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	Black Skimmer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black Skimmer Rynchops niger is a tern-like seabird, one of three very similar bird species in the skimmer family.
		The Black Skimmer breeds in loose groups on sandbanks and sandy beaches in the Americas, the three to seven heavily dark-blotched buff or bluish eggs being incubated entirely by the female.
		The upper wings are fl with white on the rear edge, and the tail and rump are dark grey with white edges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Skimmer (441 words)

	Black Skimmer or Razor-billed Shearwater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There, during the warm sunshine of the winter days, you will see thousands of Skimmers, covered as it were with their gloomy mantles, peaceably lying beside each other, and so crowded together as to present to your eye the appearance of an immense fl pall accidentally spread on the sand.
		When the Skimmers repose on the shores of the mainland during high-water, they seldom continue long on the same spot, as if they felt doubtful of security; and a person watching them at such times might suppose that they were engaged in searching for food.
		While watching the movements of the Black Skimmer as it was searching for food, sometimes a full hour before it was dark, I have seen it pass its lower mandible at an angle of about 45 degrees into the water, whilst its moveable upper mandible was elevated a little above the surface.
	www.audubon.org /bird/BoA/F42_G1a.html (2718 words)

	Black Skimmer
		Black Skimmers feed by flying low with open bills, dipping their lower mandibles into the water and slicing through the surface.
		Black Skimmers nest in large colonies, usually in the presence of terns, whose aggressive behavior toward predators evidently affords the skimmers some protective benefit.
		Black Skimmer colonies are usually located on sandy or gravelly bars, or on mats of dead vegetation in salt marshes.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /black_skimmer_info.htm (657 words)

	BLACK SKIMMER BREEDING ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
		Black Skimmers arrive in their breeding colonies at approximately the same time as most of the terns, usually in late April or early May. They are commonly found in dense colonies on open sandy beaches in association with other seabirds, most frequently Common Terns in Virginia.
		ALTHOUGH the Black Skimmer, Rynchops niger, is a familar bird along the Arian- tic and Gulf coasts of the United States, comparatively little is known of its breeding ecology.
		Sexual dimorphism in Black Skimmers, unusual in the closely related gulls and terns, is generally recognized by ornithologists, yet no morphomet- ric analyses have been published since Ridgway's (1919:452), which shows the males larger than the females with very little overlap in all measurements.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v094n04/p0709-p0717.html (6056 words)

	Georgia Wildlife Web Site; birds: Rynchops niger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The outer tail feathers are white, and the inner feathers are fl.
		When a young Black Skimmer is frightened, it may dig a small shallow depression in the sand, which it hides in, kicking sand up over its back to camouflage itself.
		The Black Skimmer is found along the coastal United States during the breeding season and in the southern coastal areas all year.
	museum.nhm.uga.edu /gawildlife/birds/charadriiformes/rniger.html (424 words)

	Black Skimmer--BIOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATE SPECIES RESIDING IN ESTUARIES
		Black skimmer eggs were collected from Corpus Christi, Texas from 1978 to1981, and from Port Mansfield and Laguna Vista, Texas from 1979 to 1981 (White et al., 1984).
		Mercury was determined in breast feathers of fl skimmer nestlings and eggs from the New York Bight (Burger and Gochfeld, 1997).
		Black skimmer eggs collected in 1984 from Laguna Vista and Lavaca Bay were significantly thinner (0.24 mm) than pre-1943 values (0.25 mm) (King et al., 1991).
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /bioeco/bskimmer.htm (2211 words)

	AllRefer.com - skimmer (Vertebrate Zoology) - Encyclopedia
		Skimmers (genus Rhynchops) have long, laterally compressed bills of which the lower mandible is one fourth longer than the movable upper mandible.
		Skimmers are gregarious and partly nocturnal; their sensitive eyes narrow to slits while they roost during the day.
		Skimmers are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Aves, order Charadriiformes, family Rhynchopidae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/skimmer.html (217 words)

	Assateague's Black Skimmer bird
		The Black Skimmer is an unique bird to witness along the Assateague Channel and is one of the three skimmer species.
		Skimmers are the only birds in the world whose lower mandible is longer than the upper.
		The Black Skimmer is found along the coastal United States from Massachusetts to Texas as well as Central America and South America.
	www.assateagueisland.com /wildlife/blackskimmer.htm (190 words)

	Black Skimmer Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Black skimmers are about the size of a crow.
		Black skimmers are classified as a threatened species in Maryland by DNR.
		Although fl skimmers are a water bird with webbed feet, it is unusual for them to be seen on the water swimming.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/bskimmer.html (280 words)

	Skimmer family
		The skimmers are a small family of specialized shorebirds found widely in the North and South America, Africa, and in India.
		Skimmers are social birds, nesting in colonies and usually roosting with gulls and terns (top photo), but they forage alone or in small parties.
		Food is caught almost exclusively by skimmer the water in flight with mouth open and lower mandible submerged; prey items touched by the mandible are grasped while head doubles back under body, and then the fish is swallowed in flight or after landing.
	www.montereybay.com /creagrus/skimmers.html (960 words)

	Wildlife Viewing - Species Spotlight - Black Skimmer
		Black skimmers “skim” the surface of the water with fl-tipped bright red bills.
		Adult plumage is fl above, white below and this striking combination, coupled with the brightly colored bill, makes it easy to spot the birds as they hunt over the water or loaf on the beach with other seabirds and shorebirds.
		Black skimmers, and least, royal and sandwich terns nest in colonies in the open sand on beaches, sandbars, and dredge material islands.
	www.floridaconservation.org /viewing/species/skimmer.htm (257 words)

	Birds of a Feather's Black Skimmer Letterbox
		The world's three skimmer species are the only birds whose lower mandibles are longer than the upper.
		The fl skimmer is a fish eating bird similar to gulls and terns that has a fl and white tuxedo-pattern appearance.
		Black skimmers nest together in groups known as colonies.
	www.geocities.com /birdsofafeather_lbox/BlackSkimmer.html (381 words)

	Black Skimmer Species Account - Florida Breeding Bird Atlas
		Black Skimmers traditionally nested in colonies on bare sandflats just above the high-water mark, often in association with Least Terns.
		Black Skimmers have been observed at other inland locations, especially at the Polk County phosphate mines, but breeding has not been recorded there.
		During the Atlas project Black Skimmers were discovered nesting on rooftops in Pensacola, Ft. Walton Beach, Panama City (Gore 1991), and Largo in Pinellas County (T. Bryan 1987, BBA data).
	wld.fwc.state.fl.us /bba/BLSK.htm (485 words)

	June Bird of the Month - Black Skimmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Skimmers occasionally wander inland, especially on the winds of summer storms, but most remain along the coastal beaches and bays.
		The fl skimmer breeds in colonies on beaches and islands, often with terns and gulls.
		Skimmers, terns and gulls are in this family, and many breed in colonies.
	www.passporttotexas.com /birds/jun.html (468 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Black Skimmer (Rynchops nigra) is a species of seabirds similar to terns and gulls.
		In hunting for prey, Black Skimmers dive down towards the water, and graze the lower half of their beak against the surface of the water, capturing fish and other organisms in their mouths.
		Young skimmers differ in appearance from adult skimmers in that their plumage is of a sandy-brown color.
	www.stanford.edu /~cbross/Community_Rhetorics/skimmer.html (628 words)

	Black Skimmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Black Skimmer breeds and resides in the Florida Everglades, but is also found in many other parts of the country including California, New York and Texas.
		Internationally, the "Skimmer" can be found as south as South America and as North as Nova Scotia, B.C. There is only one species of Black Skimmer which makes it such a rare and exotic find.
		The beak of the Black Skimmer is what sets it apart from the majority of the rest of the birds.
	www1.broward.edu /~ssimpson/skimmer.htm (334 words)

	Black Skimmer Breeding Adult
		Black Skimmer Breeding Adult: Odd-looking, tern-like bird with dark gray upperparts and white underparts.
		Black Skimmer: Four to five bluish white or pinkish white eggs with brown, lilac, and gray blotches are laid in a simple scrape on the ground or depression in vegetation.
		Black Skimmer: These birds feed by flying low with open bills, dipping their lower mandibles into the water and slicing through the surface.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/452/_/Black_Skimmer_Breeding_Adult.aspx (598 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Laridae - Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger)
		Similar Species: The Black Skimmer, with its weird bill and fl and white coloration, is unmistakable.
		Habitat: The Black Skimmer breeds along the coastal areas of the United States, primarily on sandbars and beaches.
		The Black Skimmer is commonly seen in small flocks that fly in unison flashing their white and fl upper and lower surfaces as a group.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/gulls/Rniger.htm (275 words)

	Grainger McKoy: Black Skimmer
		As I was gazing out across a calm, foggy North Edisto, when the sky and water were one, a fl skimmer sliced by, inspiring me with its reflection.
		The Black Skimmer was Grainger's first "reflective" sculpture.
		The highly-polished Skimmer Bracelet in sterling silver is derived from this sculpture.
	www.graingermckoy.com /gallery_sub01_black_skimme.html (137 words)

	AGE AND SEX DETERMINATION IN BLACK SKIMMER CHICKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As these distributions (Table 1) closely resembled the distribution of body weight in adult male and female Black Skimmers (Table 2), the distribution of heavier weights was assumed to be from male chicks and the lighter weights were assumed to be from female chicks.
		Therefore, if a skimmer chick is known to be 24 d old or older, or if its wing chord is greater than 172 mm (at day 24 wing chord is approximately 172 mm), sex can be assigned using weight as a criterion.
		In this paper we present a reliable method by which skimmer chicks can be aged by wing chord measurements and sexed based on a combination of age and weight criteria.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/JFO/v061n02/p0174-p0179.html (2844 words)

	June Bird of the Month - Black Skimmer Colony Page
		The largest fl skimmer nesting colony on the Texas coast is located inside the industrial complex of Dow Texas Operations in Freeport.
		More than thirty years ago, in the spring of 1968, several fl skimmers were found wandering among the cars in the parking lot next to the entrance of Plant A. They were attracted to the lot because it was covered with crushed oyster shell - an aggregate commonly used in place of gravel.
		When several pairs of skimmers were discovered nesting in the lot, a small section of the lot was barricaded to protect the skimmers and their scrapes.
	www.passporttotexas.com /birds/colony.html (491 words)

	Black Skimmer Winter Adult
		Black Skimmer Winter Adult: Four to five bluish white or pinkish white eggs with brown, lilac, and gray blotches are laid in a simple scrape on the ground or depression in vegetation.
		Black Skimmer Winter Adult: These birds feed by flying low with open bills, dipping their lower mandibles into the water and slicing through the surface.
		Black Skimmer Winter Adult: Call is a loud bark, given singly or in series.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/453/_/Black_Skimmer_Winter_Adult.aspx (616 words)

	Black-tailed Skimmer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black-tailed Skimmer, Orthetrum cancellatum, is a European dragonfly.
		The male has a blue abdomen with a fl tip and transparent wings, and the female has a yellowish brown body with fl zigzag marks along the abdomen and the transparent wings.
		This species has expanded its range, assisted by the creation of gravel pits which give it the extensive open unvegetated areas it prefers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black-tailed_Skimmer (101 words)

	D.A.S.NewsletterArticles-Deaton#1 Black Skimmer
		The large red and fl bill with the lower mandible longer than the upper one is unique.
		The Black Skimmer's bill is well adapted for feeding in its coastal habitat, but the murky water of Lake Decatur presented quite a challenge.
		At dusk, which was about 7:45 p.m., all the gulls and the skimmer got up together from the spit and flew out on the lake to roost.
	www.decatur-audubon.org /deaton1.htm (1167 words)

	Black Skimmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Black Skimmer is distinctive with its orange-red beak with a fl tip and fl crown and wings.
		This skimmer has a lower mandible which is longer than its upper.
		The Black Skimmer has not always been a resident of Torrey Pines State Reserve.
	www.torreypine.org /Birds/BlackSkimmer.html (113 words)

	Black Skimmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Identification: Black Skimmers are easily identified by their fl cap and mantle that contrasts with their white underparts.
		The most striking feature is the bi-colored bill (orange at the base with a fl tip) with the lower mandible noticeably longer than the upper mandible.
		Skimmers feed by flying low over the water with their lower mandible slicing through the waterÕs surface.
	www.audubon.org /chapter/nc/nc/wb_12.html (262 words)

	Black Skimmer Photographs by Bobby Castlebury
		The photographs of Black Skimmers shown below are recent additions to the many selections of wild bird images available from artist Bobby Castlebury.
		The Skimmer flies low over water, with its longer, lower mandible skimming in the water for a tasty meal.
		The Skimmer possesses a unique physical characteristic--its lower mandible is longer than its upper, easily visible in the photographs pictured here.
	www.castlebury.net /skimmers.htm (381 words)

	Aqua Art Pond Supplies...Skimmer, Intake Screens
		A rigid or flexible liner can be retrofitted to use this skimmer by adding a bulkhead fitting to the wall or floor of a pond.
		Skimmer has a 1 1/2" NPT female thread in the bottom of the skimmer for suction line hook up.
		Skimmer with fl basket and new improved heavy duty handle on basket
	www.aquaart.com /skimmer.html (215 words)

	Birds of Nova Scotia - Black Skimmer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Following the hurricane that struck our coast on 26 August 1924, many Black Skimmers, along with numbers of other southern species, were scattered along our Southwestern and Eastern Shores.
		Some were said to be dying not surprising because, given their specialized manner of feeding (see Remarks), it is unlikely that these storm-borne waifs had been able to obtain food on their journey to Nova Scotia.
		Remarks Black Skimmers are unmistakable: fl above (dusky in immatures), white below, with large red, fl-tipped bills, the lower mandible longer than the upper.
	museum.gov.ns.ca /mnh/nature/nsbirds/bns0193.htm (283 words)

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