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	Black Swan Records
		Black Swan Records was an American record label in the 1920s; it was the first to be owned and operated by, and marketed to, African Americans.
		Black Swan was founded in May of 1921 by Harry Pace and W.C. Handy, based in Harlem, New York City.
		The Black Swan label was revived in the 1990s for a series of reissue compact discs of historic jazz and blues recordings originally issued on Black Swan and Paramount.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/b/bl/black_swan_records.html (262 words)

	Black Swan records, 1921 to 1924: from a swanky swan to a dead duck Accounting History - Find Articles
		Black Swan records, 1921 to 1924: from a swanky swan to a dead duck
		The brief history of the Black Swan record label, as an independent entity, provides an example of the difficulty in turning a novel, entrepreneurial idea into a reality and the pitfalls confronting a small business in the face of racial prejudice, shortage of finance and lack of managerial and accounting expertise.
		There emerged a buoyant nightlife in uptown New York (Harlem) but the fl musicians engaged in it were relatively unknown and, with one or two exceptions, neither they nor their new music style were recorded by the major record companies of the time.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3933/is_200311/ai_n9326347 (983 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records
		Recording, the making of records in its beginning years 1900–1920, was a discriminatory process.
		The Black Swan Troubadours played an engagement at the Academy of Music last night and were so much better than had been expected the crowd was left wide eyed and gasping with astonishment and delight for the company has class written all over it.
		Black Swan was established as an national record label with respect and increasing record sales.
	afgen.com /black_nationalism9.html (4038 words)

	African American Registry: Black Swan Records formed
		Black Swan’s early releases were straight songs or novelty numbers; their blues selections had not been done in blues style.
		The success of Black Swan’s "Down Home Blues" sung by Waters, led to the formation of the Black Swan Troubadours, a group led by Henderson and Waters that toured the South promoting the label; hence, the company was doing better by the fall of 1921.
		Unfortunately, at the time of this success, Black Swan got a break to record and sign Bessie Smith, who would later become a legend as the "Queen of the Blues." Pace, upon hearing her sing one night, decided that she was too "nitty gritty" for his taste.
	aaregistry.com /african_american_history/739/Black_Swan_Records_formed (564 words)

	Jazz \| All About Jazz
		Black Swan Records was a recording company based in Harlem, New York in operation from 1921 to 1923.
		Although issuing recordings in a number of genres, including jazz, opera and symphonic works, Black Swan was primarily engaged in the recording of blues music.
		VincentÂ’s study of record label advertising in the so-called Â“fl pressÂ” between 1921-23 concludes that by 1923, the success of Black Swan Records inspired such white-owned record labels as Victor, Paramount, and Okeh to place record advertisements in the Â“fl press.Â”1 The record companies were hoping to appeal to a newly formed African-American consumer class.
	www.allaboutjazz.com /articles/arti0101_03.htm (765 words)

	Alberta Hunter - Music Downloads - Online
		Later, after Paramount acquired Black Swan, these sides were co-mingled with Hunter's newer Paramount recordings; her work from both labels dominated the early couplings in the Paramount 12000 Race series.
		Hunter was able to break easily into the fl vaudeville circuit and by 1927 she was off to Europe for an extended stay which would keep her out of the U.S. for most of the depression.
		There are those who insist that her recordings are nothing but a weak imitation of the real thing, and that it was Alberta Hunter the "live" performer that kept her fan base active during these years.
	musicstore.connect.com /artist/820/Alberta-Hunter/30010427.html (876 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Fletcher Henderson (1897-1952)
		This employment led to stints as a house pianist for Black Swan records and as a touring pianist and bandleader for the blues singer Ethel Waters.
		During his tenure at Black Swan, Henderson accompanied numerous female blues singers, including Ida Cox, Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, Clara Smith, and Trixie Smith.
		Some of the bands recorded hit singles and attracted stellar musicians, but more often they languished in the background of the swing scene.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1690 (727 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records
		Recording, the making of records in its beginning years 1900-1920, was a discriminatory process.
		It was ironic that at the time of its earliest success Black Swan had the opportunity to record and sign Bessie Smith, who would later become legendary as the "Queen of the Blues." Harry Pace upon hearing her sing one night decided that she was too "nitty gritty" for his taste.
		Pace, which stipulates that she is not to marry for at least a year, and that during this period she is to devote her time largely to singing for Black Swan Records and appearing with the Troubadours.
	www.proaxis.com /~settlet/record/articles/BlackSwan.html (4133 words)

	Harlem 1900-1940: Schomburg Exhibit The Black Swan Phonograph Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Black Swan Phonograph Corporation was probably named for a 19th century African-American concert singer, Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield (1809-1976) who toured America and Europe billed as "The Black Swan".
		At one point, Black Swan was issuing up to 10 recordings a month with prices of 75 cents for popular tunes and one dollar for their Classic Red Label series.
		This series included recordings by Antoinette Gaines, billed as "The First Grand Opera Record Ever Made by a Colored Singer." There was a great deal of competition in the 1920s recording market, and in 1924 Black Swan merged with the Paramount Company, although they continued to issue the Black Swan Catalog.
	www.si.umich.edu /CHICO/Harlem/text/blackswan.html (155 words)

	SSRN-Black Swan Records - 1921-1924: From a Swanky Swan to a Dead Duck by Ivo De Loo, David Davis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pace both initiated and operated the famous Black Swan label, which was one of the first to enable fl musicians to record music in their own style.
		Many famous fl artists, such as Ethel Waters, Fletcher Henderson, the Harmony Five and Alberta Hunter made their early appearances on the Black Swan label.
		Nevertheless, today's recording industry, particularly in the field of jazz, owes much to the pioneering work of Harry Pace and the Black Swan label.
	papers.ssrn.com /soL3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=476943 (404 words)

	Regarding Paramount Records \| MetaFilter
		Founded in 1920 or 1921 by fl entrepreneur Harry H. Pace, the pioneering company recorded everything from ragtime to grand opera, as long as it was sung by African-Americans...
		Black Swan Records, then, was a radical experiment in the political economy of African American culture in the guise of musical entertainment and small-business development.
		The record company was about more than selling records, and the one-two punch of its uplift through music and business makes its brief history an important, revealing event in the African American political struggles of the twentieth century.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/57107 (1346 words)

	BLACK SWAN RECORD - ETHEL WATERS - BLACK SATIN COLLECTIBLES
		This is her first record on the Black-owned Black Swan Label of Ethel Waters singing "Oh Daddy".
		It was in the Summer of 1921 that Ethel Waters came to the rescue of Black Swan Records.
		She had recorded earlier for the Cardinal company, having been contracted by a free-lanced talent scout, who later suggested she go to Black Swan for an audition:
	www.blacksatincollectibles.com /blackswan-ethelwaters.htm (705 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records
		By 1920 the only Black voice to be recorded by the major companies was Bert Williams on Columbia and Mamie Smith on OKeh Records.
		Fletcher Henderson, the well-mannered, quiet, studious pianist and leader of the Black Swan Jazz Masters, was being advertised on a National Tour with a noted Blues singer.
		Though he continued to advertise that the enterprise was run only by Blacks and that they released recordings only by Black musicians, it was proven that the company was pressing records by white ensembles such as the Original Memphis Five.
	www.redhotjazz.com /blackswan.html (3953 words)

	Paramount Records - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Paramount Records was an American record label, best known for its recordings of African-American jazz and blues in the 1920s and early 1930s, including such artists as Ma Rainey and Blind Lemon Jefferson.
		In 1942 the then-inactive Paramount Records company was purchased from Wisconsin Chair Company by John Steiner, who revived the label for reissues of important historical Paramount recordings as well as new recordings of jazz and blues.
		As happened with a number of record companies in the Great Depression, the majority of Paramount's metal masters were sold for their scrap metal value.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Paramount_Records (749 words)

	Teaching the Journal of American History
		In Black Swan's vision, high-quality recordings of fl artists performing European-style music would turn this reasoning on its head.
		This exercise, which looks at Black Swan's recordings and the emergence of the industry's race records category, prompts us to examine how race is understood in culture.
		Black Swan's recording program should be seen in the context of the broader recording industry.
	www.indiana.edu /~jah/teaching/2004_03/ex2.shtml (643 words)

	Harlem 1900-1940: Schomburg Exhibit Ethel Waters
		Her first recordings were "The New York Glide" and "At the New Jump Steady Ball" on Cardinal Records in 1919.
		Then in 1921, she was hired by Black Swan Records to record "Down Home Blues" and "Oh, Daddy," which became a best seller.
		She went on a promotional tour in the South with Fletcher Henderson and the Black Swan Troubadours.
	www.si.umich.edu /CHICO/Harlem/text/ewaters.html (283 words)

	The Blues . Blues Classroom . Lesson Plans . Whites, Blacks, and the Blues \| PBS
		When Phillips suggests that whites didn't copy fl music, Ike Turner argues that the songs whites were singing were fl and therefore, "They sure did." Phillips then clarifies what he meant by saying that whites didn't "imitate" fl singers, but made the music their own.
		For some people white ownership is anathema, a remnant of racist practices in which fls are the slaves of white masters who profit from their labor.
		Assign students to investigate the history of Black Swan Records and to map its impact on the recording industry as a whole.
	www.pbs.org /theblues/classroom/intwhitesblacks.html (1597 words)

	Black History Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rhino Records and Lifetime Learning Systems are pleased to present you with this exciting educational program, Black History in Music: Songs Of A People.
		Because fl leaders have ignored the early years of fl-music development, others have come into the fl community and have established a foothold before them.
		Even during slavery, whites were dissing fl folks by the back-handed compliment of minstrelsy.
	blackhistorypages.com /Entertainment (846 words)

	Pic of the Month (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In 1921, 37-year-old Harry Pace founded Black Swan Records, the first recording company to be owned and operated by African Americans.
		The introduction of radio broadcasting in 1922-23 had an enormous impact on the entire recording industry as audiences began listening to music on the radio rather than buying records.
		Ethel Waters, a performer on the vaudeville circuit in Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York at the time she made this recording, went on to achieve success as an accomplished singer and actress.
	www.hfmgv.org /exhibits/pic/2001/01.feb.html (214 words)

	Jazz Was Denounced by Some Black Leaders, too
		This is unfortunate because rap, like older forms of fl popular music now considered to be "America's classical music," is distinctive and important because it differs from the norms of "respectable" culture.
		Rappers and their corporate supporters "make it easy for fl culture to be dismissed by the majority," he said, and the large white fan base "has learned through rap images to identify fl male culture with a culture of violence."
		Those who attack the latest form of fl popular music for the sake of racial unity and "respectability" might stop to consider which side, in the history that will be written of this time, they wish to be on.
	hnn.us /articles/14310.html (726 words)

	ye old Black Swan - Vancouver Jazz Forum
		Black Swan started at Main and Seventh Avenue around 1976, specializing in jazz and other non-mainstream music.
		That is really too bad about the old Black Swan building and the great mural which remained there after it closed.
		When I heard that the jazz fest was being organized in the back of the Swan I mentioned to Don Betts that I wouldn't mind volunteering for the festival as a transportation volunteer (something I'd done for the folk festival for 6 or 7 years).
	vancouverjazz.com /forums/showthread.php?p=7256 (2108 words)

	Matador Records \| Belle & Sebastian News
		You might be wondering what exactly “music inspired by the film” really means, because that’s the sort of thing a record company would say about a Prince album featuring one stinking song from the Batman movie and nothing else heard in the cinema.
		The record is expected to be released along with the film in the autumn.
		In other B&S news, somehow they've found the time during the recording of their new album to organize a holiday for their fans, the Bowlie Weekender.
	www.matadorrecords.com /belle_and_sebastian/news.html (2411 words)

	Black Nationalism
		Black Nationalism, also known as fl separatism, is a complex set of beliefs emphasizing the need for the cultural, political, and economic separation of African Americans from white society.
		In his classic study Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915, August Meier noted that the general Black attitude has been one of "essential ambivalence." On the other hand, Nationalist assumptions inform the daily actions and choices of many diaspora Africans.
		Of all the challenges faced by fl people in America, abortion is among the greatest and most destructive.
	afgen.com /nationalism.html (705 words)

	Faye Barnes / Maggie Jones
		After her first record was released on Black Swan records in August of 1923 she only used the name Faye Barnes one other time when she was accompanied by Fletcher Henderson's Orchestra in June of 1924.
		All of her other records were released under the name of Maggie Jones.
		She is best remembered today for the recordings she made in November and December of 1924 for the Columbia label which featured Louis Armstrong on cornet and Fletcher Henderson on piano.
	www.redhotjazz.com /maggiejones.html (236 words)

	Black Swan Records - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Trixie Smith, blues singer, was second only to Ethel Waters in Black Swan sales.
		In addition, the Defender credited Pace with the major companies to begin targeting the fl audience and advertising in fl newspapers.
		Paramount discontinued the Black Swan label short time later.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Swan_Records (583 words)

	Records, - Shops, Labels and Video Hotlinks
		Blue Note Records Store, the largest source of collectable records in the Southeast USA, and one of the deepest catalog stores in the U.S. Bob's Music, Bob Hertwig that is. A fine German site for 1925-1955 German Dance music, as well as music from elsewhere in the world.
		Encore Records, new and used 33-1/4, 45, 78 RPM records and 16" Transcriptions.
		Most of the record shop owners are friends of mine (in the early days almost 15 years ago, they were collectors like me).
	www.nfo.net /lnx/lrecords.html (4548 words)

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