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	AllRefer.com - Black Sox scandal, Sport (Sports) - Encyclopedia
		Black Sox scandal, episode in which eight members of the Chicago White Sox, the American League champions, were banned from baseball in 1921 for having conspired with gamblers to throw the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds.
		The best-known of the "Black Sox" was Shoeless Joe Jackson.
		The immense, rising popularity of Babe Ruth is thought to have counteracted the damage done to professional baseball by the Black Sox.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/BlackSox.html (203 words)

	Black Sox scandal - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		BLACK SOX SCANDAL [Black Sox scandal] episode in which eight members of the Chicago White Sox, the American League champions, were banned from baseball in 1921 for having conspired with gamblers to throw the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds.
		Black Sox Scandal of 1919 still a touchy subject for some.
		The Black Sox scandal erupted in September 1920, even though the games in question were in the 1919 World Series.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-blacksox.html (382 words)

	Black Sox Scandal - BR Bullpen
		During the regular season, the Chicago White Sox had shown themselves to be the best team in the leagues and, having clinched the American League pennant, were installed as the bookmakers' favorites to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the Series.
		It is generally agreed by historians and Black Sox researchers that Weaver took himself out of the fix before the Series began, and it is certain that he received no money from the gamblers.
		However, the rumors continued to dog the White Sox throughout the 1920 season, as the team battled the Cleveland Indians for the AL pennant that year, and stories of corruption touched players on other clubs as well.
	www.baseball-reference.com /bullpen/Black_Sox_Scandal (3009 words)

	Black Sox Scandal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black Sox Scandal refers to a number of events that took place around and during the play of the 1919 World Series.
		The conspiracy was the brainchild of White Sox first baseman Arnold "Chick" Gandil and Joseph "Sport" Sullivan, a professional gambler of Gandil's acquaintance.
		Having clinched the American League pennant, the Chicago White Sox were installed as the bookmaker's favorites to defeat the Cincinnati Reds in the Series.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Sox_scandal (1595 words)

	Black Sox Scandal
		On October 1, 1919, the Chicago White Sox, whom many observers believed to be one of the best baseball teams ever, lost the opening game of the World Series to the Cincinnati Reds, nine to one.
		Eight White Sox players, including star pitcher Eddie Cicotte and renowned outfielder “Shoeless” Joe Jackson, were charged with conspiracy to defraud the public, conspiracy to commit a confidence game, and conspiracy to injure the business of team owner Charles A. Comiskey.
		The story of the betrayal and expulsion of the “Black Sox,” and the sense of injustice it provoked, has maintained a powerful hold on American popular culture, and has been memorialized in literature and film.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/143.html (273 words)

	1919 Black Sox Scandal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Still, in present day, nearly 80 years after the fact, baseball fans talk about the Black Sox scandal with a lowered voice and an embarrassed look in their eyes.
		The scandal even left its own legacy that is still inciting arguments among fans today: the fate of "Shoeless" Joe Jackson.
		The Black Sox scandal of 1919 started out as a few gamblers trying to get rich, and turned into one of the biggest, and easily the darkest, event in baseball history.
	www.mc.cc.md.us /Departments/hpolscrv/blacksox.htm (1224 words)

	The Sporting News: Baseball History of the World Series
		Eight members of the 1919 White Sox -- pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Claude (Lefty) Williams, outfielders Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch, first baseman Chick Gandil, shortstop Swede Risberg, third baseman Buck Weaver and reserve infielder Fred McMullin -- were charged with conspiring to fix the outcome of the fall classic against the Cincinnati Reds.
		That the "Black Sox" were selective in their misdeeds was apparent.
		The "Black Sox" were acquitted by the courts in 1921 despite their confessions (records of which were stolen from the prosecutor's office) but were banned from baseball by Kenesaw Mountain Landis because of their undeniable link to gamblers.
	www.sportingnews.com /archives/worldseries/1919.html (711 words)

	Black Sox set the fix at hotel in Boston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The fix was soon exposed; eight White Sox players were banned for life, sports had its first modern commissioner and virtually every league adopted a prohibition against associating with gamblers.
		According to Asinof, the White Sox wound up there for the late-season series because they had trashed their usual Boston hotel during a night of carousing on a previous trip.
		Today, the 94-room hotel's only connection to White, Black or Red Sox is the Chicago-style pizza place, complete with baseball memorabilia, occupying part of the street level.
	www.azcentral.com /sports/diamondbacks/articles/1022blacksox1022.html (712 words)

	Chicago Black Sox Scandal .: ChiTownAds.com Online Library
		The White Sox owner paid two of his greatest stars (outfielder "Shoeless" Joe Jackson and third baseman Buck Weaver) only $6000 a year, despite the fact that players on other teams with half their talent were getting $10,000 or more (can you imagine that happening these days??).
		The financial problems and general unhappiness of the White Sox players was persuasion enough to convince eight members of the team to enter into a conspiracy that would change the game of baseball forever and be remembered as the greatest scandal in the history of professional sports.
		In July, Sox manager Kid Gleason’s suspicions of a fix were confirmed by a friend “on the inside.” Gleason went to the press with the story, but was unable to convince anyone (because of fear of libel suits) to print it.
	www.chitownads.com /k/idx/14/030/article/Chicago_Black_Sox_Scandal.html (2395 words)

	What Every Baseball Fan Should Know: The Black Sox Scandal part 3
		A number of ballplayers in the past had been caught having sold games to gamblers, and between 1900 and the Black Sox scandal; it is believed that it was a regular occurrence.
		The defense was made by a team of attorneys who none of the Black Sox could have afforded, but Charles Comisky could, a point that was not lost on some observers.
		The Black Sox, while banned from induction to Cooperstown are represented, by photos, and a pair of “Shoeless” Joe Jackson’s’ actual game shoes.
	www.athomeplate.com /blacksox3.shtml (1536 words)

	Sports: Black Sox scandal: Chicago throws 1919 World Series
		There was good reason the Sox were susceptible to the lure of quick money.
		In September 1920, a Cook County grand jury in Chicago was looking into reports that the Cubs had thrown a three-game series to the Phillies that year.
		The investigation spread to the 1919 White Sox.
	www.sptimes.com /News/122299/Sports/Black_Sox_scandal__Ch.shtml (892 words)

	Key Figures in the 1919 Black Sox Scandal
		A cabal of players (“the Black Sox”) on the highly favored American League champion Chicago White Sox conspired to lose the 1919 World Series to the National League Cincinnati Reds.
		The Sox were a talented but unhappy and faction-ridden ball club.
		In July 1921 eight Black Sox players—pitchers Ed Cicotte and Lefty Williams, outfielders Shoeless Joe Jackson and Oscar “Happy” Felsch, first baseman Chick Gandil, shortstop Swede Risberg, third baseman Buck Weaver, and utility man Fred McMullin and a ragtag assortment of gamblers stood trial in Chicago.
	www.davidpietrusza.com /Rothstein-BlackSox.html (616 words)

	Black Sox Scandal \| BaseballLibrary.com
		The heavily favored Chicago White Sox were upset in the 1919 World Series by the Cincinnati Reds, five games to three.
		Landis's office had been created because of the scandal, and he was chosen to fill it because he had shown a friendly attitude toward the baseball establishment when he was a judge.
		scandal in 1920, McGraw will testify that the dismissal was because both players had thrown games and tried to enlist Fred Toney and Benny Kauff in their scheme.
	www.baseballlibrary.com /baseballlibrary/ballplayers/B/Black_Sox_Scandal.stm (1250 words)

	Shoeless Joe Jackson's Savannah Days and the Black Sox Scandal \| BaseballLibrary.com
		The White Sox opened the 1920 season with a bang, and by late summer were in a three-way pennant with the Indians and New York Yankees.
		The event was deemed the Black Sox scandal and the name has stuck ever since.
		After the Black Sox scandal, Jackson returned to Savannah with his wife and lived in an apartment at 143 Abercorn Street, then moved to a new bungalow on 1411 East 39th Street that Hall’s father built.
	www.baseballlibrary.com /baseballlibrary/submit/Daiss_Timothy1.stm (1797 words)

	Feature: White Sox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From the beginning, the events that would soon be known as the "Black Sox Scandal" were clouded in uncertainty, which probably contributed to its allure as a public spectacle.
		The 1919 White Sox played baseball in daylight, in an age when there were no stadium lights or prime-time TV audience to entertain.
		What I do suspect, however, is that even if the White Sox win the World Series, the Black Sox scandal will remain a compelling moment in our cultural history, one that provides us with opportunities to learn valuable things about the past, the progress we've made, and the vigilance we must keep.
	www.skidmore.edu /newsitems/features/tu102505.htm (836 words)

	Chicago White Sox : history : White Sox History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Most of the players on the 1919 White Sox were on the 1917 squad, but the team now had greater depth and more experience.
		But the Sox — who in 1919 led the AL in batting average, runs scored and stolen bases — managed only three hits in each of the next two home games, losing 2-0 in Game Four and 5-0 in Game Five.
		The highlight of the series for the White Sox was Game Six, when the team rallied from an early 4-0 deficit to stun the Reds, 5-4, in 10 innings.
	chicago.whitesox.mlb.com /NASApp/mlb/cws/history/cws_history_timeline_article.jsp?article=2 (422 words)

	1919 World Series by Baseball Almanac
		Eight members of the participating White Sox including pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Claude (Lefty) Williams, outfielders Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch, first baseman Chick Gandil, shortstop Swede Risberg, third baseman Buck Weaver and reserve infielder Fred McMullin were all charged with conspiring to fix the outcome of the Fall Classic against the Cincinnati Reds.
		Apparently untouched by the scandal, the tough lefthander refused to roll over and threw a three hit 3-0 winner to put Chicago back in the race (whether they wanted to be or not).
		The Black Sox had been able to camouflague their deception by being selective in their misdeeds.
	www.baseball-almanac.com /ws/yr1919ws.shtml (728 words)

	Black Sox Scandal
		The rumor that the Black Sox were so named because of the malelovent spectre hovering over the scandal is not true.
		The commissioner's first order of business was to ban for life the eight players implicated in the Black Sox scandal, even though they had been exonerated of criminal charges by a grand jury.
		The scandal and suspensions rocked the baseball world, but the decisions Landis made helped to clean up a sport that was near self-destruction.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h2075.html (1464 words)

	Amazon.ca: Eight Men Out : The Black Sox And The 1919 World Series: Books: Eliot Asinof (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Introduction says this scandal was not an isolated incident in an otherwise unblemished history of baseball.
		The Black Sox scandal wounded American pride and self-esteem, the image of nobility and humanity (p.197).
		He recounts how the scandal came about, through the five of seven games the White Sox lost, through the investigation and court proceedings, up to the lives of the eight banished players after baseball.
	www.amazon.ca /Eight-Men-Out-Black-World/dp/0805065377 (1514 words)

	Priceless 'Black Sox' scandal book missing from library at Illinois
		Collyer's Eye, published in Chicago, was the "premier baseball tabloid, and the first one to highlight the White Sox scandal," says Karen Schmidt, associate university librarian for collections at Illinois.
		In the scandal, arguably the biggest in baseball history, White Sox players -- eight of them, allegedly -- bet against their team in the World Series and threw their games with the Cincinnati Reds.
		After the scandal broke, the White Sox were nicknamed the Black Sox.
	www.eurekalert.org /staticrel.php?view=uoi1205 (1158 words)

	The Baseball Guru OMI: ROGUES, THIEVES, AND NOT SO GOOD GUYS by Herb Rogoff
		He was the only one who could have bankrolled the “Black Sox fix and it payed off well for him.
		His “Back Sox” decision restored an amount of confidence in the game and the emergence of Babe Ruth and the homerun brought it full cycle again.
		The obituary mentioned his role with the Black Sox and pointed out that he had been an alcoholic for over 50 years.
	baseballguru.com /omi/BLACKSOX.htm (947 words)

	WS Champion White Sox Sweep Away Black Sox Scandal, Dye MVP - The Post Chronicle
		The White Sox were supposed to be lucky, and god knows there's plenty of evidence, from inept umpiring to the fact that they had to face a total of two innings against Curt Schilling, Bartolo Colon and Roger Clemens over the course of three series.
		The Sox are as deserving as last year's Red Sox, the 1974 A's or the 1927 Yankees.
		The lambasting of the Astros goes a long way toward erasing the stain of the 1919 betting scandal that has hung over this franchise almost as much as "The Curse" plagued the Boston Red Sox until they swept the St. Louis Cardinals last October for their first title since 1918.
	www.postchronicle.com /news/sports/printer_212995.shtml (660 words)

	History Files - Chicago Black Sox
		The White Sox team was formed in 1900 as a franchise of the American league, under the ownership of Charles Comiskey.
		Comiskey, a former first baseman, is also credited with being the first person to train his players to adjust their field positions according to a batter's hitting habits.
		In 1917, the Sox won the World Series and, managed by William "Kid" Gleason, the 1919 Chicago White Sox had the best record in the American League.
	www.chicagohs.org /history/blacksox/blk1.html (287 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Shoeless Joe Jackson and The Chicago Black Sox Scandal
		As a result of the 'Chicago Black Sox Scandal' eight players including Jackson were banned for life from Major League Baseball.
		His Chicago White Sox team was the best in baseball at the time and yet was one of the worst paid.
		Though the players were not the first to fix a game and even though the evidence suggested that all eight were not involved, he banned them all from playing professional baseball.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A845804 (1454 words)

	History Files - Chicago Black Sox
		Eight players from the Chicago White Sox (later nicknamed the Black Sox) were accused of throwing the series against the Cincinnati Reds.
		Details of the scandal and the extent to which each man was involved have always been unclear.
		It was, however, front-page news across the country and, despite being acquitted of criminal charges, the players were banned from professional baseball for life.
	www.chicagohs.org /history/blacksox.html (148 words)

	Eastland Memorial Society - The Black Sox Scandal of 1919
		The trial following the Black Sox Scandal is indicative of the back room deals, evidence tampering, and political maneuvering which perennially plagued the legal and enforcement branches of government in the greater Chicago area.
		From the years 1917-1919 the Chicago White Sox were the dominant team in baseball, and might well have gone on to become one of the greatest in history.
		In fact, the Sox originally received their nickname the "Black Sox" not because of the scandal, but because of the dirtiness of their uniforms.
	www.inficad.com /~ksup/landis0.html (3577 words)

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