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Topic: Black Hill Pioneers

	Black Hills National Forest - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black Hills National Forest is located in the western sections of the U.S. state of South Dakota.
		The presence of gold in the Black Hills was known for many years when, in 1873, rumors of gold in the Black Hills reached larger populations and brought first a trickle and then a flood of miners to Custer and Deadwood and Hill City.
		Private ownership in the Black Hills has left the forest as one of the least contiguous NFS land areas in the system, meaning that thousands of private inholders have a personal and emotional stake in forest management strategies of their larger neighbors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Hills_National_Forest (4916 words)

	Black Heroes in Every War
		One of fifteen fl sailors on board this warship when she met the most famous of the Confederate raiders, the Alabama, Pease was cited by his superior officer as having shown the utmost in courage and fortitude.
		Blacks fought for the stars and bars, and at the end it was made official, at the firm behest of Robert E. Lee.
		Black Americans were caught in the throes of a national angst, a battle for the heart and soul of the Union itself, testing the meanings of nation, identity, liberty, and survival.
	www.geocities.com /mclane65/black-heroes.html (5404 words)

	Whitestone Hill
		Looking back, it is believed that the battle at Whitestone Hill represented a type of Army-Indian warfare that became common on the western frontier, a method of warfare that had a devastating effect on the Indian way of life.
		When the 1863 Battle at Whitestone Hill is viewed in conjunction with the 1864 Sand Creek massacre, the 1868 Washita River massacre, and the massacre at Slim Buttes, its significance in the history of the American West becomes obvious.
		At the bottom of the hill is a small plaque erected in 1942 in memory of the Indians who were there.
	www.emily.net /~schiller/whitston.html (2023 words)

	The 10 Biggest Myths About Black History
		And if the Black cowboys and soldiers and Minutemen are invisible today, it is not because they were absent in the past; it is because men and women have manipulated the images of the past in order to make their descendants invisible in the present.
		It was the work of Black workers, it was the work of unpaid and underpaid slaves and sharecroppers, that changed the flora and fauna of America and created the capital that made possible the economic growth from which they were excluded by fraud and violence.
		After the Civil War, the first Black schools and welfare institutions were founded not by White missionaries, as we have been told, but by Black men and women who pooled their pennies, organized fish fries and church suppers and took care of themselves.
	www.nathanielturner.com /10biggestmythsblackhistory.htm (3921 words)

	Ohio Black Bears
		Black bears are highly mobile and it’s not unusual for these one- to two-year-old male "weanlings" – newly shunned by their mothers – to travel up to 100-200 miles in search of a quiet woods to call home.
		The average adult fl bear is about three feet at the shoulders, weighs 150 to 300 pounds and can live to the ripe old age of 20.
		Black bears sport a dense, glossy coat of fl fur, walk in a shuffling, flat-footed manner and sport five toes at the end of each foot.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /features/june02bears.htm (853 words)

	"Throwback" Jerseys Honor HBCU Players
		Hunter's accomplishments, as well as those of other fl pioneers in the NBA, are being kept alive by Durham, N.C., native Emmit Gill Jr.
		By researching HBCU coaches, libraries and teammates, the company was able to make Black College Classic throwback jerseys featuring Hunter, Alvin Attles of North Carolina A&T, Cleo Hill of Winston-Salem Teachers College, Rick Mahorn of Hampton; and the 1955 Howard University basketball team.
		Black College Wire is a project of the Black College Communication Association
	www.blackcollegewire.org /sports/040216_vintage-jerseys (438 words)

	The Black Hills of South Dakota History
		Since its geologic birth, the Black Hills have endured dramatic changes to its landscape and inhabitants.
		The landscape of the Black Hills was uplifted into its dome structure by several volcanic episodes.
		Some of the formations in the Black Hills are comprised of sedimentary rocks such as conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones, and are evident of an extinct marine environment.
	www.allblackhills.com /area_info/history.php (668 words)

	CSONAN - Canadian Series Of North American Negroes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This results in the creation of separate schools for Blacks, leading in some cases, to Whites refusing to have their children attend schools with Blacks.
		They serve with great loyalty, even though the Government of Canada tries to keep Blacks out of the Armed Forces, and even though Black soldiers are abused, and sometimes physically attacked just because of their skin colour.
		She is the first Black woman to be elected Mayor of a Canadian city.
	www.niica.on.ca /csonan/BlackEvents.aspx (1634 words)

	Aerospace Daily
		According to the Organization of Black Airline Pilots (OBAP), fl pilots at major national, regional and commuter passenger airlines and freight carriers make up just one percent of the 70,000 U.S. pilots in the U.S. The number is up from 80 fl pilots in 1976 and 400 in 1986.
		In honor of Black History Month, we pay tribute to those fl aviators who came before us, profile those who continue to make a difference today, and outline the imperatives faced by the industry to continue making progress toward an aviation industry that is open to all sectors of society.
		In forging new ground for today's fl aviators, they wrote the opening chapter in the slowly evolving story of diversity in the ranks of aviators and executives in the aviation industry.
	www.aviationnow.com /avnow/spSec/blackhistory1.jsp (554 words)

	Vicki L Larkins
		The treaty prohibited settlers or miners from entering the Hills without authorization, in return the Lakota agreed to cease hostilities against pioneers and people building the railroads.
		The government held firm to the position that the Hills belonged to the Lakota.
		The Supreme Court decision that attempted to settle the issue by paying the Lakota tribes for the land was not accepted by all of the tribes.
	skywalker.cochise.edu /wellerr/students/blackhills-gold/vicki.htm (1336 words)

	Lost Black Rock Silver Mine
		He believes that the mineral had recently been sluiced out by a water-spout, and thus exposed to view when seen in 1849, and that the storms of the years that intervened, before the place was sought again, had caved the banks and covered up the deposit and washings from the country around.
		Briefly to recall the column, a ravine floored with metal that was almost pure silver was discovered in the Black Rock mountains, a desolate range bordering the Queens river desert of north western Nevada.
		The next year, Peter Lassen, one of the great California pioneers, was shot to death while seeking the Black Rock mine, and the identity of his assassin remains today one of the desert mysteries of the West.
	cotati.sjsu.edu /cockrill/d0010/d0010notes/LostBlackRockMine.html (3245 words)

	Cornelius Robinson Coffey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cornelius Coffey was the first fl person to hold both a pilot's and mechanic's license.
		Coffey was the first fl person to establish an aeronautical school in the United States.
		His pioneering efforts led to the integration of fl pilots into the American aviation industry.
	www.hill.af.mil /museum/history/crcoffey.htm (395 words)

	Jazz pioneers impacted the world
		They came up with an idea: Black History Month and the history of jazz are one and the same.
		Black jazz musicians like Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong reflected fl pride and their struggles for freedom during the ’30s and ’40s through their music in song titles, lyrics and the innovations they contributed to music.
		The Hill District was alive and thriving with nightclubs like The Crawford Grill and the Hurricane, producing hot jazz acts, singers and new trends.
	afgen.com /jazz_pioneers.html (409 words)

	North Carolina Centennial of Flight
		Born in Davie County in 1862, Jacob Aaron "Jake" Hill moved to Forsyth County in 1880 and later rented land in the rural Black Mountain area of Stokes County.
		Since childhood, Hill had been intrigued by the possibility of flight.
		Jake Hill died in Winston-Salem on November 17, 1927, having witnessed Charles Lindbergh's visit to the town in The Spirit of St. Louis just a month earlier.
	www.ah.dcr.state.nc.us /archives/ffc/Flight/Aviation/Jake_Hill.html (234 words)

	Delta Force: Black Hawk Down
		In this mission, the player is a Delta Force operative going into the former Russian Embassy compound to capture some bad guys who are using it as a base of operations.
		WE: Delta Force: Black Hawk Down improves upon the past Delta Force games in the areas of AI and graphics, while also adding some new gameplay elements.
		It was one of the pioneers in 3D technology, using actual satellite data and "voxel" graphics to create realistic in-game terrain.
	www.nzone.com /object/nzone_blackhawkdown_interview.html (1438 words)

	This N' That w/Tony Mack:IT'S NOT JUST THE JERSEY, IT'S THE STORY-BlackAthlete.com
		The numbers, letters and colors are authentic and exemplify the true meaning of "retro" as historically fl colleges were the home of some of the most decorative fashions.
		Hill, along with Attles, Hunter and Mahorn, are among the player jerseys featured at the site.
		Hill averaged 23.9 PPG in four years at Winston-Salem and was the St. Louis Hawks 1st round pick in 1961.
	www.blackathlete.com /HBCU/112503.shtml (969 words)

	BlackNews.com - Sketches of the Black Experience In America
		Today, The Nubiano Project [www.thenubianoproject.com] announced the launch of their website, which provides an authentic sketch of the fl American experience in this country, both the past and present, as well as a glance at the progresses needed to insure the future.
		The website features eloquent and timely commentaries that serve to spark critical thinking and critical dialogue; news and entertainment articles that capture the struggles and triumphs of the fl diaspora; and illustrated profiles of historical and contemporary fl pioneers.
		Clayton Perry, 21, is a senior at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
	www.blacknews.com /pr/sketch101.html (554 words)

	Kansas Pioneers: Taylor Millirons Johnston Families
		He was man of fine intelligence, capable in business matters, and successful in the moderate ambitions that were his, which was to raise a family of sons and daughters honorably and well, and by his precept and example to be worthy to enjoy the same esteem among their fellow men that was his to enjoy.
		The farm was nestled in a small valley with a high ridge on the east and a hill on the southeast.
		Taylor was one of the most highly respected citizens of the community, a pioneer, coming to the neighborhood in the early seventies and in all of that time enjoyed the confidence and respect of all who knew him, and was certainly without an enemy; always ready to aid the unfortunate and distressed.
	members.aol.com /ntgen/taylor/kpioneers.html (3126 words)

	Black History Links from Professor Cunnea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Similar cases affecting Black Americans have been the use of "profiling" by police who claim in court that their profiles identifying Black drivers as likely drug couriers are actually "neutral" and the hyper-criminalization of crack cocaine (used mainly by Black Americans) versus the lighter penalties for powder cocaine (used mainly by White Americans).
		Their interpretation of the flag -- blood for military redemption, fl for skin, green for land -- is not the one I was taught, which was blood for //past// struggle, fl for the land, green for growth and hope.
		Texts of the fl liberation movement and many articles on the Black Panthers, Black Americans in prison and as political prisoners, George Jackson (one of the famous Soledad Brothers), and links to activists of many colors and times who worked for racial justice, including famed anarchist Emma Goldman.
	members.aol.com /aacdrcnnea/black.htm (5339 words)

	The Society of Indiana Pioneers
		A salad, a choice of three entrees and beverages and dessert was served in one of the seven dining rooms of the former Ferdinand Grothaus family home not far from the county courthouse and the Grothaus parish church.
		Houser guided the tour toward the Wayne County Historical Museum, she identified the statue at the entrance to Glen Miller Park as the Madonna of the Trails, one of twelve across the country and the only one in Indiana.
		The pioneer woman in her sunbonnet is carrying an infant in her left arm and leading a toddler with her right hand as she marches westward.
	www.indianapioneers.com /eventarchive/fall2000.html (1070 words)

	Mt. Rushmore, Keystone & Hill City
		The three dimensional faces of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt and Lincoln appear fluid in the early morning or late afternoon light as they gaze across the Black Hills from their mountaintop home.
		The Black Hills Central Railroad or '1880 Train ' as it’s know hereabouts, is a fully working steam hauled railway that travels the rails through the Black Hills, in much the same way as the early pioneers did 120 years ago.
		The Mickelson Trail is a 26 mile walkway and cycle-trail that follows the old railroad trackbed from the 1880 Train’s terminus in Hill City through the hills to Custer (15 Miles) and on to Pringle (a further 11 miles).
	www.blackhillsresorts.com /nearby.html (638 words)

	PIONEERS
		These pioneering film-makers developed the motion picture from an acrade novelty to become what would be the U.S.A.'s fifth largest industry.
		Such pioneering film-makers as Mack Sennett and Larry Semon were great exponents of the chase and seemed to come up with endless variations of gags and thrills.
		From the magic lantern slides of the 1890's to the advent of talkies and broadcasting, this collection of films deals with the origins of the cinema and it's development into an art form and the nation's fifth largest industry.
	www.a-1video.com /pioneers.htm (4978 words)

	Pioneers of the Bajo
		A handsome woman with a wide face, high cheekbones, and thick fl hair, Fialko spends two weeks a month, six months a year, deep in the rain forest.
		But they soon saw that his imagery could do what Culbert's own pioneering radar survey could not: reveal the canals, causeways, and structures hidden in the forest canopy.
		Sever, 52, is a tall, athletic man with a short moustache, a ready laugh, and a relentless devotion to the potential of RS.
	www.tomgidwitz.com /main/pioneers.htm (4912 words)

	Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Black Americans)
		While the actual number of immigrants in these groups is not known, Fresno County's Black population did increase notably from 40 in 1880 to 485 by 1890, but did not increase substantially thereafter.
		Although Black people were among the first contract farm laborers, they never became a major work group in the agricultural industry.
		Settlement by Blacks could not have occurred earlier, since California's homestead laws had previously required a homesteader to be a White citizen.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/5views/5views2d.htm (1078 words)

	Black American Feminisms Bibliography: Social Sciences: Politics: Visions and Struggles
		The most general statement of our politics at the present time would be that we are actively committed to struggling against racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppression and see as our particular task the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking.
		As fl women we see fl feminism as the logical political movement to combat the manifold and simultaneous oppressions that all women of color face.
		"Black Feminism: Liberation Limbos and Existence in Gray." In Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existensial Philosophy, ed.
	www.library.ucsb.edu /subjects/blackfeminism/soc_pol.html (4794 words)

	Oregon's Black Pioneers
		When William Wyatt, another pioneer, spoke of the hill on which Reuben Shipley's farm as a likely place for a cemetery, Reuben agreed to give two acres for that purpose if he might be buried there.
		The state constitution excluded fls, and in 1866, the Oregon legislature passed a law forbidding interracial marriage.
		By 1890, the fl population of Coos County was 36.
	users.wi.net /~maracon/lesson5.html (2255 words)

	Urban Legends Reference Pages: Life Without Black People
		Theo yelled to his Mom, "Mom, I'm not having any luck." "Well son," she said, "let me finish washing these clothes and we will prepare a list for the grocery store." When the wash finished, she went to place the clothes in the dryer but it was not there.
		If a sudden brainstorm is not experienced by one person, it will be visited upon another, as evidenced by the number of times in history where two or more people simultaneously conceived the same great idea and thereafter raced to patent and bring it to market first.
		Slaves had to be fed, housed, clothed, and medicated year round; they would have represented a constant and substantial financial drain on farmers who tried to use them as their workforce.
	www.snopes.com /business/origins/blackinv.asp (3773 words)

	Black American Feminisms Bibliography: Social Sciences: History
		"Black Feminism in the United States." In Upon These Shores: Themes in the African American Experience, 1600 to the Present, eds William R. Scott and William G. Shade.
		"Black Women Activists and the Student Non-Violent Coordianting Committee: The Case of Ruby Doris Smith Robinson.
		"Discontented Black Feminists: Prelude and Postscript to the Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment." In Decades of Discontent: The Women's Movement, 1920-1940, eds.
	www.library.ucsb.edu /subjects/blackfeminism/soc_hist.html (2845 words)

	Vietnamese Modern Paintings
		Even though the Vietnamese pioneers were primarily inspired and driven in their artistic creation by Vietnamese tradition, the Ecole was thought to be too closely associated with French colonialism to deserve mention.
		And today's generation of Vietnamese artists is experimenting with contemporary genres such as installation, but they continue to reflect the tradition of modern art so far developed in their works.
		In doing justice to the pioneers of modern art, including the French teachers at Ecole Superieure des Beaux-Arts de l'Indochine, Vietnamese artists today have the roots to nurture themselves in their ventures into the world of modem art.
	www.lachonggallery.com /vietnamese_paintings_pioneers.htm (3253 words)

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