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Topic: Black Power

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Black nationalism

Power to the people

Stokely Carmichael

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American civil rights

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	Black Power - MSN Encarta
		Black Power was formed in the late 1960s by Māori youth in Whakatane, in response to the rival Mongrel Mob gang.
		Black Power represented both a conclusion to the decade’s civil rights movement and a reaction against the racism that persisted despite the efforts of fl activists during the early 1960s.
		Black Panthers battled with police departments in several major American cities between 1968 and 1970, and several of the group’s leaders were killed, imprisoned, or made fugitives from the police.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580646/Black_Power.html (944 words)

	King Encyclopedia
		Although the term “Black Power” was used occasionally by African-American writers and politicians for years, the expression first gained national attention during the Meredith March against Fear in the summer of 1966.
		The controversy over Black Power reflected and perpetuated a split in the civil rights movement between organizations that saw nonviolent methods as the only way to achieve civil rights goals and those organizations that were prepared to accept armed self-defense and fl nationalism.
		Although King was hesitant to criticize Black Power openly, he told his staff on 14 November 1966, that Black Power “was born from the wombs of despair and disappointment.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/black_power.html (450 words)

	Black Power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black Power is a political slogan that embodies the aspirations and drive for empowerment of and full self-determination for African peoples.
		Advocates of fl power generally argue that the assimilation or integration robs Africans (which includes African-Americans) of their heritage and dignity.
		Black power's advocates generally argue that the reason for this stalemate and further oppression of the vast majority of U.S. fls is because Black Power's objectives have not had the opportunity to be fully carried through.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Power (910 words)

	SNCC-Issues: Black Power
		Black Power was the guiding philosophy of SNCC in its later years.
		Black Power also encouraged a separation from white society, saying fl people should write their own histories and form their own institutions, like credit unions and political parties.
		According to the philosophy of Black Power, this could environment did not exist in the presence of whites partly due to a long and continuing history of oppression.
	www.ibiblio.org /sncc/black_power.html (238 words)

	Black Panther Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As it was chiefly a party of the fl masses, the leadership of the Black Panthers were characterized by internal contradictions on the type and kind of fl nationalism it wished to embrace.
		Alluding to the fl nationalist United Slaves and Maulana Karenga, Black Panther Fred Hampton said, "[P]olitical power does not flow from the sleeve of a dashiki; political power flows from the barrel of a gun." ("Political power flows from the barrel of a gun" is an early quote by Mao Zedong.)
		Edgar Hoover described the Black Panthers as "The greatest threat to the internal security of the country," and by 1969, the Black Panthers were the primary target of COINTELPRO, and the target of 233 out of a total of 295 authorized "Black Nationalist" COINTELPRO actions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Panthers (4096 words)

	American Rhetoric: Stokely Carmichael - Black Power
		It enslaves fl people after they’re born, so that the only acts that white people can do is to stop denying fl people their freedom; that is, they must stop denying freedom.
		We are oppressed as a group because we are fl, not because we are lazy, not because we're apathetic, not because we’re stupid, not because we smell, not because we eat watermelon and have good rhythm.
		And I maintain that we do not have the power in our hands to change that institution, to begin to recreate it, so that they learn to leave the Vietnamese people alone, and that the only power we have is the power to say, "Hell no!" to the draft.
	www.americanrhetoric.com /speeches/stokelycarmichaelblackpower.html (6509 words)

	SNCC: Basis of Black Power
		Blacks, in fact, feel intimidated by the presence of whites, because of their knowledge of the power that whites have over their lives.
		If fls feel intimidated by whites, then they are not liable to vent the rage that they feel about whites in the presence of whites--especially not the fl people whom we are trying to organize, i.e., the broad masses of fl people.
		Whites who come into the fl community with ideas of change seem to want to absolve the power structure of its responsibility for what it is doing, and saying that change can only come through fl unity, which is the worst kind of paternalism.
	www2.iath.virginia.edu /sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/SNCC_black_power.html (2682 words)

	Black Power (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Black power, he said, was an attempt to build the strength on which future coalitions could be established.
		Blacks should be proud of being fl, and they should be proud of their African past.
		The Black Panthers and the police became involved in a number of confrontations or "shoot-outs" which the former believed to be the result of a nationally organized, official repression.
	www.csusm.edu /Black_Excellence/documents/pg-b-power.html (3400 words)

	Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57
		He was 57 and is best remembered for his use of the phrase "fl power," which in the mid-1960's ignited a white backlash and alarmed an older generation of civil rights leaders, including the Rev.
		any fl leaders of the civil rights movement, though eager to avoid a split, were clearly upset by the use of the phrase and the separatism it seemed to advocate.
		"Black power," he said, "can only be realized when there exists a unified socialist Africa." He sounded the idea that fls must work with fls for their cultural, economic and political liberation.
	www.interchange.org /Kwameture/nytimes111698.html (2080 words)

	Black Power (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Black Power was a political movement that arose in the middle 1960s, that strove to express a new racial consciousness among Blacks in the United States.
		The Black Panther Party for Self Defense were truly the vanguard of the Black Power Movement.
		Eventually because of the continual condemnation of the theory of Black Power as a separatist and anti-white movement, along with the destruction of the Black Panthers in the early 70s, the Black Power Concept seemed to disappear.
	www.umich.edu /~eng499/concepts/power.html (625 words)

	Black Power ( 黑火药 )
		Black powder was practically the only known propellant and explosive until the middle of the 19th century.
		Paper charges of fl powder attach to arrows were also used; the Chinese soon realize that these charges could act as primitive rocket motors and send arrows off without the aid of a bow.
		In fact, gunpowder powered cannon and rockets were extensively used in the Mongol conquests of the 13th and 14th centuries and were a feature of East Asian warfare afterwards.
	www.chinadetail.com /History/ScienceTechnologyBlackPower.php?PHPSESSID... (769 words)

	Black Power
		It's a privilege and an honor to be in the white intellectual ghetto of the West.
		We are oppressed as a group because we are fl, not because we are lazy or apathetic, not because we're stupid or we stink, not because we eat watermelon or have good rhythm.
		If we said power for colored people, everybody'd be for that, but it is the word "fl" that bothers people in this country, and that's their problem, not mine.
	www.infoplease.com /t/hist/black-power (4758 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Black Power \| PBS
		The slogan “fl power,” coined by Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Touré) in 1966, came to signify both the radical, militant wing of the civil rights movement and, more generally, the idea of uniting and empowering the fl community.
		Although the term fl power emerged in the late 1960s, the philosophy of the movement had previously been espoused by fl nationalist groups such as the Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims.
		The movement declined in the 1970s after numerous fl nationalists were arrested or killed in confrontations with police, but the term fl power continued to signify pride and cohesiveness in fl urban communities.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/black_power.html (468 words)

	A Special Supplement: The Trouble with Black Power - The New York Review of Books
		The advocates of Black Power, it should be noted, do not have a monopoly on this type of rhetoric or on the political analysis, or lack of it, which it implies.
		Black Power proposes, or seems to propose, that Negroes do for themselves what other ethnic groups, faced with somewhat similar conditions, have done—advance themselves not as individuals but as groups conscious of their own special interests and identity.
		Although Black Power does address itself to certain problems of the ghetto which other approaches ignore, one cannot even say with confidence that the emergence of Black Power is a hopeful sign, which, if nothing else, will teach fl people to stop hating their own flness.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/11785 (7858 words)

	Black Power
		It's a privilege and an honor to be in the white intellectual ghetto of the West.
		We are oppressed as a group because we are fl, not because we are lazy or apathetic, not because we're stupid or we stink, not because we eat watermelon or have good rhythm.
		If we said power for colored people, everybody'd be for that, but it is the word "fl" that bothers people in this country, and that's their problem, not mine.
	www.factmonster.com /t/hist/black-power (4766 words)

	P.O.V. - Brother Outsider . Rustin's Work \| PBS
		There are two Americas, fl and white, and nothing has more clearly revealed the divisions between them than the debate currently raging around the slogan "fl power." Despite — or perhaps because of — the fact that this slogan lacks any clear definition, it has succeeded in galvanizing emotions on all sides.
		Proponents of fl power — accepting a historical myth perpetrated by moderates — like to say that the Irish and the Jews and the Italians, by sticking together and demanding their share, finally won enough power to overcome their initial disabilities.
		In some quarters, fl power connotes not an effort to increase the number of Negroes in elective office, but rather a repudiation of nonviolence in favor of Negro "self-defense." Actually this is a false issue, since no one has ever argued that Negroes as individuals should not defend themselves from attack.
	www.pbs.org /pov/pov2002/brotheroutsider/power.html (992 words)

	Black Power
		Stokely Carmichael also adopted the slogan of "Black is Beautiful" and advocated a mood of fl pride and a rejection of white values of style and appearance.
		Black power can be clearly defined for those who do not attach the fears of white America to their questions about it.
		The fl man never can be become independent and recognized as a human being who is truly equal with other human beings until he has what they have, and until he is doing for himself what others are doing for themselves.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAblackpower.htm (2483 words)

	::Black Power::
		"Black Power", as a term, is most associated with Stokeley Carmichael, the 1960’s civil rights leader.
		In fact, "Black Power" had been used as a civil rights rallying phrase by Willie Ricks, an SNCC man, before Carmichael used it on the "March Against Fear".
		The NAACP condemned "Black Power" as a "menace to peace and prosperityno negro who is fighting for civil rights can support fl power, which is opposed to civil rights and integration."
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /black_power.htm (497 words)

	Learn History - USA A Divided Union - Black Power
		For example, Malcolm X, a fl Muslim, disagreed and believed that white racism had to be tackled with force.
		Blacks knew why their anger was boiling over.
		He was shot after moving towards bringing the fl struggle together with the anti-war struggle and the fight against poverty and capitalism.
	www.learnhistory.org.uk /usa/blackpower.htm (457 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Black Power
		Black Power is a slogan which describes the aspiration of many Africans (whether they be in Africa or abroad) to national self-determination.
		The chant of "Black Power" was popularized in the U.S. by Willie Ricks (now known as Mukasa) in the 1960s.
		Some Black Power activists, calling themselves "New Afrikans", believe that Black Americans should have their own independent nation made up of the Black-Belt region of the United States, because that contiguous region is already majority Black.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Black_Power (498 words)

	Power Technology - Black Point Hong Kong CCGT Power Plant, Hong Kong
		The Black Point 2,500MW combined cycle project is the first natural gas-fired facility in Hong Kong.
		When Black Point was planned at the turn of the decade, China Light and Power expected a more explosive growth in demand.
		Black Point also served to diversify the group's power sources, adding large gas CCGT to its own conventional thermal plants and stakes in PRC nuclear and hydro projects.
	www.power-technology.com /projects/blackpoint (672 words)

	The Civil Rights Movement and the Rise of the Black Power Movement
		By the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the death of Malcolm X in 1965 and Martin Luther King in 1968 and the FBI's war against the Black Panthers and other Black Power groups, many young Blacks concluded that White America and the government were unwilling to accept continued movement for fl equality.
		With the rise of the Black Power movement and increasing anger and cynicism among young Blacks, many working- and middle-class Whites themselves became angry and suspicious, charging that Blacks had already made too many gains at White's expense.
		While many White Americans today would blame their deteriorating standard of living on Blacks and affirmative action, the real cause of the decline in the standard of living is the movement of American corporations and American jobs overseas, often with the government's support and encouragement.
	www.colorado.edu /AmStudies/lewis/2010/power.htm (1334 words)

	Black Power Moverment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Robert F. Williams collection is an essential source for any student of the 1960s, the civil rights and fl power movements, of gender studies and American radicalism, and of one of the most extraordinary political careers in American history.
		RAM members were pivotal in influencing the adoption of Black Power by erstwhile integrationists in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in the mid 1960s.
		Instead it inspired a new generation of fl militants with the philosophy of the exiled Robert F. Williams and the as yet marginal Malcolm X. Leaders of the Black Arts Movement such as Larry Neal, Sonia Sanchez, and LeRoi Jones were either members of RAM or profoundly influenced by RAM.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/2upa/Aaas/bpower.asp (3589 words)

	History San Jose and the Speed City Era :: Black Power (1964-1969)
		So, when Edwards led the charge for Black athletes to boycott the 1968 Olympic Games that were to be held in Mexico City, U.S. government officials panicked, for not only had Smith and Carlos made the ’68 Olympic track and field squad, but fellow Spartans Evans and Ronnie Ray Smith had, as well.
		Smith and Carlos, amongst other Black athletes, too, were ambivalent about going to Mexico City and had been affected by Gregory’s call in 1964, though no one had heeded it then.
		In The Black Athlete in Big-Time Intercollegiate Sports, he describes how Black athletes began to complain about a host of problems, from the stacking of Black athletes in certain positions, to the bias of local sports commentators in favor of white athletes.
	www.speedcityera.com /blackpower.html (817 words)

	Legacy: The Advent of Black Power
		It is a call for Black people not merely to be included within the just society, but for the just society to embrace Blackness, as a value determined by Black people and secured by their power – Black Power.
		Stokely Carmichael defines Black Power as a call “for fl people in the country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community.
		Embodying the emerging political consciousness of Black Power, the Panthers have a 10-point program calling for full employment, decent housing, an end to police brutality, and political and economic self-determination for the Black community.
	www.jhu.edu /~bfsa/bpexhibit/exhibit_one_a.htm (602 words)

	Black Power. C L R James
		It is undoubtedly his presence here, and the impact that he has made in his speeches and his conversations, that have made the slogan Black Power reverberate in the way that it is doing in political Britain; and even outside of that, in Britain in general.
		The advocates of Black Power say that they intend (if necessary by using guns) to restore to the fls in these areas the political power which is theirs by right.
		This is a source of power which they propose to organize, and use as key positions in the struggle for Negro rights in the United States as a whole.
	www.marxists.org /archive/james-clr/works/articles/james9.htm (6224 words)

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