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Topic: Black hole thermodynamics

	Black Holes - Crystalinks
		Black holes require the general relativistic concept of a curved spacetime: their most striking properties rely on a distortion of the geometry of the space surrounding them.
		The "surface" of a fl hole is the so-called event horizon, an imaginary surface surrounding the mass of the fl hole.
		Supermassive fl holes containing millions to billions of solar masses could also form wherever a large number of stars are packed in a relatively small region of space, or by large amounts of mass falling into a "seed" fl hole, or by repeated fusion of smaller fl holes.
	www.crystalinks.com /black_holes.html (3279 words)

	Black hole thermodynamics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, fl hole thermodynamics is essentially the theoretical study of energy and entropy at the boundary regions of fl holes.
		Black hole entropy is the entropy carried by a fl hole.
		Analogously, the second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a closed system is a non-decreasing function of time, suggesting a link between entropy and the area of a fl hole horizon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics (1967 words)

	IIA > Public Outreach > Black Holes > Detecting Blackholes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There is another class of fl holes known as primordial fl holes which could have formed in the early universe, in the extremely hot, dense conditions in the very initial stages of the cosmic expansion.
		Infact, the entropy associated with a fl hole goes as the square of its mass, that is, is proportional to the surface area of the horizon, whereas for all familiar objects, the entropy is only proportional to their mass.
		Thus, fl hole astronomy and the associated astrophysics promises to be a fertile field in the years to come with the possibility of several exciting discoveries unravelling a whole spectrum of unexpected and unknown worlds.
	www.iiap.res.in /outreach/blackhole4.html (2068 words)

	Black Hole Thermodynamics
		In particular, in the case of the merging of two fl holes, the area of the final horizon can't be less than the sum of the areas of their initial horizons.
		where A is the area of the fl hole, k the Boltzman's constant, h the Planck's constant, c the speed of light and G the gravitational constant.
		The heavier the fl hole is, the lower is its temperature.
	nrumiano.free.fr /Estars/bh_thermo.html (1238 words)

	String theory answers
		The entropy of a fl hole is one fourth of the area of the event horizon, so the entropy gets smaller and smaller as the fl hole decays and the event horizon area becomes smaller and smaller.
		A fl hole is an object that is described by a spacetime geometry that is a solution to the Einstein equation.
		A BPS fl hole has both charge (electric and/or magnetic) and mass, and the mass and the charges satisfy an equality that leads to unbroken supersymmetry in the spacetime near the fl hole.
	superstringtheory.com /blackh/blackh5.html (659 words)

	Black holes II and CCGRRA 8
		Black Holes II: Theory and Mathematical Aspects, took place June 6-9,1999 at the resort town of Val Morin in the Laurentian Mountains north of Montreal, Quebec, followed closely by CCGRRA 8 (June 10-12) at McGill University in Montreal.
		The talks and discussions in Black Holes II revolved around the nature of and origins of fl hole thermodynamics, with discussion often considerably heated by the dialogue between string theorists and relativists.
		This too sparked considerable debate between those who believed that fl hole thermodynamics contained important microscopic properties that were missing in the dumbhole analogy, and those who felt that all the essential (infrared) features were adequately represented in the model.
	www.phys.lsu.edu /mog/mog14/node13.html (1051 words)

	Hawking radiation questions
		The picture that emerged from all of these studies is that if a physicist were tossed into a fl hole, he wouldn't see anything special happen at the event horizon.
		According to the physicist observing the event horizon by hanging from a rope by his thumbs, the fl hole has emitted a particle through the event horizon.
		This means that the total area of fl holes can and will decrease in time, and fl holes can decay, contrary to the classical prediction using the Einstein equations and neglecting quantum physics.
	superstringtheory.com /blackh/blackh3.html (621 words)

	Michele Vallisneri's vallis.org
		In fact, as for ordinary thermodynamics, it is possible to write the "four laws of fl hole thermodynamics", where fl hole mass plays the role of energy, while the superficial gravity and the area of the event horizon take the place of temperature and entropy.
		Following the 1975 theoretical discovery of Hawking radiation (consisting in the emission, by fl holes, of a thermal spectrum of quantum particles at a temperature proportional to the superficial gravity of the event horizon), fl hole thermodynamics has come to be regarded as much more than a simple analogy.
		A weakness in fl hole thermodynamics is still the absence of a satisfactory statistical interpretation of their "entropy" in terms of the dynamics of the matter fields on fl hole geometries, or, even better, of the quantum gravitational dynamics of the fl hole space-time itself.
	www.vallis.org /publications/pub_tesilaurea.html (527 words)

	2 Classical Black Hole Thermodynamics
		These laws of fl hole mechanics apply to stationary fl holes (although a formulation of these laws in terms of isolated horizons will be briefly described at the end of this section).
		However, there is good reason to believe that the ``Planck-Nernst theorem'' should not be viewed as a fundamental law of thermodynamics [1] but rather as a property of the density of states near the ground state in the thermodynamic limit, which happens to be valid for commonly studied materials.
		Such an approach toward the formulation of the laws of fl hole mechanics has recently been taken via the notion of an isolated horizon, defined as a null hypersurface with vanishing shear and expansion satisfying the additional properties stated in [4].
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2001-6/node2.html (2148 words)

	Varying constants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Thermodynamics is one of the most well established theories in science and it describes some of the most basics principles of our everyday life.
		Thus fl hole thermodynamics suggests that the increase in the fine structure constant is due to a decrease in Plank's constant or the speed of light.
		The main reason is that we have used the theories of general relativity and quantum mechanics to calculate the entropy of the fl holes.
	astronomy.swin.edu.au /sao/guest/davis (2373 words)

	BLACK HOLE THERMODYNAMICS - Scientific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Black holes have the property that the surface area of their event horizons must always increase.
		Bekenstein to conjecture that the area of the event horizon of a fl hole is in fact proportional to its entropy.
		This forces us to conclude that fl holes can emit particles and eventually evaporate.For astronomical sized fl holes the temperature of the radiation is minuscule and certainly beyond detection, but for small fl holes the temperature increases until they explode in one final blast.
	maxpages.com /stargate/Black_Hole_Thermodynamics - !http://maxpages.com/stargate/Black_Hole_Thermodynamics (818 words)

	Black Hole Thermodynamics
		We imagine a fl hole as the singularity in the center surrounded by a spherical event horizon.We know that when a fl hole is created by a collapsing neutron star that the neutrons are crushed out of existence; by this I mean that all their neutronness is wiped out.
		Above we mentioned the Black Hole Has No Hair theorem, which states that no matter what falls into a fl hole, the only properties that remain are the total mass, charge, and angular momentum of the object.
		After it falls into the hole, however, we have seen that the description of its mass-energy becomes a combination of the possible standing wave states that can exist with nodes on the event horizon.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/Harrison/BlackHoleThermo/BlackHoleThermo.html (2803 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Relativity: Black Holes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Black Holes made Simple - An overview of modern research in fl holes without the use of mathematical equations.
		Black Holes - Observational evidence for fl holes, and some developments involving cosmic censorship and the statistical origin of fl hole entropy.
		Black Holes: A general introduction - This article presents in a pictorial way the basic concepts of fl hole's theory, as well as a description of the astronomical sites where fl holes are suspected to lie.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Relativity/Black_Holes (689 words)

	Black hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The contrast between the initial complexity of a star and the final, apparently structureless state of a fl hole is dramatic and puzzling.
		Indeed, if the fl hole shows no hint of its complex past, there is an apparent conflict with determinism.
		Nevertheless, this thermal behavior leads to the expectation that fl holes support microscopic structure because such behavior in ordinary matter is due to the apparently random motion of large numbers of molecules.
	www.accessscience.com /Samples/ResearchUpdate/update.html (379 words)

	Black Hole Physics
		As is common knowledge, gravitationally collapsing objects of sufficient mass are doomed to form fl holes (BHs), defined by an event horizon within which resides the singularity of the general relativistic equations.
		Consequently, as the BH evaporates two related contradictions emerge: the final thermal state is a mixed state, in contradiction of the quantum theorem that a pure state cannot evolve to a mixed state; and, all the information encapsulated within the BH somehow is lost forever when the BH finally disappears.
		Subsequently Bekenstein developed BH thermodynamics a bit further (Ref.104) by utilizing the principle of maximum entropy to verify a generalized, intrinsically quantum second law.
	w3.uwyo.edu /~wtg/infophys/node15.html (594 words)

	Black hole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to theory, the event horizon of a fl hole that is not spinning is spherical, and its singularity is expected to be a single point where the curvature becomes infinite.
		The singularity inside a rotating fl hole is expected to be a ring, rather than a point, though the interior geometry of a rotating fl hole is currently not well understood.
		For example, if the visible universe has a mean density equal to the critical density, then it is a white hole, since its singularity is in the past and not in the future as should be for a fl hole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_hole (5699 words)

	Black Holes Relativity Physics Science
		Known models of collapse resulting in the formation of fl holes and naked singularities are summarized.
		Quantum mechanically, fl holes radiate, with a radiation known as Hawking radiation, after the British physicist Stephen Hawking who first proposed it.
		In this paper, a brief summary of these new fl holes is given.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Science/Physics/Relativity/Black_Holes (562 words)

	Black hole, Page 3
		Even though there is confidence in the relevance to fl holes of the structure embodied in bound states of solitons and strings, how this structure manifests itself in experiments is not yet clear.
		The theoretical motivations for superstring theory and the thermodynamics of fl holes are quite different, so their agreement is by no means self-evident.
		Since the confidence in fl-hole thermodynamics is quite strong, the precise accounting for the internal structure of fl holes is perhaps best characterized as a significant triumph for superstring theory.
	www.accessscience.com /Samples/ResearchUpdate/update_p3.html (462 words)

	Department of Physics at the University of Florida :: FACULTY LISTING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Black hole physics has occupied a large part of his research over a period of more than 20 years.
		While commencing in the domain of classical general relativity, this work now includes semi-classical results pertaining to a quantum theory of gravity, has concerned both perturbative and non-perturbative effects in fl hole thermodynamics, and involves ongoing work on the final state of fl hole evaporation.
		A key result in classical general relativity was the proof of the mode stability of the Kerr fl hole (J.
	www.phys.ufl.edu /faculty/whiting.html (298 words)

	Re: Black Hole Thermodynamics Question. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The role of the molecules - that combine into gas - is played by the elementary building blocks of the fl hole (whatever they are), not the fl hole itself.
		You can imagine that the horizon of the fl hole is made of area quanta that carry the entropy much like the molecules of gases.
		Classically, fl holes look much like elementary particles: their identity (the corresponding classical solution/configuration) is uniquely determined (no-hair theorems...) up to a couple of parameters, and therefore one would expect their entropy to be zero.
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/2003-10/msg0054838.html (302 words)

	CiteULike: Tag hole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Black Hole Entropy in the presence of Chern-Simons Terms
		Strings, fl holes, the tripartite entanglement of seven qubits and the Fano plane
		Spectrum of Dyons and Black Holes in CHL orbifolds using Borcherds Lift
	www.citeulike.org /tag/hole (261 words)

	Jonathan Oppenheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is perhaps interesting that one candidate for the entropy of fl holes is the entanglement entropy of a quantum field on the fl hole space-time.
		In fact, the area scaling behavior of the entropy is not unique to fl holes, but can also be seen as the result of long range interactions.
		Understanding non-extensive statistical mechanics and thermodynamics may be highly important in understanding fl holes and systems where the entropy of entanglement play a role.
	www.fiz.huji.ac.il /~jono (859 words)

	Black holes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		From the beginning, it was suspected that the four laws of fl hole dynamics, formulated by Bardeen, Carter and Hawking in 1973, were related to the laws of thermodynamics.
		One temperature is the Hawking temperature of the fl hole, the other, for isolated holes, the 3K cosmic microwave background temperature.
		In this paper, we consider the fl hole information problem as an example of the famous irreversibility problem in statistical physics and mention various fine grained and coarse grained entropies that play a role.
	staff.science.uva.nl /~nieuwenh/blackholes.htm (383 words)

	gravitomagnetism, electromagnetism, magnetism, field, electric, unification, unified, relativity, string, theory, ...
		Gravitomagnetism explains the 8 cosmological blunders of the last 85 years, it gives the new Newton law, it defines gravitational waves radiation, it explains the fl hole thermodynamics and the light dynamics thru 100 pages of PDF format.
		It is the only complete gravitomagnetism paper in the world that has become a reference to most of the research centers in gravitomagnetim.
		‘fl hole,’ ‘dark matter’, ‘dark energy,’ ‘frame dragging,’ ‘event horizon,’ and ‘gravity collapse,’ serve mainly as expressions of our ignorance.
	blackholethermodyn.site.voila.fr /enter.html (493 words)

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