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Topic: Black nationalists

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	Exchange on Black Nationalism - The New York Review of Books
		If fl nationalism is virtually equated with fl history or with all the struggles for justice and equality in fl history, the former loses its special place in fl history.
		Black nationalists are perfectly capable of speaking for and defending themselves, and despite Draper's use of the phrase, there is no such thing as "Foner's version of fl nationalism."
		Black nationalism exists, it is more than a fantasy, and as I said in my review, the danger of Draper's book is not so much its own shortcomings, but that whites will use his inadequate analysis to reinforce and justify their own prejudices and fears.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/10730 (3977 words)

	By Any Means Necessary: The Life and Legacy of Malcolm X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The revolutionary Black nationalists were inclined to be very critical of capitalism and said that capitalism, as an economic system coming out of Europe, an economic system becoming ensconced in the United States and its tentacles through corporate America going across the world, strangled the possibility of Black liberation and Black development.
		Finally, radical Black nationalists recognized that institutional racism has evolved in direct conjunction with the development and maturation of capitalism in the Western hemisphere over the last four centuries, that it provides the ideological and cultural justification for the continued exploitation and oppression of Black people wherever they may be.
		Think of the Black slave man filled with fear and dread hearing the screams of his wife, his mother, his daughter being taken in the barn, in the kitchen, in the bushes, and you were too filled with fear of the rapist to do anything about it.
	www.black-collegian.com /african/lifelegacy200.shtml (5215 words)

	Black People - Uncyclopedia
		Black people were formerly known worldwide for their devotion to rap music, particularly of the hip hop variety.
		Blacks often are fond of their Rocky Road Ice Cream, because it is a dark brown color, and it represents the "rocky road" they had to travel upon to get where they are today.
		Jack Black's people were accidentally released from slavery in Egypt on or about 1100 BCE, and led by their glorious leader onto the most horrible of deaths in the desert.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Black_people (1431 words)

	Black Power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black Power is a political slogan that embodies the aspirations and drive for empowerment of full self-determination for African people.
		Advocates of fl power generally argue that the assimilation or integration robs Africans (which includes African-Americans) of their heritage and dignity.
		Black power's advocates generally argue that the reason for this stalemate and further oppression of the vast majority of U.S. fls is because Black Power's objectives have not had the opportunity to be fully carried through.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_power (869 words)

	Black nationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black nationalism is a political and social movement arising in the 1960s and early '70s mostly among African Americans in the United States.
		Black Power was a political movement expressing a new racial consciousness among fls in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.
		Black Power represented both a conclusion to the decade's civil rights movement and an alternative means of combatting the racism that persisted despite the efforts of fl activists during the early 1960s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_nationalism (1331 words)

	Black British Forums :: View topic - THE RE-EVALUATION OF CULTURAL NATIONALISM (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		We declare that the African ancestry and/or culture for Blacks throughout the Diaspora is an important element in the quest for Unity and Pan-Africanism.
		The distinguishing characteristics of Blacks in the Diaspora and Africa are not challenges to Unity.
		Another aspect of the Black elite's pursuit of capitalist economics is the intensification and broadening of the class cleavages within the Black communities; thus, preventing the attainment of a genuine Black United Front against capitalist exploitation and racism.
	www.blackpresence.co.uk /phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=9559 (4714 words)

	Black Nationalism
		Third are the Black Nationalists who see their people as unique with a distinct past, present and future.
		Crumwell was a Black Preacher who eventually settled in Liberia and as an official of that Government frequently journeyed to America to persuade Blacks to return to Africa.
		Large numbers of Blacks do not believe it is. Either ignored or castigated by the media for their beliefs they continue to maintain that all races are special with unique needs and destinies.
	www.thirdway.org /files/articles/blacknat.html (2862 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Black Power \| PBS
		Although the term fl power emerged in the late 1960s, the philosophy of the movement had previously been espoused by fl nationalist groups such as the Nation of Islam, or Black Muslims.
		A growing militancy in the African American community was signaled by the outbreak of violence in urban fl neighborhoods during the mid-1960s, including race riots in Los Angeles, Calif., Newark, N.J., and Detroit, Mich. Black activists attempted to harness the widespread frustration by establishing fl nationalist organizations.
		The movement declined in the 1970s after numerous fl nationalists were arrested or killed in confrontations with police, but the term fl power continued to signify pride and cohesiveness in fl urban communities.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/black_power.html (468 words)

	BlackNationalism101Class#7 Popularizing Black Nationalism Part4
		Black nationalists must respond by (a) gaining control of alternative media bases that individuals can tune in to and (b) emphasizing the importance of the non-mainstream and underground media to the Black masses.
		Black nationalists can neutralize the ability of individuals to generate doubt by using more and better means of getting the word out.
		In effect, Black nationalists must reduce the glitter and star appeal of Black persons who are rich and famous, expose their political limitations, make public their material attachment to the status quo and make sure Black People do not view them as role models in the real world.
	www.asetbooks.com /Us/AsetU/Courses/BlackNationalism101/BkNat1-7.html (1725 words)

	Calvin Richard Birdsong -- Africana Library, Cornell University
		Although the debate between the New Black Marxists and the Black Nationalists is an ongoing, contemporary phenomenon, it has a note of familiarity for those familiar with the historical development of Black social and political thought.
		Identity-centered Black activism is distinguished by its primary concern for the well-being and continued development of Afro-Americans as an oppressed racial group within American society.
		Although this oppression is aimed against Blacks in particular, its manifestation of racist beliefs and practices occurs as a general and apparently irreducible feature of American society.
	www.library.cornell.edu /africana/thesis/birdsong1976.html (534 words)

	The Black Nationalist... Black History - Black Pride... Black Power!
		Black Nationalism in the United States, the set of beliefs or political theory that African Americans should maintain social, economic, and political institutions separate and distinct from those of whites.
		Black Nationalism, also known as fl separatism, is a complex set of beliefs emphasizing the need for the cultural, political, and economic separation of African Americans from white society.
		Black Nationalism calls for fl pride and seeks a unity that is racially based rather than one grounded in a specific African culture or ethnicity.
	www.theblacknationalist.com (1922 words)

	COINTELPRO -- Black Nationalist Hate Groups
		The purpose of this new counterintelligence endeavor is to expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the activities of fl nationalist, hate-type organizations and groupings, their leadership, spokesmen, membership, and supporters, and to counter their propensity for violence and civil disorder.
		Local New Left and fl nationalist leaders were interviewed on the show and seemed to have been chosen for either their inability to articulate or their simpering and stupid appearance.
		Criticism of leaders of fl nationalist extremist groups, such as the RNA, for misusing funds, is an effective method of neutralizing those leaders.
	www.icdc.com /~paulwolf/cointelpro/blacknationalist.htm (4442 words)

	Black Nationalists Intro
		Few fl leaders had been so completely preoccupied with the welfare of Africans and the African continent as was Du Bois, and none had so convincingly researched facts that set forth the African village and community as the cornerstone of past and future civilizations.
		The Conference sessions generated a lot of anguished soul-searching and resolutions were arrived at for every fl person to do the utmost wherever he / she happens to be, for all to be instructed by the lessons of the achievements and the mistakes of earlier and present fl nationalists.
		The fundamental question of fl liberation is the unification of all the ideologies in the fl community to struggle against imperialism.
	www.nathanielturner.com /blacknationalists2.htm (4927 words)

	Race, class and organisation - an anarchist view from South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It was not a "revision" of anarchism to accommodate nationalist paradigms that made the breakthrough - it was the ability of anarchism to provide alternatives and to pay special attention to the specific needs of these different sections of the working class in order to unite the whole class that made the success possible.
		Black nationalism and/or separatism is not the only thing that can fight racism or attract Black people and workers to organizations.
		For example, Black nationalists in the US often call for Blacks to organize separately so that they are not, for example, marginalized or ignored in mainly White organizations.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/africa/wsfother/bf_race_org.html (3007 words)

	Black Intellectuals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In 1972, fl nationalists criticized fl congresswoman Shirley Chisolm's campaign for president on the grounds that her victory would have prevented a man from being the first fl president.
		Reed traced the disdain for female leadership and single motherhood to fl political thinkers' acceptance of nineteenth century ideals of republican citizenship.
		Early fl nationalists Alexander Crummell and J. Milton Turner criticized American racism, but they endorsed the exclusion of women from public life.
	www.ibiblio.org /prism/Nov96/blackint.html (542 words)

	Marcus M. Garvey (1887-1940)
		In each country he visited, he noted that the fl man was in an inferior position, subject to the whim, caprice, and fancy of stronger races.
		The Black Christ and the Black Madonna were proclaimed at the UNIA convention of 1924.
		The symbols that he made famous, the fl star of Africa and the red, fl, and green flag of African liberation, continued to inspire younger generations of African nationalists.
	www.naswdc.org /diversity/black_history/2004/garvey.asp (938 words)

	Imprisoned Black Nationalists in the United States: Caged Panthers MARIE-AGNÉS COMBESQUE / Le Monde diplomatique ...
		It decided to concentrate its COINTELPRO counter-intelligence programme (7) on the fl nationalist movements, and declared: "The aim is to track, expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralise the activities of fl nationalist organisations that preach hatred" (8).
		Black nationalist activists were targeted again, as well as Puerto Rican independence supporters and white radicals.
		So fl nationalist movements have borne the brunt of repression for more than 25 years, and continue to suffer from it.
	www.mindfully.org /Reform/2005/Black-Nationalists-Imprisoned11oct05.htm (2070 words)

	Rhodesia: Which Way At The Final Crossroad?
		As the confrontation between fl nationalists and the white Rhodesian government of Prime Minister Ian Smith reaches the crisis point over the issue of fl majority rule, that question is asked frequently throughout the country.
		Nkomo to accept less on grounds that the fl nationalist would be the chief office holder among African representatives.
		Remember, even if one group of nationalists 'sold out,' there would still be a significant faction of fls wanting immediate majority rule, and this would weigh heavily on the consciences of outside forces.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright12/Wright12.html (2734 words)

	Farhan Haq and Kerstin Marx, Black Nationalists Stir Tension in New York
		On the other, many fl leaders as well as whites were equally concerned that Muhammad could use the march—as he did last year - as a platform to voice racist views against whites, particularly Jews.
		One fl official, City Councilman William Perkins, claimed he was assaulted and threatened by Muhammad's followers for speaking out against the march.
		Death to every oppressor, fl, white or Chinese, or whoever won't stand up to lead us in the new millennium, the right way we need to be taken care of.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/45a/652.html (895 words)

	BlackNationalism201Class#9 EliteBlackNationalists NonEliteBlackNationalists
		The Black nationalist vanguard will be like all other vanguards that have overthrown a status quo; not as united or homogenous as one would want it to be.
		Other sincere Black nationalists will seek a Black nation that will carry out its business in ways that are specifically designed to meet the needs of the masses of its citizens as efficiently and effectively as possible.
		What the non-elite Black nationalists build would be much more rewarding to the entire citizenry of the nation in the long run, but the initial sacrifices the citizens must make would be greater.
	www.asetbooks.com /us/asetu/courses/BlackNationalism102/BkNat2-9.html (1207 words)

	:: BlackElectorate.com ::
		Walters and several Black civil rights leaders are clearly framing President-elect Bush's meeting with Black preachers as a military maneuver against a "Black nation" which we find interesting, since civil rights leaders, overwhelmingly have opposed Black nationalism more than any group of Black leaders in this country.
		And the recent decision by many Black leaders to meet with Bush is an indication that not every Black leader feels that they have to go through Rev. Jackson and the traditional Black civil rights leadership in order to gain access to the White political establishment.
		Hopefully Black civil rights leaders, especially those who have achieved their "political" standing by nature of a religious base, will understand this and put the interests of their community ahead of the partisanship, patronage, and access to power that they may have gotten too comfortable with.
	www.blackelectorate.com /print_article.asp?ID=277 (972 words)

	Strange Bedfellows: The Curious Courtship Black Nationalists And White Supremacists
		It might seem surprising that fl nationalists and white supremacists could find common ground across the yawning chasm of America’s racial divide.
		For his part, Garvey saw this as a responsible and, indeed, courageous act by the leader of a worldwide fl movement whose members were daily exposed to the dangers of the robbed and hooded Klan in the South and the blue uniformed and three-piece-suited version in the North.
		Martinez headed the Negro Nationalist Society of America, one of countless fl groups that have all but vanished from the historical record.
	afgen.com /bedfellows.html (1478 words)

	Black nationalists provide security for rape accuser (New Black Panther Party)
		DURHAM -- An official with the New Black Panther Party for Self Defense said the fl nationalist organization is providing security for the woman who has accused Duke lacrosse players of raping her.
		Among other tenets of the organization are calls to free all incarcerated fl people, exempting fls from military service, education that "exposes the true nature of this devilish and decadent American society," and demands for trials by a jury of fl peers.
		The Black Panther s are escorting her (and probably driving her with her record) and Her Mother met with a High Profile Civil Lawyer.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1622316/posts (3684 words)

	A Huey P. Newton Story - Actions - COINTELPRO \| PBS
		The Black Panther Party was specifically targeted and bore the brunt of the most damage.
		According to FBI documents, one of the purposes of the COINTELPRO program was to "expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the activities of the Black nationalists".
		Of the 295 documented actions taken by COINTELPRO to disrupt Black groups, 233 were directed against the Black Panther Party.
	www.pbs.org /hueypnewton/actions/actions_cointelpro.html (215 words)

	Khallid Muhammad Dead at 53 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Many Black nationalists are still uncomfortable with Farrakhan and whatever role he may have played in Malcolm’s 1965 assassination, performed by members of the Boston Mosque which Farrakhan led.
		The former seminarian turned Muslim made frequent use of the large well-thumbed through Bible and a voluminous knowledge of history to buttress his case for African American men to stand up in the face of the powers that be, and take back the role of leadership in the home and the communities across the land.
		Khallid and Farrakhan were welcome in Black churches across the land, and held out their hands to the Hip Hop generation.
	www.blackwebportal.com /wire/DA.cfm?ArticleID=157 (1280 words)

	FAQ's - Frequently Asked Questions about Black Nationalists at The Black Nationalist... Black History - Black Pride... ...
		A person of African descent who supports the belief that Blacks should maintain their own system of government, penality, economic growth, and legislation.
		If it is wrong to be violent defending fl women and fl children and fl babies and fl men, then it is wrong for America to draft us, and make us violent abroad in defense of her.
		This doesn't mean you're going to get a rifle and form battalions and go out looking for white folks, although you'd be within your rights - I mean, you'd be justified; but that would be illegal and we don't do anything illegal.
	www.theblacknationalist.com /faq.html (715 words)

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