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Topic: Black hole information paradox

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	USATODAY.com - Hawking loses bet, plots escape from black hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Black holes occur when a massive star burns up its nuclear fuel and gravity forces it to collapse in on itself, and the enormous weight of the star's outer layers implodes its core.
		Hawking revolutionized the study of the holes when he demonstrated in 1976 that, under the strange rules of quantum physics, once fl holes form they start to "evaporate" away, radiating energy and losing mass in the process.
		Under this theory, fl holes are not totally "fl" because the vacuum of the imploding star lets out very tiny amounts of matter and energy in the form of photons, neutrinos and other subparticles.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/2004-07-16-black-hole_x.htm (752 words)

	Black Hole Information Loss
		What we start with is a pure state and a fl hole of mass M. What we end up with is a thermal state and a fl hole of mass M. We have found a process (apparently) which converts a pure state into a thermal state.
		Perhaps the fl hole is not the same after it has evaporated to mass M as it was initially at mass M. Or perhaps there is some subtle correlation in the Hawking radiation that we are missing, but that supplies the missing information about the pure state.
		Thus, we can calculate the fl hole entropy by dint of the fact that we can calculate the fl hole temperature (by dint of the fact that the quantum radiation is thermal).
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/info_loss.html (882 words)

	Black hole information paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fl hole information paradox results from the combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
		However, if the material entering the fl hole were a pure quantum state, the transformation of that state into the mixed state of Hawking radiation would destroy information about the original quantum state.
		The entropy of a fl hole is given by the equation:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox (646 words)

	Hawking concedes black hole bet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Black holes do not obliterate information about things which fall into them, but mangle information instead.
		Hawking previously argued that the intense gravitational fields inside the fl hole were unravelling the laws of quantum mechanics, possibly sending the information shooting off into other universes.
		He showed that the amount of information at the end was equal to the amount of information at the beginning, but said nothing about what happened to it in the middle.
	www.ufoarea.com /physics_cosmology_hawking_concedes_black_hole.html (532 words)

	News in Science - Hawking 'solves' the black hole paradox - 16/07/2004
		Black holes, those fearsome galactic traps from which not even light can escape, may not be quite so terminally destructive after all, according to cosmologist Professor Stephen Hawking.
		Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse from their own gravity, the pull of which was thought so strong that nothing can escape.
		In the 1970s, Hawking said that once a fl hole formed it lost mass by radiating energy, known as "Hawking radiation", but it contained no information about the inside matter and once the hole evaporated, all information was lost.
	abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s1155746.htm (424 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| LIFE & TIMES > Black holes as information processor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Quantum information could be retrieved from a fl hole, according to new calculations by a theoretical physicist in the United States.
		The idea that information might escape from a fl hole via this model was first put forward in 2004 by US physicists Gary Horowitz and Juan Maldacena, but was criticized because interactions between the information inside the fl hole and the Hawking radiation could interfere with the escape of information.
		He has shown that all, or almost all, of the information that goes into a fl hole is “entangled” with the Hawking radiation and is preserved.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2006/mar/21/yehey/life/20060321lif4.html (572 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Research \| Hawking revises black hole thinking
		After nearly 30 years of arguing that a fl hole destroys everything that falls into it, Professor Hawking now says he was wrong and that fl holes may, after all, allow information within them to escape, reported New Scientist.
		In 1976 he said that once a fl hole formed it lost mass by radiating energy, known as "Hawking radiation", but it contained no information about the inside matter and once the hole evaporated, all information was lost.
		If he succeeds in making the case for his new hypothesis on fl holes, then her stands to lose a bet with John Preskill, of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), that "information swallowed by a fl hole is forever hidden, and can never be revealed".
	education.guardian.co.uk /higher/research/story/0,9865,1262194,00.html (457 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Black holes turned 'inside out'
		A fl hole is an object from which once inside it is not possible to escape.
		It was said that fl holes had no hair, meaning that it did not matter what came together to make them.
		There was no information about matter inside the fl hole, and once the hole disappeared, all the information went with it.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3913145.stm (849 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The no hair theorem implied that all information about the collapsing body, was lost from the outside region, apart from three conserved quantities, the mass, the angular momentum, and the electric charge.
		A classical fl hole would last for ever, and the information could be thought of as preserved inside it, but just not very accessible.
		This was noticed by Maldacena in the case of asymptotically anti de Sitter3, and interpreted as implying that information is lost in the BTZ fl hole metric.
	pancake.uchicago.edu /~carroll/hawkingdublin.txt (2582 words)

	Hawking radiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fl hole of 4.5 × 10²² kg (about the mass of the Moon) would be in equilibrium at 2.7 kelvins, absorbing as much radiation as it emits.
		Black hole evaporation produces a more consistent view of fl hole thermodynamics, by showing how fl holes interact thermally with the rest of the universe.
		A19 (2004) 4899 : evaporating fl holes and extra-dimensions
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hawking_radiation (1193 words)

	Information Paradox Solved? If So, Black Holes Are "Fuzzballs"
		In 1997, the three cosmologists made a famous bet as to whether information that enters a fl hole ceases to exist -- that is, whether the interior of a fl hole is changed at all by the characteristics of particles that enter it.
		Mathur began working on the information paradox when he was an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and he attacked the problem full time after joining the Ohio State faculty in 2000.
		Since Mathur’s conjecture suggests that strings continue to exist inside the fl hole, and the nature of the strings depends on the particles that made up the original source material, then each fl hole is as unique as are the stars, planets, or galaxy that formed it.
	researchnews.osu.edu /archive/fuzzball.htm (1122 words)

	Hawking cracks black hole paradox - 14 July 2004 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		After nearly 30 years of arguing that a fl hole destroys everything that falls into it, Stephen Hawking is saying he was wrong.
		Hawking's argument was that the intense gravitational fields of fl holes somehow unravel the laws of quantum physics.
		According to Cambridge colleague Gary Gibbons, an expert on the physics of fl holes who was at the seminar, Hawking's fl holes, unlike classic fl holes, do not have a well-defined event horizon that hides everything within them from the outside world.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6151 (671 words)

	Black Hole Physics
		As is common knowledge, gravitationally collapsing objects of sufficient mass are doomed to form fl holes (BHs), defined by an event horizon within which resides the singularity of the general relativistic equations.
		All information about the initial state of the object is radiated away during the collapse and, remarkably, the general stationary solution depends on only three externally observable parameters: mass M, angular momentum J, and charge Q of the BH.
		To an outside observer the original information is not missing, it simply resides inside the BH and can be described by a pure state.
	w3.uwyo.edu /~wtg/infophys/node15.html (594 words)

	Open Questions: Black Holes
		The physics of fl holes was both predicted and described by various solutions of the equation of general relativity.
		The information paradox is a conflict between the apparent loss of information when matter is consumed by a fl hole and conservation requirements of quantum theory.
		Relatively brief, non-technical survey of fl hole theory and summary of observational evidence of the existence of fl holes.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-re001.htm (1841 words)

	Stephen Hawking, Black Holes and Alex Collier
		The idea that Hawking abandoned was that information was something that was lost as the fl hole disintegrated as it emitted radiation thereby losing energy and mass over time.
		Hawking has now found, using equations he presented at the conference, that the fl hole doesn’t form an ’event horizon’ where all information is forever contained in the fl hole never to be released.
		Instead, he argues in his conference abstract, that fl holes form an "apparent event horizon" where while radiation continues to be emitted, at some point the fl hole reveals the information hidden within it.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /esp_agujero_negro_2.htm (846 words)

	ScienceDaily: Information Paradox Solved? If So, Black Holes Are 'Fuzzballs' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Galaxies Collide And Binary Black Holes Result According To Rutgers Astronomers (June 6, 2000) -- Rutgers astronomers have used large-scale computer simulations to generate compelling evidence for the the existence of binary supermassive fl holes at the centers of merged galaxies.
		Black hole -- A fl hole is a concentration of mass great enough that the force of gravity prevents anything from escaping it except through quantum tunnelling behaviour (known as Hawking Radiation).
		Black body -- In physics, a fl body is an object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation that falls onto it.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/03/040304073931.htm (2408 words)

	Retrieving data from a black hole (March 2006) - News - PhysicsWeb
		Quantum information could be retrieved from a fl hole, according to new calculations by a theoretical physicist in the US.
		However, Hawking showed that fl holes actually have a temperature, which means they give off thermal radiation (now known as "Hawking radiation") and should eventually evaporate altogether.
		This hypothesis says that quantum information can only take on a certain final state at "singularities", such as at the end of the universe or at the centre of a fl hole.
	www.physicsweb.org /articles/news/10/3/1/1 (602 words)

	The Quantum Pontiff » Bits, Bits, Wherefore Art Thou Bits?
		If we take the initial pure state describing a body which will collapse and form a fl hole which can evaporate, then it would appear that this pure state will evolve, after the complete evaporation, to a state which is mixed.
		Since it is doing this without leaving any remnant for quantum information to hide in, this would seem to violate the unitarity of quantum theory, which does not allow a closed system pure state to evolve to a closed system mixed state.
		A few years ago, Horowitz and Maldacena proposed a solution to this problem (see hep-th/0310281, “The fl hole final state”.) The basic idea of their solution is to use boudary conditions at the fl hole singularity to fix this problem.
	dabacon.org /pontiff/?p=1207 (956 words)

	Hawking theory down a black hole - Science - www.theage.com.au
		Exactly what happens in a fl hole - a region in space where matter is compressed to such an extent that not even light can escape from their immense gravitational pull - has long puzzled scientists.
		Hawking revolutionised the study of the holes when he demonstrated in 1976 that, under the strange rules of quantum physics, fl holes are capable of radiating energy.
		The terms of the bet were that "information swallowed by a fl hole is forever hidden and can never be revealed".
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2004/07/16/1089694523300.html?from=storylhs (579 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries :: Hawking cracks black hole paradox
		More importantly, it might solve one of the long-standing puzzles in modern physics, known as the fl hole information paradox.It was Hawking's own work that created the paradox.
		Hawking's argument was that the intense gravitational fields of fl holes somehow unravel the laws of quantum physics.Other physicists have tried to chip away at this paradox.
		Earlier in 2004, Samir Mathur of Ohio State University in Columbus and his colleagues showed that if a fl hole is modelled according to string theory - in which the universe is made of tiny, vibrating strings rather than point-like particles - then the fl hole becomes a giant tangle of strings.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /viewnews.php?id=18673 (273 words)

	Physics top 10 problems
		According to quantum theory, information -- whether it describes the velocity of a particle or the precise manner in which ink marks or pixels are arranged on a document -- cannot disappear from the universe.
		As defined in physics, information is not the same as meaning, but simply refers to the binary digits, or some other code, used to precisely describe an object or pattern.
		Preskill speculates that the information doesn't really vanish: it may be displayed somehow on the surface of the fl hole, as on a cosmic movie screen.
	www.cozmo.dk /udfordringer/physics10.html (1507 words)

	Hawking loses black hole bet (July 2004) - News - PhysicsWeb
		All the information in the light and matter that falls through the event horizon is lost forever because the fl hole can be described by just three numbers: its mass, electric charge and angular momentum.
		The problem is that this thermal radiation does not contain any information, which means that the information that originally fell into the fl hole disappears.
		His solution relies on a fl hole being able to have more than one topology at the same time, and when he performs a quantum mechanical "path integral" over all the topologies, he finds that information is not lost.
	physicsweb.org /articles/news/8/7/11/1 (558 words)

	Universe Today - Black Holes Maintain Their Information (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		In the classical model of how fl holes form, a supermassive object, such as a giant star, collapses to form a very small point of infinite gravity, called a singularity.
		If all fl holes are the same, then no fl hole can be traced back to its unique beginning, and any information about the particles that created it is lost forever at the moment the hole forms.
		In 2000, string theorists named the information paradox number eight on their top-ten list of physics problems to be solved during the next millennium.
	www.universetoday.com.cob-web.org:8888 /am/publish/printer_black_hole_information_paradox.html (996 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Hawking backs down on black holes
		Gary Gibbons, another physicist at Cambridge who attended the seminar, said Hawking's newly defined fl holes did not have a well-delineated "event horizon" that hid everything in them from the outside world.
		This radiation gives no information about matter inside the fl hole and once the hole disappears, all the information goes with it.
		"It used to be thought that once something had fallen into a fl hole it was gone and lost forever and the only information that remained was its mass and spin," the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge told the BBC.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3897989.stm (649 words)

	tidforsk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Another of my early papers is Quantum mechanics, common sense and the fl hole information paradox, May 1993, together with Marcelo Schiffer which contained some general discussions on the fl hole information paradox and information theory.
		The motivation comes from the Bekenstein-Hawking results for fl holes where it is known that the entropy of a fl hole grows with the area of its horizon.
		In A fl hole hologram in de Sitter space, October 2001, I investigate this idea by generalizing the Cardy-Verlinde formula to entropy formula to the case of a proposed dS/CFT duality.
	www.teorfys.uu.se /people/ulf/tidforsk.html (2087 words)

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