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	Black populism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As Black Populism asserted itself and grew into a regional force, it met fierce resistance from the white planter and business elite that, through the Democratic Party and its affiliated network of courts, militias, sheriffs, and newspapers, maintained tight control of the region.
		Black Populism found early expression in various agrarian organizations, including the Colored Agricultural Wheels, the southern Knights of Labor, the Cooperative Workers of America, and the Colored Farmers Alliance.
		Black Populism was destroyed, marking the end of organized political resistance to the return of White supremacy in the South in the late nineteenth century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_populism (461 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Populist Party
		Populism, which directly challenged the dominance of the Democratic Party, threatened to split the white vote in Georgia.
		Populism attracted followers in all of the southern states, but it was especially strong in Georgia, where it tended to flourish in regions that possessed little love for the Democratic Party.
		The relationship of Populism to race is one of the most perplexing features of the third-party movement, especially in light of Watson's betrayal of fl voters in the early twentieth century.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-628 (1621 words)

	The Populist Period
		For fls, populism was a movement in which the fls would align with the poor and working class whites to get a bigger slice of the pie.
		Populism was not as successful in the East where a strong union movement was hostile to agricultural and middle-class reformers.
		Blacks sat in the state legislatures in South Carolina until 1900, and Georgia until 1908, and the South sent fl congressmen to the U.S. House of Representatives until 1900.
	members.aol.com /vernjohns/sthpplsm.html (3547 words)

	African (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Blacks recognized that no political party really cared for their welfare, so they advocated that the fl vote be used as a balance of power mechanism for any party offering a positive and progressive program.
		This increase was due primarily to fl migration to Southern manufacturing areas, fl participation in the cotton economy, and the rise of fl participation in the Populist movement.
		Black counties and counties with a higher degree of farm tenancy were more likely to have supported Populist candidates, and manufacturing counties were less likely to vote Populist.
	history.smsu.edu /wrmiller/Populism/texts/Documents/Bibliography/african_American.htm (4053 words)

	Failure of Second Populism
		There are many fls who are looking for, like the critics of Douglass during the first reconstruction, new approaches to obtain more lasting gains for fls.
		Multiculturalism is a new form of populism that replaces an alliance between poor whites and fls with an alliance primarily with any group that considers itself a minority, some of which are not poor economically speaking: Hispanics, Asian-Americans, women, and homosexuals.
		A leading cause of the predicament, he argued, was the subservience of fls to Jews and the inordinate involvement of Jews in fl affairs.
	www.vernonjohns.org /vernjohns/sthspplm.html (4269 words)

	Bibliography II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (1983).
		Prairie Populism: The Fate of Agrarian Radicalism in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa, 1880-1892 (1993).
		Meier, August and Elliott Rudwick, Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW (1979).
	www.utoronto.ca /csus/USABIB2.htm (5569 words)

	James Madison Center: Teacher Resources: US History Curriculum: Chapter VIII
		Blacks turned to the Southern Conservatives not out of love for their old masters, but out of a real need for protection against their worse enemies.
		In the election of 1896, the Conservatives in the "fl" counties (so named because of the fertility of their soil and the number of Negroes used to farm it) through fraud and intimidation controlled enough fl votes to defeat the Populists.
		Under segregation fls were driven out of some skilled trades they had traditionally monopolized and they were excluded almost entirely from certain of the newer industries, such as textiles.
	www.jmu.edu /madison/center/main_pages/teacher/curriculum/chap8.htm (6495 words)

	black populism intro
		A white leader of the fl Farmers' Union in Louisiana made a case for including fl farmers in the movement this way: "We cannot afford to create division in the ranks of labor," he said.
		The major reason that fl farmers needed a separate Alliance was that their interests were markedly different from those of white farmers.
		In fact, the basis of racism continued to be a contempt for fl people because of their dependent status, and I would argue that the fear among yeoman farmers of being dependent themselves heightened their racism.
	www.ipoaa.com /black_populism_intro.htm (4733 words)

	populist movement
		Washington was the founder of Tuskegee Institute, a prominent fl college in Alabama.
		In some ways his position was a fore-runner of the position taken by fl nationalists a century later: an abandonment of the integrationist dream in favor of self-reliance.
		Populism was, to a significant degree, a religious crusade against the materialism and perceived moral bankruptcy of industrial capitalism.
	www.columbia.edu /~rr91/1052_2002/lectures_2002/populist_movement.htm (4304 words)

	populism: termpapersengine.com- a quick term papers, research papers, book reports engine
		They write that fl Christianity has a central political component and the fl church is often openly involved in politics.
		For the fl Christian religious community, the model is the Old Testament in which the paths of religion and politics frequently crossed and sometimes converged.
		Looking for a term paper on "populism?" termpapersengine.com can help you find a free term paper abstract on "populism." termpapersengine.com can provide you with 3079 free abstracts from term paper written by the best students on your subject.
	www.termpapersengine.com /term-papers/2183/populism.html (349 words)

	African American (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		African American, fl and, to a lesser extent, Afro-American are used interchangeably today, but their precise meanings and political symbolism are in dispute.
		Because of the historical circumstances surrounding the capture, enslavement and systematic attempts to de-Africanize fls in the U.S. under chattel slavery, most African Americans are unable to trace their ancestry to a specific African nation; hence, the entire continent serves as a geographic marker.
		Further, recent genetic tests on a small population of African Americans revealed their ancestry to be, on average, approximately 19 percent Caucasian race.
	www.in-northcarolina.com /search/African_American.html (2622 words)

	THE ERRORS OF POPULISM
		Populism is an ideology that fails to understand (it often deliberately hides) the class and other differences within the ranks of the people.
		Populism speaks of the people as if the unity within the people's camp was based on completely the same interests.
		This brand of populism tends to be based on a very reactionary, racist idea of the superiority of the volk.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/pubs/umrabulo/umrabulo19/populism.html (1306 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Distinct from the primarily White Populism Populist Movement, between 1886 and 1898 Black farmers, sharecroppers, and agrarian laborers organized their communities to combat the rising tide of Jim Crow.
		However, facing the limitations in attempting to implement their reforms absent of engaging the electoral process, Black Populists helped to launch the People’s Party and used the Republican Party in fusion campaigns.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Black populism.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Black_populism.html (462 words)

	The Role of Multi... (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Malcolm X was a key founder of the fl power movement, which was taken up by such fl leaders as Stokely Carmichael.
		Like the first populism, Jesse Jackson's populism was doomed to failure no matter how much some parts of the liberal community may have wanted it to succeed.
		At the election polls, the reaction of whites to Jesse Jackson's flirting with populism came in the form of a terrible counter reaction.
	members.aol.com /vernjohns/multi2.html (2418 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Jim Crow Stories . Populist Party \| PBS
		Watson appealed to rural fl voters by promising to respect their political and civil rights.
		Yet that did not prevent them from cheering wildly when Watson spoke of their common plight: "You are made to hate each other because on that hatred is rested the keystone of the arch of financial despotism which enslaves you both.
		From 1940 to 1960, the number of fl farmers slid from 680,000 to 104,000.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_populist.html (490 words)

	\| Book Review \| Law and History Review, 19.2 \| The History Cooperative
		Justices Black and Douglas and Chief Justice Stone sought to preserve a role for an activist judiciary in the area of civil liberties (freedom of expression, for example) while Justices Frankfurter and Jackson tried to promote judicial restraint, characterizing judicial activism as antidemocratic.
		Black's constitutional law decisions, for example, were driven by the "antihierarchical" ideology he was steeped in as a youthful participant in southern Populism (7).
		Thus, Black's absolutist First Amendment textualism arose from the justice's desire both to promote the antihierarchical value of free speech and to circumscribe the power of elite judges.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/19.2/br_8.html (1092 words)

	Black populism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A magazine for the Black Powder enthusiast, reeanctor, Cowboy Action Shooter, buckskinner, fl powder shooter, collector, and serious hunters using fl powder arms and those interested in the life and times of the past eight centuries.
		Organization of pro-Black, anti-social, anti-government, pro-nationalist, anti-imperialist Black males opposes the law, the government, homosexuals, various organized religions, white supremacy, discrimination against fls, police brutality, Jews, non-Blacks and fl on fl crime.
		This article presents in a pictorial way the basic concepts of fl hole's theory, as well as a description of the astronomical sites where fl holes are suspected to lie.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Black_populism (1394 words)

	Populism and Black Lynching in Georgia, 1890-1900 - Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We find that fl counties and counties with a higher degree of farm tenancy were more likely to have supported Populist candidates, and that manufacturing counties were less likely to vote Populist.
		This project applies general arguments about racial violence as a function of intergroup competition for economic and political resources to fl lynching in Georgia in the late nineteenth century.
		Historical and sociological explanations for lynching and other forms of racial violence are varied, but historians and sociologists agree that forces that increased competition between groups for economic and/or political resources heightens intergroup antagonism (Blalock 1967; Bonacich 1972; Higgs 1977; Olzak 1989b, 1990; Wright 1986).
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=95184358 (426 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: RAYNER, JOHN BAPTIS
		In 1881 he led a migration of fl farmworkers to Robertson County, Texas, and settled in Calvert, where he taught school, preached, and dabbled in politics.
		Rayner split his time between fund-raising for fl education, writing newspaper essays, and campaigning against prohibition (a reversal of his earlier position).
		He served as chief fund-raiser for two fl vocational schools: Conroe College and the Farmers' Improvement Society School; he was president of the former.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/RR/fra52.html (616 words)

	Towards a Socialist Polynesia
		Black Unity tries to talk about the overthrow of the Maori mode of production by the Capitalist mode, and least one group, referring to itself as “Black Marxists” identify the Maori people as “an oppressed layer of the proletariat”.
		But the lessons Black Unity have drawn from the white racist paternalism of the labour bureaucrats have fallen short of Marxism which makes it the responsibility of the Polynesian proletariat to remove their oppression by leading all workers to smash the white ruling class.
		If the demand for a fl government is raised by the majority of the Maori people, their secession will form part of a movement to socialist revolution.
	www.geocities.com /communistworker/tsp.html (10915 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Letters / The dark side of Reagan's politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Instead of rightly concentrating on the greed and avarice that so dominated our society in the '80s, which reinforced and exacerbated inequities in our country that exist to this day, he chose instead to blame the poor and downtrodden for society's ills.
		His comment in Stone Mountain, Ga., an enclave of the Ku Klux Klan, that Jefferson Davis was a hero of his, was appalling and insinuates a deliberate attempt on his part to capitalize on anti-fl populism that existed in our country.
		His comment in Charlotte, N.C., where the highest level of integration in the busing of schoolchildren had been achieved to that date (1980), that he was against busing, left those in the crowd angry and resentful.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/letters/articles/2004/06/13/the_dark_side_of_reagans_politics (301 words)

	Articles - Nation of Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The NOI teaches that fl people constitute a nation and that through the institution of the Atlantic slave trade they were systematically denied knowledge of their past history, language, culture and religion and in effect lost control of their lives.
		Central to this doctrine, NOI theology asserts that fl people's experience of slavery was the fulfillment of Bible prophecy and therefore, fl people are the seed of Abraham referred to in the Bible, in Genesis 15:13,14:
		This method of birth control was developed by a fl scientist known as Yakub, who envisioned making and teaching a nation of people who would be diametrically opposed to the original people.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Black_Muslim (5080 words)

	Articles - African American (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The term African American has only been used in popular speech since the late eighties, as well-known figures like Jesse Jackson pressed for the adoption of a term that was more meaningful than an inaccurate color and also had some cultural connotations, like the popular ethnic labels Irish-American or Polish-American.
		Among cities of 100,000 or more, Gary, Indiana, had the highest percentage of fl residents of any U.S. city in 2000, with 85 percent, followed closely by Detroit, Michigan, with 83 percent.
		Further, recent genetic tests on a small population of African Americans revealed their ancestry to be, on average, approximately 19 percent white.
	www.oldion.com /articles/African_American (2525 words)

	H-Net Review: Sean Jacobs on Black Political Thought in the Making of South African Democracy
		He examines the use of Western political concepts - specifically, democracy, liberalism, socialism and populism - by fl political thinkers who have grappled with the problem of prospective citizenship in a multiracial state.
		In a useful section, part of the chapter on new left politics and the fl consciousness movement in the 1970s, Halisi draws on the impact of the US-based Student Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee (SNCC) on Biko's Black Consciousness Movement.
		The book is therefore a gem for scholars interested in the hitherto under-researched history of the fl consciousness movement in South Africa or in developing a critical history of leftwing thought in South Africa.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=23194981048446 (1023 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: COLORED FARMERS' ALLIANCE
		In the 1880s fl farmers in the South, like white farmers, faced economic problems resulting from falling commodity prices, rising farm costs, and high interest rates.
		Its spokesmen advised fl farmers that they could best alleviate racial prejudice by owning their own homes and avoiding debt.
		In pursuing these programs the Colored Alliance resembled other fl organizations of that era that urged members to uplift themselves by hard work and sacrifice.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/CC/aac1.html (702 words)

	black populism 1
		All the articles in this section on Black Populism come from the Web site Black Populism in the South 1886- 1896.
		Whatever the exact number of members, it is clear that the Colored Alliance had an extensive following and constituted the largest African American organization in the nineteenth century.
		Later, when the People's Party emerged, white leaders tried to include fl members in order to build a large constituency, but they never allowed fl delegates to assert themselves on equal terms.
	www.ipoaa.com /black_populism_1.htm (4984 words)

	Black History Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was through the nightmare of slavery, the terror of lynchings, the oppression of colonization and the general struggle for survival that the many of the tenents of Black political activism were born.
		In the following pages shall be listed key figures and events in Black political activism throughout the diaspora.
		This site is being developed as a resource for research on North Carolina African-American populism between 1876 and 1896.
	www.blackhistorypages.com /Politics (299 words)

	Is Racism American's Greatest Problem?
		The organization asks fls, "What do you think is the single most important problem facing the country today?" The concerns of fls mirrored the concerns of whites.
		In descending order of importance, fls named education; prescription drugs/health care; crime, violence, drugs; the economy; Social Security/Medicare; morals/moral crisis; and gun control.
		Number 8, with only 2% of fls calling it the nation's most important problem.
	www.larryelder.com /racial/racism.html (621 words)

	Powell's Books - Bibliographies and Indexes in Afro-American and African Stud #41: Bibliography of African American ...
		Black Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography
		The annotated entries cover a variety of works on subjects such as dedicated fl leadership studies, local descriptions and analyses, biographies, leadership organizations, and audio-visual materials.
		This reference is an important contribution to the field of leadership studies in general, and African American leadership in particular, and will serve as a valuable research tool for educators and practitioners alike.
	www.powells.com /biblio?isbn=0313313148 (555 words)

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