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	Appendix 1:Status Assessment and Conservation Plan for the Black Tern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Black Terns at Fern Ridge Reservoir breed within or on the edges of stands of bulrush bordering on extensive beds of reed-canary grass; nests are placed on floating stems of dead bulrush and cattail (Papish 1993, Lewis 1995).
		Shambaugh (1996b) felt that Black Terns may have expanded their range and population in response to the creation of impoundments in state and federal refuges from the 1930s to 1970s; he also reported a large increase in Black Tern activity at Dead Creek WMA for several years after it was last drained for vegetation control.
		Black Tern numbers on BBS surveys in Ontario declined significantly by an average of -13.2% per year from 1966 to 1979, but trends from 1980 to 1996 (1.6%/yr) and from 1966 to 1996 (-3.2%/yr) were not significant (Peterjohn and Sauer 1997).
	www.r6.fws.gov /blacktern/sacpapp1.htm (20146 words)

	Tern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Terns are seabirds in the family Sternidae, previously considered a subfamily Sterninae of the gull family Laridae.
		Terns in the genus Sterna have deeply forked tails, those in Chlidonias and Larosterna shallowly forked tails, while the noddies (genera Anous, Procelsterna, Gygis) have unusual 'notched wedge' shaped tails, the longest tail feathers being the middle-outer, not the central nor the outermost.
		Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species now known to live in excess of 25-30 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tern (432 words)

	Powell 1991 abstract: Minnesota DNR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The objectives of this study were to (1) address the interpretation of fl tern observations made during the count periods by the USFWS and myself, (2) indicate whether surveys should be conducted at alternate times during the breeding season to make the fl tern count meaningful, and (3) standardize and/or improve censusing methodology.
		Black terns were not seen on USFWS plots in Polk and Kandiyohi counties during the first census, but were observed flying over some of the ponds in the study plots during the second census.
		Two colonies of fl terns were found in locations within two miles of the USFWS study plots in Polk County, and fl terns nested in a wetland several miles from a study plot in Kandiyohi County.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /ecological_services/nongame/projects/research_reports/abstracts/birds/powell1991.html (595 words)

	Black Tern Habitat Model
		Black terns are widespread in North America (central and southern Canada, California to New York, and extend into small areas of Maine and New Brunswick; Novak 1992).
		Black terns are uncommon in the Northeast; there are perhaps 100 pair in the study area (Dorr 1976).
		Black terns feed on a variety of aquatic insects, particularly dragonflies, damselflies, mayflies, and caddisflies, as well as small fishes and crustaceans (Novak 1992, Dunn and Agro 1995).
	www.fws.gov /r5gomp/gom/habitatstudy/metadata/black_tern_model.htm (928 words)

	Status Assessment and Conservation Plan for the Black Tern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Black Tern is rare to accidental in winter in central and southern South America south to Chile and Argentina and accidental in North America in Ontario, California, Texas, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana (Dunn and Agro 1995).
		Black Terns nest semicolonially, placing their nests in clusters in favorable areas of marshes; clusters are typically about 11-50 nests but can range from two to hundreds (Dunn and Agro 1995).
		It provides imprecise trend estimates of Black Terns resulting from their semicolonial nesting habits and considerable annual fluctuations in population size, and relies on roadside sampling of wetlands that may or may not be a representative subset of all habitats used by the species (Peterjohn and Sauer 1997).
	www.r6.fws.gov /blacktern/sacp.htm (14979 words)

	Marshbirds and Shorebirds of North Dakota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fl tern, with its fl head, fl body, and gray wings is one of the easiest terns to identify.
		The fl tern nests in small colonies and is gregarious year round.
		The fl tern has lost much of its breeding habitat due to wetland drainage and is therefore listed as a candidate species by the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/othrdata/marshbrd/blktern.htm (190 words)

	Black Tern Breeding Adult
		Black Tern: Two to four olive-brown eggs with fl and brown blotches are laid in a floating nest of dead plants.
		Black Tern: The call is a high pitch, shrill, metallic sound given frequently, especially when intruders are near nest.
		Black Tern: The White-winged Tern, accidental in United States, is similar but has whitish upper wings, white rump and tail and fl axillaries in breeding plumage.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/454/_/Black_Tern_Breeding_Adult.aspx (741 words)

	Black Tern - Summer 1999
		The fl tern nests where marsh vegetation is locally low and thin, most commonly near open water.
		The fl tern nests in loose colonies beginning in late May. The female builds a nest of old weed stems, dead rushes, and wet and decaying plant materials.
		A prime spot for fl tern watching in summer is the Lakewood Forest Preserve in Wauconda, where they forage on a few of the more easily accessed ponds and marshes.
	chicagowildernessmag.org /issues/summer1999/blacktern.html (673 words)

	BirdWeb - Bird Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A small, graceful, fl and silver bird, the Black Tern has relatively broad wings and a short tail that is only slightly forked.
		A marsh-breeding bird, the Black Tern nests in freshwater wetlands in Eastern Washington, mostly east of the Okanogan and Columbia Rivers.
		Black Terns readily change colony sites, so there are not well established colonies that are a sure bet to find them at.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=219 (589 words)

	Black Tern Juvenile
		Black Tern Juvenile: Two to four olive-brown eggs with fl and brown blotches are laid in a floating nest of dead plants.
		Black Tern Juvenile: The call is a high pitch, shrill, metallic sound given frequently, especially when intruders are near nest.
		Black Tern Juvenile: The White-winged Tern, accidental in United States, is similar but has whitish upper wings, white rump and tail and fl axillaries in breeding plumage.
	identify.whatbird.com /obj/455/_/Black_Tern_Juvenile.aspx (760 words)

	Black Tern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black Tern, Chlidonias niger, is a small tern.
		In non-breeding plumage, most of the fl, apart from the cap, is replaced by grey.
		North American Black terns migrate to the coasts of northern South America, some to the open ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Tern (277 words)

	IFWIS - Black tern
		Black terns are primarily insectivorous but do forage for small fish with substantial amounts (up to 13%) being fed to young 10.
		Black tern populations in the great lakes appear to remain stable from year to year as long as marsh habitats are protected 12.
		The fl tern is protected by the Illinois Endangered Species Act 1972 02 and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 1918 16, and the Ill. Wildlife Code, 1971 18.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /chf/pub/ifwis/birds/black-tern.html (1034 words)

	The Black Tern
		The Black Tern begins to arrive from the Mexican territories over the waters of the Western Country about the middle of April, and continues to pass for about a month.
		When residing at Louisville in Kentucky, I found the Black Tern abundant in the neighbourhood, breeding on the margins of ponds at a short distance from the Ohio.
		ALEXANDER WILSON, to whom I shewed the old nests of the Black Tern at this place, did not seem to be acquainted with the bird, and thought that they were those of some species of Rail.
	www.audubon.org /bird/boa/F42_G2j.html (1238 words)

	Black Tern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Preferred breeding habitat of Black Terns includes freshwater marshes, prairie sloughs, and lake edges.
		Sometimes Black Terns may use an old coot or grebe nest.
		Black Terns occur locally throughout the northern United States and central Canada.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /BOW/BLKTER (551 words)

	Black Tern
		Black Terns are semi-colonial nesters and only defend a small territory a few feet around the nest.
		During the breeding season, Black Terns pick insects off of vegetation or capture them in the air, including dragonflies, mayflies, beetles, and moths.
		The wings and tail are uniform gray in all plumages.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /black_tern_info.htm (549 words)

	BirdWeb - Bird Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The adult does not show the fl 'wedge' in the outer flight feathers that is present on Common Terns, and instead shows a thin, fl border on the trailing edge of the primaries, visible from below.
		In the non-breeding season, the Arctic Tern has a receding fl cap, with a white forehead extending halfway back its head, and the legs and beak are fl.
		The Arctic Tern nests on marshes, tundra lakes, and shorelines in the Arctic, and south on the East Coast to New England.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/bird_details.aspx?id=216 (681 words)

	Pennsylvania Game Commission - State Wildlife Management Agency: Black Tern
		Black terns have been a species of concern in North America because of continent-wide population declines, particularly since the 1960s.
		The fl tern was listed as a threatened species since 1985; it was designated an endangered species in 1990.
		Black terns are primarily insectivorous, snatching up insects in flight.
	www.pgc.state.pa.us /pgc/cwp/view.asp?a=486&q=152603 (703 words)

	Wild Resource Conservation Program
		Black terns nest across the northern United States and southern Canada, and winter in South America.
		Black terns leave coastal areas behind and come inland to nest in prairies and in the more extensive deep-water marshes or marsh complexes.
		As fl tern nesting colonies here are small and localized, they are extremely susceptible to both man-caused and natural disasters.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /wrcf/tern.aspx (334 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Laridae - Black Tern (Chlidonias niger)
		Habitat: The Black Tern breeds in freshwater marshes and lakes.
		Behavior: The Black Tern is commonly seen hawking insects during the breeding season.
		The eggs are laid in a nest of marsh reeds and grasses.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/gulls/Cniger.htm (224 words)

	Black Tern
		Rosche (1979) found fl tern in the lower North Platte River Valley during 6 May to 10 September.
		Habitat: Black tern is especially characteristic of large, semipermanent and seasonal wetlands in the Sandhills and Rainwater Basin areas.
		Rising (1974) speculated that most fl tern eggs were laid in western Kansas during May. Stewart (1975) reported egg dates from North Dakota between 28 May and 24 July.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/distr/birds/platte/species/chlinige.htm (266 words)

	Black Tern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The fl tern spends its winters in parts of the South American countries like Peru and Chile and bird watchers see them in abundance on the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast shores of North America during its south and north migrations.
		The fl tern at adulthood is about ten inches long and their wings are long and pointed and span about two feet when flying.
		The Black Tern is a sometime summer inhabitant of the Great Lakes Region and as the other birds fly south for the winter.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/birding/56307 (489 words)

	Understanding Tern Limits
		Not much larger than the common blue jay, fl terns build their fragile nests on low spots in wetlands with large pools of open water.
		Although their nests tend to be hidden by vegetation, fl terns can be seen readily by bird watchers and boaters.
		It’s also possible that fl terns are recent immigrants to New England and that their presence is part of an evolutionary process.
	www.umainetoday.umaine.edu /Issues/v3i6/terns.html (947 words)

	Black Tern Monitoring
		The purpose of these surveys was to observe mating and nesting behavior by terns to determine status, location, and size of nesting colonies, and to gather regional population trend data.
		The Black Tern nests semi colonially in freshwater wetlands in the northern United States through central Canada (Dunn and Agro 1995).
		Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) in The Birds of North America, No. 147 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.).
	www.klamathbird.org /Projects/blte.htm (330 words)

	WDNR - Black Tern Bog State Natural Area
		Description: Black Tern Bog consists of two small seepage lakes in a pitted outwash plain and contains an outstanding flora including several rare and unusual species.
		Dwarf white pine and fl spruce are found on the bog with second growth hardwoods surrounding it.
		Black Tern Bog is owned by the DNR and was designated a State Natural Area in 1967.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /ORG/LAND/ER/sna/sna49.htm (190 words)

	Chlidonias niger
		The Black Tern is the commonest of the so-called 'marsh terns' which can be distinguished from other terns by their broader, more rounded wings, a fatter body, squarer tail and relatively shorter bill.
		In summer, all the Marsh Terns have dark bodies, but Black Terns lack the white cheeks of a Whiskered Tern or the strikingly pale wings, rump and tail of a White-winged Black Tern.
		In other plumages Black Terns are always more uniform especially across the upperparts which lack the dark saddle which the other marsh terns show, at least to some extent.
	www.birdguides.com /html/vidlib/species/Chlidonias_niger.htm (340 words)

	Postal Services Department Homepage (Diamond Jubilee of RB Police Force) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Black-naped tern is the smallest tern found on Pelong Rocks.
		This is the earliest of the three tern species to arrive each year to breed on Pelong Rocks.
		The Bridled tern does not built a nest but tends to choose sheltered crevices with soil to lay its eggs.
	www.brunet.bn /gov/post/birds4.htm (262 words)

	Black tern - The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
		Adult fl tern in summer plumage Adult, summer in flight Juvenile, in flight
		A small tern with an all-fl head and body, contrasting with grey wings, back and tail in spring; autumn birds have grey upperparts, white underparts and distinctive fl head markings.
		Black tern in flight, Sakumo lagoon, Ghana - Chris Gomersall (rspb-images.com, Ref: 1614050-00014-002)
	www.rspb.org.uk /birds/guide/b/blacktern/index.asp (201 words)

	Birds - Black Tern
		John Burroughs once had brought to him, to identify, a sooty tern, a near relative of the fl species, that a farmer had picked up exhausted and emaciated in his meadow, fully one hundred and fifty miles from the sea, and at least two thousand miles from the Florida Keys, the bird's chosen habitat.
		By the end of July the young fl terns have sufficiently developed to join the flocks of adults that even thus early show the restlessness called forth by the instinct for migration.
		In August migration commences in earnest; and when we see the birds east of the Alleghanies, they are usually on their journey south, the only time they show a preference for the Atlantic coast.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles20/birds-163.shtml (685 words)

	Black Tern (Chlidonias niger) / Species Information / Species in Need of Conservation (SINC) / Threatened and ...
		The Black Tern needs wetland marshes and shallow lakes and ponds, relatively large size, with approximately 50% emergent vegetation. They require emergent vegetation of floating mats on which to build nests.
		The Kansas status and range of the Black Tern is statewide during migration; nesting has been confirmed at Cheyenne Bottoms and Quivira National Wildlife Refuges.
		Threats to the Black Tern include disappearance of suitable wetlands, and there is indication of organochlorine contamination with resulting eggshell thinning.
	www.kdwp.state.ks.us /news/layout/set/print/content/view/full/5889 (217 words)

	Black Tern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Its fl head and chest, contrasting with the white tail, are unique.
		The Black Tern is listed as an endangered species in Illinois, because their former breeding grounds (marshes and other wetlands) have been much reduced.
		In July, I saw Black Terns on one of their breeding grounds - Horicon National Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin.To the right is a photo of this species from Horicon Marsh.
	www.lakeeureka.eureka.lib.il.us /birds/blacktern.html (265 words)

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