black Elk lives on the Pine Ridge Reservation near Manderson, South Dakota, with her family.
	www.nmai.si.edu /press/releases/2002_02_04_Black_Elk.html (209 words)

	Black Elk Speaks \| MetaFilter
		The spiritual framework of the pipe ceremonies and the story of Black Elk's life and vision are well known, and speculations on the nature and substance of Plains Indian religion use the book as the criterion by which other books and interpretive essays are to be judged.
		They suggest "The Black Elk Reader" for a view of the academic debate, and recommend The Sixth Grandfather, the transcripts of the Black Elk - Neidhart discussions over Neidhart's Black Elk speaks.
		Here's a review of a book about Black Elk after his conversion, with a synopsis of this later part of his life.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/26637 (793 words)

	Amazon.com: Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux: Books: John G. Neihardt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk grew up in a time when white settlers were invading the Lakotas’ homeland, decimating buffalo herds and threatening to extinguish their way of life.
		Black Elk’s profound and arresting religious visions of the unity of humanity and the world around him have transformed his account into a venerated spiritual classic.
		The saga of Black Elk and his people during their final years of freedom is very important from a biographical and historical standpoint.
	www.amazon.com /Black-Elk-Speaks-Being-Oglala/dp/0803283598 (2124 words)

	Black Elk speaks : being the life story of a holy man of the Oglala Sioux (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Black Elk speaks : being the life story of a holy man of the Oglala Sioux
		Black Elk speaks : being the life story of a holy man of the Oglala Sioux by Black Elk
		Description: Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux.
	www.ipl.org /div/natam/bin/browse.pl/B91 (138 words)

	Black Elk Speaks by Scott Kayla Morrison
		Two Choctaw women and I went to see the play "Black Elk Speaks" performed in Ada, Oklahoma, in March.
		Being jaded from years of interaction with the Choctaw Nation, I cannot believe their motive for bringing this play to Ada was purely innocent.
		For one thing, the play was based, or so I thought, on the John G. Neihardt book "Black Elk Speaks.
	www.citizensalliance.org /links/pages/news/black_elk_speaks.htm (538 words)

	Black Elk Speaks
		This is the autobiography of Black Elk, a Lakota Indian fighting for freedom at the end of the 19th century, as told to author John G. Neihardt.
		While his tale glows with eyewitness accounts of historic events and Lakota Sioux customs, the heart of the book is Black Elk's soulful visions of a better future for his people and, by extension, for all humanity.
		It is this emphasis on earth-centered spirituality that has made BLACK ELK SPEAKS a classic of Native American literature and the environmental movement.
	www.allbookstores.com /book/0803233019 (162 words)

	Black Elk Speaks and Lakota History
		Black Elk's World is a website from the University of Nebraska Press, which includes lists of books for further reading about Black Elk and the Lakota, as well as a useful hypertext version of Black Elk Speaks, which defines unfamiliar words and brings up maps for geographical references.
		Black Elk became a follower of Wovoka and participated in the Ghost Dance.
		Black Elk's narrative ends with the Massacre at Wounded Knee.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~njp/BlackElk.html (393 words)

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