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	Black Spruce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black Spruce (Picea mariana) is a common coniferous tree in North America, ranging from Newfoundland west to Alaska, and south to northern New York, Minnesota and central British Columbia.
		The cones are the smallest of any spruce, 2-4 cm long (0.6"-1.25"), spindle-shaped to nearly round, dark purple ripening red-brown, in dense clusters in the upper crown, opening at maturity but persisting for several years.
		Black Spruce is the Provincial tree of Newfoundland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Spruce (635 words)

	Spruce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spruce (etym.: from Polish "z Prus" means "from Prussia") refers to trees of the Genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth.
		Spruces are large trees, from 20-60 (-95) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical form.
		Spruce wood, often called whitewood, is used for many purposes, ranging from general construction work and crates to highly specialised uses in wooden aircraft and musical instruments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spruce (517 words)

	Black Spruce -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The (Cone-shaped mass of ovule- or spore-bearing scales or bracts) cones are the smallest of any spruce, 2-4 cm long (0.6"-1.25"), spindle-shaped to nearly round, dark purple ripening red-brown, in dense clusters in the upper crown, opening at maturity but persisting for several years.
		It differs from (Medium-sized spruce of northeastern North America having short blue-green leaves and slender cones) White Spruce Picea glauca, in having shorter needles, smaller and rounder cones, and a preference for wetter lowland areas.
		Black Spruce is the (Click link for more info and facts about Provincial tree) Provincial tree of (An island in the north Atlantic) Newfoundland.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/black_spruce.htm (668 words)

	MSN Encarta - Spruce
		Spruces occur farther north than most trees, forming forests within the Arctic Circle, and extending south, especially in the mountains, as far as the Pyrenees in Europe and the Himalayas in Asia; in the United States, spruces occur as far south as North Carolina and Arizona.
		In Europe the Norway spruce is similarly distributed; the timber is valuable for fuel and for house building and is exported from Norway and Sweden for masts and spars of sailing vessels.
		The fl spruce has a distribution somewhat similar to that of the white, except that it descends along the mountains to Virginia.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761560525 (376 words)

	Encyclopedia: Black Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Black Spruce (Picea mariana) is a common coniferous tree in North America.
		It is a coniferous, slow-growing, small upright tree or dwarf shrub, having a straight trunk with little taper, and a narrow, pointed crown of short, compact, drooping branches with upturned tips.
		The 2-4cm (0.6"-1.25") cones are the smallest of any spruce; spindle-shaped to nearly round, dark purple ripening red-brown, in dense clusters in the upper crown, opening at maturity but persisting for several years.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Black-Spruce (658 words)

	AllRefer.com - spruce, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia
		Commercially, spruces are of particular value as a major source of pulpwood for the manufacture of paper.
		Spruce beer has been made from the young shoots of the red spruce and the fl spruce.
		Native Americans in the West have used spruce gum for caulking, the inner bark for food, and strips of spruce for weaving watertight mats and baskets.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/spruce.html (351 words)

	Black Spruce, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Black spruce are the climax trees on cold, poorly drained soils in Alaska and Yukon.
		Since fl spruce do better than other trees on cold, wet soils, it follows that there tends to be an association between fl spruce forests and permafrost.
		When a fire strikes a fl spruce forest, it usually is hot enough to kill most of the trees but not all of the seeds.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF3/306.html (354 words)

	Black Spruce, Picea mariana
		Black spruce usually grows on wet organic soils, but productive stands are found on a variety of soil types from deep humus through clays, loams, sands, coarse till, boulder pavements, and shallow soil mantles over bedrock.
		Spruce Budworm causes defoliation and if it occurs several years in a row will lead to death, though Black Spruce is less susceptible than White Spruce, or Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea).
		Black spruce is very shade tolerant and can survive in this suppressed condition for more than 100 years and, in the absence of fire, will eventually replace the pines.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/trees/piceamar.html (2601 words)

	Black Spruce
		The fl spruce is very well adapted to growing over bedrock and frozen soil because it tends to have a very shallow root system.
		It affects stands of fl spruce primarily in the eastern portion of its range, with less occurrence in the west and absent in the northwest.
		It and its cousins the yellowheaded spruce sawfly and the greenheaded spruce sawfly attack and defoliate fl spruce trees.
	www.forestry.auburn.edu /sfnmc/class/bspruce.html (1614 words)

	Species: Picea glauca
		White spruce habitats are favored by red squirrels because of the highly palatable seeds; squirrel density is much greater in white spruce stands than fl spruce stands [9].
		Seral stands of white spruce and aspen, and white spruce and birch, are common on relatively dry slopes with a south or southwest exposure, and on dry, excessively drained outwash or deltaic soils [41].
		Conifers, including white spruce, tend to occupy shallow outwash soils on upper slopes and flats, while hardwoods or mixtures of hardwoods and spruce are found on deep glacial till soils of lower slopes [72].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/picgla/all.html (6674 words)

	Trees of Wisconsin: Picea mariana, black spruce
		Picea mariana can be recognized as a spruce by the sharp-pointed needles, squarish in cross-section and attached to woody projections of the twig known as sterigmata.
		It can be distinguished from the other spruces in Wisconsin by the presence of short pubescence of the young twigs, and by the short cones that generally are less that 3 cm long.
		It also tends to have the shortest leaves, usually 6-10 mm, while the leaves of other spruces are longer than 10 mm and often longer than 15 mm.
	www.uwgb.edu /biodiversity/herbarium/gymnosperms/picmar01.htm (220 words)

	Spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Spruce refers to trees of the Genus Picea, coniferous evergreens in the Family Pinaceae and found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth.
		The needles, or leaves, of spruce trees are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion.
		Spruce wood is used for many purposes, ranging from musical instruments to lumber for construction.
	www.backyardagora.com /glossary/spruce.htm (94 words)

	The Largest Black Spruce in Alaska, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The largest fl spruce in Alaska is a lucky tree, because its neighbors to the north are gone, removed in the mid 1990s during the installation of a power line.
		The Alaska champion fl spruce stood exposed for a few years before a researcher visiting from Iceland, a land of many volcanoes but few trees, pointed it out to forest geneticist John Alden as they walked by in spring of 2001.
		The fl spruce on the UAF campus is taller than the state record western paper birch, a 67-footer near Haines, and Alaska's tallest balsam poplar, a 60-foot tree on the Kuskokwim River.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF16/1635.html (520 words)

	National Christmas Tree Association: ARIZONA CYPRESS
		White spruce has a cone-shaped crown, and when grown in the open develops a conical crown which extends nearly to the ground.
		Leaves of white spruce are often infected by rust diseases resulting in premature shedding of needles.
		White spruce is important as a source of food for grouse and seed eating birds.
	www.realchristmastrees.org /treetype/wht_spr.html (617 words)

	Maine Tree Species Fact Sheet - Black Spruce
		Black Spruce grows to be 30-40 feet tall with a diameter of 6 - 18 inches.
		Black Spruce provides good cover for moose and it is a food source for spruce grouse, snowshoe hare, red squirrels, mice, voles, shrews, chipmunks and birds.
		Black Spruce is very well adapted to growing over bedrock because of its shallow root system.
	www.umaine.edu /umext/mainetreeclub/FactSheets/BlackSpruce.htm (810 words)

	Spruces & Doug-fir (X) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Black spruce NEEDLES are 1/4 to 3/4 inches long, also sharp to the touch.
		Black spruce is most commonly found in WETLAND TYPES, often in pure stands or mixed with tamarack or northern white cedar.
		Blue spruce is a native of the Rocky Mountains and is a favorite ORNAMENTAL due to the bluish cast on the NEEDLES.
	forestry.msu.edu /uptreeid/Species/spruces.htm (663 words)

	Nearctica - Native Conifers of North America - Picea mariana
		The cone scales of White Spruce are flexible at maturity, not brittle, and the cones are much longer (about 2 inches rather than 0.5 to 1 inch).
		The cone scales of Red Spruce are also brittle as in Black Spruce, but longer (1.25 to 2 inches long) and the apical margin is smoothly rounded, not irregular.
		Native Range: Black Spruce ranges in a broad band from northern Massachusetts to northern Labrador on the Atlantic coast, west across Canada to the west coast of Alaska.
	www.nearctica.com /trees/conifer/picea/Pmaria.htm (358 words)

	White Spruce, Picea glauca
		Although rare, White and Black Spruce (Picea mariana) hybrids, known as Rosendahl Spruce, have been found in northeastern Minnesota and other areas.
		Frequent fires can eliminate White Spruce from an area because it does not produce seed in quantity until it is 30 years old or older.
		White Spruce habitats are favored by red squirrels because of the highly palatable seeds; squirrel density is much greater in White Spruce stands than Black Spruce stands.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/trees/piceaglauca.html (1441 words)

	Black Hills Spruce Seeds - Bluish/Green Needles
		Location: Now widely planted for landscaping, the blue spruce is native to a fairly narrow geographic range in the central Rocky Mountains in the United States.
		Usage: Blue spruce is most commonly used as an individual specimen tree but would be an attractive grove or windbreak tree.
		White Spruce and Black Spruce are the most widely distributed conifers in North America after Common Juniper, which rarely reaches tree size.
	www.localharvest.org /store/item.jsp?id=2715 (504 words)

	Black Spruce - Picea mariana
		The pinecones are fl and the seeds are usually a purplish-brown.
		The Black Spruce enjoys colder climates in the northern part of the world.
		The Black Spruce is able to survive in the colder climates because of its layered twigs, waxy pine needles, and rough bark.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /black_spruce.htm (224 words)

	Black spruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Black spruce is a symbol of our vast boreal forests.
		In hardwood forests, fl spruce is commonly found in bogs and marshy areas.
		It often forms vast pure stands, but is also found with balsam fir, white spruce, jack pine, tamarack and trembling aspen.
	www.domtar.com /arbre/english/p_epinn.htm (115 words)

	Acquired thermotolerance of jack pine, white spruce and black spruce seedlings
		The duration of increased thermotolerance was investigated in jack pine, fl spruce and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) by comparing heat injury from high temperatures in non-hardened seedlings and in seedlings hardened at 38 °C for 180 minutes a day for either 1, 3 or 6 days.
		For jack pine and white spruce seedlings hardened at 38 °C for 6 days, increased thermotolerance persisted for at least 14 and 10 days, respectively, after the end of the hardening treatment.
		In contrast, the thermotolerance of fl spruce seedlings hardened at 38 °C for 6 days remained elevated for only 4 days.
	heronpublishing.com /tree/summaries/volume8/a8-83.html (246 words)

	Geobop's Newfoundland Symbols: The provincial flower, the pitcher plant (page 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The fl spruce was finally designated the official tree in November 1993.
		Sometimes called a bog spruce, the fl spruce grows primarily in areas with poor drainage and is tolerant of nutrient-deficient soils.
		The fl spruce grows from Alaska as far south as Massachusetts and is the most abundant tree in Labrador.
	www.geobop.com /world/NA/Canada/NF/Tree.htm (168 words)

	CSC Virtual Herbarium - Black Spruce
		Twigs/Bark: Twigs are noticibly dark brown to fl which help in distinguishing this spruce from other family members.
		Form/Habitat: Black spruce is found in wet, acidic environments such as bogs.
		Small to medium sized for the spruce family and slow growing, height is commonly 25'-30' and diameter at breast height (dbh) 1'-2'.
	www.colby-sawyer.edu /academic/ces/herbarium/gymnosperms/pmariana.html (182 words)

	Modeling topographic effects on net ecosystem productivity of boreal black spruce forests
		Topographic effects on fl spruce NPP could likely be modeled by simulating the lateral and vertical movement of water, and its effects on soil nutrient transformation and uptake, through three-dimensional watersheds defined by aspects and slopes of their topographic positions.
		To examine this likelihood, the ecosystem model ‘ecosys’ was run for 120 years on a transect that included upper- and lower-slope positions and a basin in which a basal water table was set 0.5 m below the soil surface.
		Modeled differences in wood growth with topographic position were quantitatively consistent with measurements of boreal fl spruce at several research sites differing in water table depth.
	heronpublishing.com /tree/summaries/volume24/a24-1.html (393 words)

	Long Snows Moon - Elk - Black Spruce - Obsidian
		The color is fl and the Thunderbird Clan is the direct elemental (fire) influence.
		This is the Black of mystery, of formlessness from which anything can come.
		Black is a Sacred color to many Native People.
	www.ewebtribe.com /StarSpiderDancing/longsnomoon.html (708 words)

	Black Hills Spruce
		Black Hills Spruce is noted for its dark green foliage and conical form.
		Plant Black Hills Spruce eight to twelve feet apart in a windbreak row.
		Black Hills Spruce is very resistant to winter injury.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /forestservice/towner_nur/bh_spruce.htm (141 words)

	Growth and yield of black spruce on organic soils in Minnesota.
		Growth and yield of fl spruce on organic soils in Minnesota.
		Title: Growth and yield of fl spruce on organic soils in Minnesota.
		Abstract: Describes the growth and yield relationship of Minnesota fl spruce to site index, age, and basal area density based on multiple regression analysis.
	www.ncrs.fs.fed.us /pubs/viewpub.asp?key=577 (138 words)

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