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Topic: Black Scoter

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	Black Scoter
		Black Scoters are the least known and rarest of the three species of scoters occurring in North America.
		Black Scoters begin their return migration in early spring and arrive on the breeding grounds as the ice is breaking up on rivers and lakes.
		Adult female Black Scoters are dark brown with whitish cheeks and throats and dark crowns.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /black_scoter_info.htm (0 words)

	Marine Life Fact Sheets
		Surf scoters are also seen on the Atlantic coast of North America, while fl scoters and white-winged scoters are circumpolar, with populations extending to Europe and Asia.
		Scoters form pair bonds in winter areas or during spring migration, which are maintained and defended by males until incubation of eggs begins, at which point males fly off.
		The Puget Sound's scoter population is estimated to have declined by 50% in the last two decades A large scale die-off in the 1990's occurred in Southeast Alaska and although the cause is unknown, contaminants are suspected.
	whatcom-mrc.wsu.edu /Fact_Sheets/scoters.htm (0 words)

	Surf and Black Scoter Surgery
		Scoters were captured on wintering grounds of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA and migrational staging areas on the Restigouche River, New Brunswick, Canada.
		Scoters captured in the Chesapeake Bay were transported in small plastic animal transport crates to the veterinary hospital at the USGS-Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA.
		This study determined that one of the critical factors for survival of instrumented scoters is to assure that feathers are properly preened and dry before release to the wild.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /resshow/perry/scoters/Surgery.htm (0 words)

	Birds of Nova Scotia - Black Scoter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		All three scoters tend to migrate well offshore, and times of arrival and departure are often not discerned.
		The southward flight of the Black Scoter may be earlier than those of the other two scoters; several flocks were observed passing Cape Sable during 8-15 August 1968 (B.F. Smith).
		It is commonly known to hunters by the names "fl coot" and "butter-nose coot" the former because of the colour of its plumage and the latter because of the strange butter coloured protuberance at the base of the male's bill.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0072.htm (291 words)

	Untitled Document
		The fl scoter (Melanitta nigra) is of special concern among the seaducks, because it is both the least common of the three scoter species and the species least studied.
		Delineating populations and establishing the affinities among staging, breeding, and molting grounds is imperative to assist in future population monitoring and management of the fl scoter.
		The fl scoters appeared to use northern parts of the boreal forests in Québec as breeding areas.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /resshow/perry/scoters/blackscoter_telemetry.htm (0 words)

	Black Scoter - Discover The Outdoors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The male (drake) fl scoter is completely fl except for a yellow bulbous protrusion at the base of the bill and gray lower portions of the flight feathers.
		The fl bill is smaller than the other male scoters, and the head is the most rounded of the three.
		When the fl scoter is in flight, the flashing silver-gray of the underwing tips against the fl linings of the wings and fl body help differentiate from the surf scoter.
	www.dto.com /hunting/species/generalprofile.jsp?speciesid=26 (0 words)

	Boreal Songbird Initiative : The Boreal and Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		With approximately 60% of the continental scoter population, the core breeding area is the boreal forest of northwestern Canada, primarily the Northwest Territories.
		White-winged Scoters are some of the last species of waterfowl to migrate from their breeding grounds, leaving in September for their wintering grounds along the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America.
		White-winged scoter, Melanitta fusca, populations and nesting on Redberry Lake, Saskatchewan.
	www.borealbirds.org /birdguide/BD0418_species.html (0 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Anatidae - Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra)
		The female White-winged and Surf Scoters have white patches behind the eye and between the eye and the base of the bill.
		Habitat: The Common Scoter is found in small ponds in the boreal forest during the breeding season.
		Behavior: The Common Scoter is a diving bird and during the winter dive and swim under water, tearing the sessile prey from the rocks near the coastlines.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/ducks/Mnigra.htm (0 words)

	White-winged, Black and Surf Scoter Habitat Model
		In the Northeast, highest densities of scoters occur in areas of abundant, preferred foods (Cottam 1939, Stott and Olson 1973, Vermeer and Bourne 1982).
		Scoters feed in open water, including the regularly flooded portions of the intertidal zone, and subtidal areas (Vermeer and Bourne 1982, Bordage and Savard 1995).
		Scoter foraging depth is usually < 10 m (Cottam 1939, Vermeer and Bourne 1982, Sanger and Jones 1984, Bordage and Savard 1995, Goudie et al.
	www.fws.gov /r5gomp/gom/habitatstudy/metadata/scoter_models.htm (0 words)

	Melanitta nigra - Macreuse noire - Black Scoter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This is the scoter that nests farthest north.
		The male is entirely fl except for a yellow-orange knob at the base of the bill.
		In Canada, the Black Scoter's nesting area is scattered from northern Quebec to Labrador and occasionally Newfoundland.
	www.virtualmuseum.ca /Exhibitions/Birds/MSS/Anglais/mjaune.htm (0 words)

	All About Birds
		A coastal duck that breeds in the subarctic, the Black Scoter is not well studied in North America.
		In the form found in Europe, the "Common Scoter," the male has a larger swollen knob at the base of the upper bill that is fl on the sides with a yellow stripe on top, not entirely yellow.
		Groups of Black Scoters often can be located by the constant mellow, plaintive whistling sound of the males.
	birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black_Scoter.html (0 words)

	Post-nesting Ecology of Sea Ducks in Alaska
		Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra) breeding in Alaska have been listed as a ‘species at risk’ by the U. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in response to a persistent population decline in recent decades (USFWS 1999).
		Difficulties researching and surveying breeding Black Scoters can be attributed to their extremely dispersed nesting habits and delayed breeding phenology (Bordage and Savard 1995); most sympatric nesting waterfowl are well into incubation, while Black Scoters are either arriving on or migrating to breeding areas (Flint unpubl.
		Broad-scale studies describing patterns of migration and identifying critical habitats, including wintering/staging and breeding areas, have not been conducted and are needed for biologists to begin to identify factors contributing to population decline and more accurately assess population trends.
	www.absc.usgs.gov /research/seaducks/black_scoters.htm (0 words)

	Scoter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The scoters are stocky seaducks in the genus Melanitta.
		The drakes are mostly fl and have swollen bills.
		The presumed fossil "scoter" Melanitta ceruttii which lived in California during the Late Pliocene is now placed in the genus Histrionicus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scoter (0 words)

	http://www.chitown-angler.com/1fish/index.php (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Female Black Scoters have darker crowns with a contrasting paler face, lack the white spots on the face, and have rounder heads.
		The adult male Surf Scoter with its fl plumage and white patches on the nape and forehead is distinctive.
		With its fl plumage and bright orange base to the bill the male Black Scoter is unlikely to be confused with any other duck.
	www.chitown-angler.com /duckid/scoters.htm (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Black Scoters are annual in the Pribilof Island.
		Male Black Scoters are best identified by their all fl plumage, lack of a white eye patch, and by the orange casque at the base their bill.
		Flocks of scoters should be looked over thoroughly as an accidental Surf Scoter could always be lurking in their midst.
	www.alaskabirding.com /Bird_Species/Species_pages/scoter_black.html (0 words)

	Gallery :: Scoter - Winter 03/04 had approx. half a million Scoter at Cape May Point - here are just a few!
		Black Scoter.In early spring females often get fairly extensive amounts of yellow/orange on the bill.They have only a little in the fall.
		Black and Surf Scoter (2)- although often far out to sea, the Scoter spectacle at Cape May Point in winter 03/04 was mind blowing.
		Big foot.Male Blacks often have fairly extensive brown feathering, particularly in early fall.
	www.crossleybirds.com /gallery/Scoter (0 words)

	Latest 2/27/05 - Black Scoter (Melanitta nigra) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Image # 18541 : Black Scoter Melanitta nigra - 2/27/05 - Nikkor VR 80-400mm lens with a Nikon D100.
		Image # 18542 : Black Scoter Melanitta nigra - 2/27/05 - Nikkor VR 80-400mm lens with a Nikon D100.
		All three types of Scoters can be found at the Barnegat Light area.
	www.1000birds.com /latest20050227BS.htm (0 words)

	B-Mail(sm): ID-FRONTIERS for June 26-30, 2005
		Black Scoter Melanitta nigra The two currently recognised subspecies of Black Scoter, the Eurasian M.
		In Mexico the fl ear patch is fully developed in males, and sometimes in females.
		The wintering of Black Scoter to Mexico is repeated.
	www.virtualbirder.com /bmail/idfrontiers/200506/w5 (0 words)

	Black Scoter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black or American Scoter (Melanitta americana) is a large sea duck, 43-54 cm in length, which breeds over the far north of North America in Alaska, Labrador and Newfoundland, and on Siberia east of the Yana River.
		The male is all fl with a very bulbous bill which is mostly yellow.
		This species can be distinguished from other scoters, apart from Common, by the lack of white anywhere on the drake, and the more extensive pale areas on the female.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Scoter (0 words)

	All About Birds
		Male all fl with swollen yellow or orange knob at base of bill.
		Male solid fl with bright knob at base of bill, female more brown, with large whitish face patch and without bill knob.
		Unlike other scoters, it almost always punctuates a Wing-flap with a characteristic downward thrust of head, as if its neck were momentarily broken.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black_Scoter.html (0 words)

	Identification guide - Black Scoter
		Balck Scoters are sea ducks, wintering on open coastal waters.
		In flight, drakes appear all fl except for the flash of the slight gray underwing and the bright yellow swelling at the base of the upper bill.
		Black Scoters feed on mollusks, crabs, and some fish and very little vegetation.
	www.qc.ec.gc.ca /faune/guide/html/macreuse_noire_e.html (0 words)

	Boreal Songbird Initiative : Boreal & Birds
		Male fl; bill fl with large yellow knob at base.
		Scoters are gregarious, and the three species often feed together, gathering over submerged reefs where mollusks, barnacles, chitons, and limpets abound.
		The Black Scoter is the least common of the three in North America, numbering about 500,000; it is more numerous and deserving of its former name, "Common Scoter," in parts of Eurasia.
	www.enature.com /parkguides/viewSpeciesLG_park.asp?showType=5&rgnID=2354&curGroupID=1&curPageNum=42&recnum=BD0419&qry=rgn=PK_2354 (0 words)

	Puget Sound Shorelines: Species - Scoter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Surf Scoter dives for mollusks and crustaceans in water over tidal flats and in deeper areas.
		Black Scoters also dive for mollusks and crustaceans.
		Black Scoters can be found from Wing to Yeomalt Points near Bainbridge Island.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/sea/pugetsound/species/scoter.html (0 words)

	Melanitta nigra
		Scoters are rather stocky fl ducks usually seen in tight groups out at sea.
		At rest, male Common Scoters are simply all-fl with a small yellow area on top of the bill.
		Scoters often show spiky tails sticking out of the water.
	www.birdguides.com /html/vidlib/species/Melanitta_nigra.htm (0 words)

	NPWRC :: Duck Identification Using Wing Plumage
		The underwing of all ages and sexes is completely dark and unpatterned.
		Adult male wings are easily identified by the extremely attenuated outermost primary and the completely fl upperwing.
		Shiny fl and acutely pointed; approximately 30 mm.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/birds/duckplum/bscoter.htm (0 words)

	Scoter Blues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		A Black Scoter would have a shallower bill, setting off a steeper, more vertically inclined forehead.
		Our bird also shows a roundish "knob" on the side of the upper mandible, a mark never shown by Black Scoter, or White-winged for that matter.
		This Surf Scoter was photographed in Burnham Harbor on May 8, 1994.
	members.aol.com /rjaebob/ScoterBlues.html (0 words)

	New England Seabirds - Results Seawatch Winter 2001 -2002
		Surf Scoter (72) White-winged Scoter (65) Black Scoter (13) Oldsquaw (98) Common Goldeneye (5) Red-breasted Merganser (15) Purple Sandpiper (25) Pomarine Jaeger (24): More than double the previous MA high for December.
		For the last hour and a half, flocks of gannets and scoters were seen heading west, and these birds were not counted.
		Scoters still do not seem to be moving: I saw only 17 white-wings, 10 surfs, and 4 dark-wings in 75 minutes.
	www.neseabirds.com /seawatch2002.htm (0 words)

	Black Scoter Body and Head
		Both Van Dykes (Tony Finazzo) and McKenzie (Joe Ferebee) have fl scoter heads and bodies.
		I did a swimming Black Scoter the part are VD.
		I have used most of the scoter heads on the market and can tell you that Finazzo heads had the best detail.
	www.taxidermy.net /forums/BirdTaxiArticles/02/l/02A3A9D106.html (0 words)

	BirdForum - Black Scoter N Wales
		Yesterday the small scoter flock (about 15 birds) were in line with Puffin Island and I gather this is the best area generally to locate them currently.
		Also, beware the Common Scoters with big knobs (!) Some have a striking amount of yellow on their bill, but, from what I remember, the proper bird is noticably bigger alongside the Commons.
		The one day I was there the scoter was 'claimed', in my opinion I sometimes think the bird is mis-ID, as the sea was so rough that day you could barely see the common scoters, so how someone could ID the Black is beyond me.
	www.birdforum.net /showthread.php?t=45833 (0 words)

	Atxam Sangis - Atkan Birds by Moses Dirks
		The drake has fl feathers and a yellowish knob on top of its bill.
		They are smaller in size compared to the white-winged scoter.
		They are harder to hunt than the white-winged scoter because they spook very easily.
	www.ankn.uaf.edu /ANCR/Aleut/AtkanBirds/qugaangix.html (0 words)

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