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	Black separatism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks a separate homeland for fl people, particularly African-Americans.
		Black separatists generally think that whites are racist oppressors of fls and that there can be no remedy for fl advancement within contemporary white-dominated society.
		The mainstream fl separatism is sharply opposed by anti-segregationists and integrationists within the African American community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_separatism (307 words)

	What’s Holding Blacks Back? by John H. McWhorter, City Journal Winter 2001
		But if fl men make up almost 50 percent of the prison population, they committed roughly 42 percent of violent crimes in the 1990s, and many studies have shown that, when severity of crime and past record are taken into account, there is no bias against fls in the criminal justice system.
		Blacks see it as a policy that appropriately bends the rules for a people denied the opportunity to compete on a level playing field—a notion that in 2001, when middle-class fls are a massive and thriving group in American society, can only seem plausible through the lens of victimology.
		After all, since there are not enough fl students to be admitted to selective schools on the same merits as the other students, beyond a certain cut-off point fls are being valued as much for their distinct and separate cultural traits as for their academic accomplishment.
	www.city-journal.org /html/11_1_whats_holding_blacks.html (3642 words)

	King Encyclopedia
		Considered by some to be a call for the concentration of fl economic and political power, others heard a threat of violence in the term.
		While consensus on the meaning of "Black Power" was never reached within the movement, its articulation in 1966 marked the beginning of a shift in the fl freedom struggle.
		Moreover, while King saw the idea of Black Power as a positive way for "fl people to amass the political and economic strength to achieve their legitimate goals," he was concerned that its advocates focused too much attention on what he felt were its negative meanings: fl separatism, retaliatory violence, isolationism, and a defeatist attitude.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/black_power.html (533 words)

	Black Nationalism Beliefs
		Black Nationalism, also known as fl separatism, is a complex set of beliefs emphasizing the need for the cultural, political, and economic separation of African Americans from white society.
		Black Nationalism calls for fl pride and seeks a unity that is racially based rather than one grounded in a specific African culture or ethnicity.
		Black Nationalist Marcus Garvey, founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), deplored fl acceptance of white standards of beauty, for example, in preferring straight hair or a lighter skin color.
	afgen.com /nationalism_beliefs.html (1708 words)

	Louis Farrakhan - MSN Encarta
		Louis Farrakhan, born in 1933, American religious leader, head of the Nation of Islam, a fl religious organization in the United States that combines some of the practices and beliefs of Islam with a philosophy of fl separatism.
		Farrakhan's message has appealed primarily to urban fls and draws on a long history of fl nationalists who have called for fl self-reliance in the face of economic injustice and white racism.
		His followers praised his insistence that fls assume moral and economic responsibility for themselves by avoiding drugs and crime, providing for their children, staying in school, and becoming involved in their communities.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580649/Louis_Farrakhan.html (1117 words)

	Revolutionary Integrationism: The Road to Black Freedom
		The racial divide between fl and white is the legacy of slavery and the defeat of Radical Reconstruction.
		Black labor was vital to the Southern agricultural economy that was, in turn, vital to the national capitalist economy.
		Black sharecroppers owned their bodies and a share of the crop, but not the land they worked individually on divided lots of the former plantations.
	www.icl-fi.org /print/english/wv/864/fraser.html (3753 words)

	Stokely Carmichael, Rights Leader Who Coined 'Black Power,' Dies at 57 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He was 57 and is best remembered for his use of the phrase "fl power," which in the mid-1960's ignited a white backlash and alarmed an older generation of civil rights leaders, including the Rev.
		any fl leaders of the civil rights movement, though eager to avoid a split, were clearly upset by the use of the phrase and the separatism it seemed to advocate.
		"Black power," he said, "can only be realized when there exists a unified socialist Africa." He sounded the idea that fls must work with fls for their cultural, economic and political liberation.
	www.interchange.org /Kwameture/nytimes111698.html (2080 words)

	Deloria's Prescriptions to African-American Peoples by Theodore Walker, Jr. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The fl needs time to develop his roots, to create his sacred palces, to understand the mystery of himself and his history, to understand his own purpose.
		When the fl seeks to change his role by adjusting the laws of the nation, he merely raises the hope that progress is being made.
		fls recognizing and affirming that Native American struggles are about the the protection and advancement of tribal existence, tribal and national sovereignty, tribal lands, and tribal religions.
	faculty.smu.edu /twalker/blkpower.htm (1300 words)

	Discrimination against African Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Black teenagers have mortality rates 10 times that of whites, and homicide is a leading cause of death.
		Separatism is further divided between tactical separatism and ultimate separatism, with the latter desiring a strictly fl state.
		The "Black Panther" movement (circa 1966) was led by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale, and Fred Hampton as a paramilitary, self-defense group which included the goal of overthrowing capitalism, but the Party split in 1971 under Eldredge Cleaver who advocated providing services to fl communities.
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/soc/355lect11.htm (2977 words)

	Religious Movements Homepage: Nation of Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Two of the Black Muslims' doctrines are at the heart of the controversy: their insistence that fls must separate themselves from the abhorrent and doomed race and their belief that it is the manifest destiny of the Black Nation to inherit the earth.
		Black Muslims are also forbidden from eating certian foods such as pork and corn bread, not only because they contribute to a "slow death," but that they are unclean or foods that constituted part of a slave diet.
		Through his messages, he has given many urban fls a sense of hope and blamed their social and economic condition on the system, and the larger racist white society; but Louis Farrakhan is most notably known for outspokenness and leading of the fl community and his inflammatory statements about Jews.
	religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu /nrms/Nofislam.html (5660 words)

	Racism - where it comes from
		Slaves were both fl and white and in fact the majority of slaves were white.
		Racists sometimes argue "I have nothing against Asians or Blacks as people, it's just that their culture is incompatible with the British/German/French way of life." This is a nonsense argument as all groups of people have a culture and their culture is an essential part of what they are as is their skin colour.
		To be fl, Asian, a Travellor or a member of an ethnic or cultural minority in most Western countries is a debilitating experience.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/talks/racism.html (1863 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Malcolm X \| PBS
		Black militant leader who articulated concepts of race pride and fl nationalism in the early 1960s.
		In 1946, while in prison for burglary, he was converted to the Black Muslim faith (Nation of Islam); this sect professed the superiority of fl people and the inherent evil of whites.
		As a result of a pilgrimage he took to Mecca in April 1964, he modified his views of fl separatism, declaring that he no longer believed whites to be innately evil and acknowledging his vision of the possibility of world brotherhood.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/malcolm_x.html (541 words)

	White separatism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since separatism is predicated on separation of sovereign powers, there are people (specifically white separatists) who claim that white separatism is necessary to maintain self-determination, which is predicated on a single sovereignty.
		It is difficult to distinguish passive white separatism from white supremacy.
		Sociologists Betty A. Dobratz and Stephanie Shanks-Meile contend that terms such as white separatism and white nationalism are euphemisms that have been adopted by what they refer to as neo-Nazi and racist groups, as a tactical move in order to make their views seem less extreme.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/White_separatism (1515 words)

	The Black Nationalist... Black History - Black Pride... Black Power!
		Black Nationalism in the United States, the set of beliefs or political theory that African Americans should maintain social, economic, and political institutions separate and distinct from those of whites.
		For example, fl ship owner Paul Cuffe from Massachusetts hired only fl seamen to crew his ships so as to demonstrate their ability to a skeptical world.
		Boston's free fls made Crispus Attucks — the fl seaman killed in the Boston Massacre — a symbol of the African American role in the American Revolution, and for decades they celebrated March 5 as Crispus Attucks Day.
	www.theblacknationalist.com (1922 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Black Power \| PBS
		The slogan “fl power,” coined by Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Touré) in 1966, came to signify both the radical, militant wing of the civil rights movement and, more generally, the idea of uniting and empowering the fl community.
		A growing militancy in the African American community was signaled by the outbreak of violence in urban fl neighborhoods during the mid-1960s, including race riots in Los Angeles, Calif., Newark, N.J., and Detroit, Mich. Black activists attempted to harness the widespread frustration by establishing fl nationalist organizations.
		The movement declined in the 1970s after numerous fl nationalists were arrested or killed in confrontations with police, but the term fl power continued to signify pride and cohesiveness in fl urban communities.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/black_power.html (468 words)

	Blacks pessimistic about future, Dawson says
		According to the survey, the number of fls who support the formation of a fl political party has doubled over the past five years, after declining over the previous decade.
		Although support for fl nationalist policies and separatism was not uniform, the respondents strongly supported community-based autonomy in the fl community, Dawson said.
		Sixty-eight percent of the people surveyed contended that fls should control the government in fl communities, and 74 percent felt they should have economic control of their communities.
	chronicle.uchicago.edu /940428/dawson.shtml (686 words)

	Civil Rights Movement History
		Black Power advocates were influenced by Malcolm X, the Nation of Islam minister who had been assassinated in early 1965.
		Some, especially fls, argue that the movement is not over yet because the goal of full equality has not been achieved.
		Blacks achieved the right to vote and the influence that went with that right in a democracy.
	www.temple.edu /naacp/crmovement4.html (456 words)

	Malcolm X
		His father was an outspoken supporter of Black nationalist leader Marcus Garvey, and as a result the family incurred the wrath of various white vigilante groups.
		His new philosophy combined elements of his religious faith with socialism, anticolonialism, and what eventually came to be known as "Black consciousness"—a sense of pride in being Black and a desire to foster links with other Blacks around the world based on a shared racial and cultural heritage.
		He also condemned separatism as counterproductive and expressed a willingness to work within the system to secure political and civil rights for Blacks, and to that end he began making overtures to moderate Black leaders and progressive Whites.
	www.blackissue.com /malcolm_x.htm (1701 words)

	Marcus Garvey - Black Unification Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		They were replete with such themes as the beauty of the fl women, the need for self-reliance, the glories of African history, the necessity for an end to fl participation in white wars, and protest against the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.
		By maintaining a fl power base, he had more freedom to work with or support widely differing types of white persons and organizations on specific projects or for limited objectives than some of his contemporaries, who wear straitjackets in international organizations.
		The race catechism Garveyites used explained the significance of the red, fl and green; as red for the blood which men must shed for their redemption and liberty, fl for the color of the noble, and green for the luxuriant vegetation of our motherland.
	www.marcusgarvey.net (2026 words)

	Media Mouse: Book Review: Black Liberation and Socialism: Grand Rapids Michigan Indpendent Media
		Shawki begins his analysis of fl history with the abolitionist movement, which he describes as one of the most important social movements in US history in that it not only showed that racism was not immutable but that it can be successfully challenged both by fls and whites.
		Abolitionism was a vibrant movement that grew from the margins of society to gather mass appeal, incorporated a variety of differing tactics and political philosophies, and set the foundation for fl separatism and radicalism.
		Black Liberation and Socialism gives the reader an analysis and framework for understanding fl history and resistance and charges the reader with the task of taking the lessons of history and using them to build an organized movement both against racism and for liberation.
	www.mediamouse.org /reviews/042606black.php (837 words)

	Amazon.com: Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America: Books: John H. Mcwhorter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Victimology, as well as separatism, in his words, "gives failure, lack of effort and criminality a tacit stamp of approval." Most disturbing, his suggestion that a cultural trait drives the low scholastic performance of fl youth borders on the views of those who consider heredity the cause of fls' poor performance on standardized tests.
		I agree with McWhorter in theory but his assertions lack evidence--this alone is troubling coming from a fellow Ph.D. For example, he claims that fl students are responsible for the test-score gap but I bet he would not send his kids to an all-fl school nor would he have open-heart surgery in an all-fl hospital.
		Black people need to teach their children that they are not victims.
	www.amazon.com /Losing-Race-Self-Sabotage-Black-America/dp/0684836696 (2197 words)

	A Call for... (cont.)
		Instead of studying a separate fl culture, this industry ought to change its emphasis to studying white people and mainly to studying why white people cling so intensely to their racism.
		The problem with fl separatism is that it has no higher goals and it does not think in the long run.
		And we would say that most fls today are racist in the sense that rather than challenging the racist system, they have accommodated to it.
	members.aol.com /vernjohns/call2.html (1686 words)

	Biography Search Display (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He led concrete actions to create a fl economy and his church, the Shrine of the Black Madonna, became one of the centers of fl political power in Detroit and beyond.
		Cleage's fl Christian nationalism was based on his theological belief that Jesus was a fl nationalist leader who had appeared to save the fl people.
		Cleage advocated fl separatism, calling for the creation of a separate fl run economy that would make African Americans independent from whites.
	www.daahp.wayne.edu /biographiesDisplay.asp?id=50 (534 words)

	Black Nationalism
		In his classic study Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915, August Meier noted that the general Black attitude has been one of "essential ambivalence." On the other hand, Nationalist assumptions inform the daily actions and choices of many diaspora Africans.
		Of all the challenges faced by fl people in America, abortion is among the greatest and most destructive.
		Black Nationalism Is The Name Given To Revitalization Movements Among Black Americans
	afgen.com /nationalism.html (806 words)

	Super Hero - A. Philip Randolph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		His work as a trade unionist and organizer directly resulted in the establishment of the first successful Black labor union, the desegregation of the armed forces, and the end of employment discrimination by companies and government bureaus involved in the defense industry.
		Being a Pullman porter was a plum job for Blacks, but the porters were still besieged with poor working conditions, including low pay and long hours.
		Following the certification of the Brotherhood as a bargaining agent, he returned to his fight for Black inclusion in the military and the defense industry.
	www.black-collegian.com /\/issues/35thAnn/randolph.shtml (861 words)

	Gale - Free Resources - Black History - Biographies - Robert George Seale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Beginning as an armed patrol dedicated to the defense of Oakland Blacks against the brutality of the city police, the Black Panthers gained local notoriety for their fearlessness and militant demand for Black rights.
		In 1967 the Black Panther Party (BPP) garnered national attention when it sent an armed contingent to the state capitol in Sacramento to protest a proposed gun-control law and to assert the constitutional right of Blacks to bear arms against their white oppressors.
		Further background on Seale's life and activities as a leader of the Black Panther Party appear in Gene Marine's history The Black Panthers (1969), Don A. Schanche's analysis The Panther Paradox: A Liberal's Dilemma (1970), and Reginald Major's study of the party's roots and development, A Panther Is a Black Cat (1971).
	www.gale.com /free_resources/bhm/bio/seale_r.htm (1288 words)

	New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
		The roots of the New Black Panthers can be traced to Michael McGee, a former member of the original Panthers, who was elected to the Milwaukee City Council in Wisconsin in 1984.
		Although dressed in fl fatigues reminiscent of the original Panthers, McGee told the crowd of 300 that he was "not advocating what the Black Panthers were advocating.
		The NBPP organized a week of protests on the sidewalk in front of the store, and protestors, borrowing the language of anti-Semitic slander, chanted "death to the Bloodsucker." On November 30, 2000, a pipe bomb was thrown into the store, causing severe damage.
	www.adl.org /learn/ext_us/Black_Panther.asp (4979 words)

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