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	Black smoker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor.
		Today, fl smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, at an average depth of 2100 meters.
		New and unusual species are constantly being discovered in the neighborhood of fl smokers: for instance, the Pompeii worm in the 1980s, and, in 2001, during an expedition to Indian Ocean's Kairei hydrothermal vent field, an armor-plated gastropod.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_smoker (540 words)

	Black Smoker - Wikipedia
		Black Smoker und White Smoker, auf deutsch Raucher gehören zu den hydrothermalen Quellen am Grund der Tiefsee.
		Die extremen Umweltbedingungen, wie sie in den hydrothermalen Feldern der Tiefsee in der Nähe der Black Smoker herrschen, lassen an die Verhältnisse in der frühen Erdgeschichte denken, in denen das Leben möglicherweise entstanden ist.
		Dennoch haben die Black Smoker mit ihrem außergewöhnlichen Ökosystem und neuen Arten seit ihrer Entdeckung bereits intensive Diskussionen und weitergehende Forschungen unter Wissenschaftlern auf allen Gebieten der Meereskunde und Geologie, aber auch der Genetik, Paläontologie, Mikrobiologie, Biochemie und Medizin ausgelöst.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Smoker (516 words)

	Black smoker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black smokers are a type of hydrothermalvents found on the ocean floor.Generally hundreds of meters wide, fl smokers are formed when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor.
		Black smokers were first discovered in 1977 around the Galapagos Islands by the National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration.
		Today, fl smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, at an average depth of2100 meters.
	www.therfcc.org /black-smoker-63667.html (268 words)

	Black smoker -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black smokers are a type of (Click link for more info and facts about hydrothermal vent) hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor.
		Today, fl smokers are known to exist in the (The 2nd largest ocean; separates North and South America on the west from Europe and Africa on the east) Atlantic and (The largest ocean in the world) Pacific Oceans, at an average depth of 2100 (Any of various measuring instruments for measuring a quantity) meters.
		Although life is very sparse at these depths, fl smokers are the center of entire (A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment) ecosystems.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/black_smoker.htm (554 words)

	Black smoker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vent s found on the ocean floor.
		Today, fl smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, at an average depth of 2100 meter s.
		Black Smoker Expedition Very hot sulfur-rich waters coming from volcanic vents in the ocean floor crystallize into chimneys called fl smokers.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Black_smoker.html (643 words)

	Black smoker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		A fl smoker is a hydrothermal vent, a geyser on the ocean floor.
		Black smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic ocean and the Pacific ocean, at an average depth of 2100 meters.
		In spite of the sparse life in these depths, fl smokers are the center of whole ecosystems.
	www.eurofreehost.com /bl/Black_smoker.html.txt (209 words)

	Black smoker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Generally of meters wide fl smokers are formed superheated water from below the Earth's crust through the ocean floor.
		Black smokers were first discovered in 1977 the Galapagos Islands by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
		Today fl smokers are known to in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at an average depth of meters.
	www.freeglossary.com /Black_smoker (600 words)

	Black smoker -- Een black smoker is een onderzeese warme bron waar kokendhee... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black smoker -- Een fl smoker is een onderzeese warme bron waar kokendhee...
		Een fl smoker is een onderzeese warme bron waar kokendheet water onder grote druk uit uit de bodem tevoorschijn komt.
		Rondom deze fl smokers heeft zich op de bodem van de oceaan een heel ecosysteem ontwikkeld dat zijn energie niet haalt uit fotosynthese (op deze diepten dringt in het geheel geen daglicht door) maar aan de oxidatie van de zwavelwaterstof die uit de bodem tevoorschijn komt door bacteriën.
	black-smoker.nl.tracking24.net (159 words)

	black smoker
		Black smoker chimneys are generally made from sulfides of iron, copper, and zinc.
		Black smokers were first discovered in the late 1970s.
		In May 2000, Australian scientists retrieved a 2.7-m-long, gold-laced fl smoker from the floor of the Bismark Sea, at a depth of 2 km, off Papua New Guinea.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/blacksmoker.html (317 words)

	NOVA Online \| Into the Abyss \| Birth of an Expedition
		Scientists want to study a fl smoker in the comfort of their own labs, because these unassuming towers of rock may just hold clues to how volcanoes can support life, how life got started on Earth, and even how it could exist on other planets.
		Black smokers, which are a form of hydrothermal vent, make ideal homes for that strange community of life first seen in 1977.
		But studying fl smokers in their natural habitat is as daunting a task as studying rocks on Mars.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/abyss/mission/birth.html (685 words)

	Black Smoker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black is a color with several subtle differences in meaning.
		Black can be defined as the visual impression experienced in directions from which no visible light reaches the eye.
		However, to say one's accounts are "in the Bladk " isused to mean that one is free of debt; being "in the red" is to be in debt—because in traditional bookkeeping, negativeamounts were printed in red ink (such as...
	www.super8filmmaking.com /tail/3718-black-smoker.html (320 words)

	Black smoker
		Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vents found on the ocean floor.
		The temperature of the water they vent can reach 400°C;, but does not boil due to the high pressure it is under at that depth.
		Continuously new and unusual species are being discovered in the neighborhood of fl smokers.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/black_smoker (462 words)

	Silver Smoker (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Smokers are a reasonably common, although archaic, term for social events, generally at universities.
		New and unusual species are constantly being discovered in the neighborhood of fl smokers: for instance, the Pompeii worm in the 1980s, and, in 2001, during an expedition to Indian Ocean's Kairei hydrothermal vent field, an armor-plated
		Smoker is a fictional Marine officer from the anime and manga known as One Piece.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/165/silver-smoker.html (786 words)

	The "Black Smoker's" Lawsuit
		The Black Smokers claim that the tobacco companies knowingly harmed the African-American community by deceiving them into believing that menthol cigarettes are healthier than non-mentholated cigarettes.
		The Black Smokers maintained that the target advertising caused harmful disparities in the smoking population.
		Third, Black Smokers claimed that the defendants are federal actors, who violated a constitutional right under Bivens v.
	academic.udayton.edu /Health/NAATPN/smoking01.htm (405 words)

	AJ's Black Smoker
		A fl smoker is a hot undersea volcanic vent belching sulphur, typically found today in the peaks of the midoceanic ridges, where the continental plates are spreading apart.
		Black smokers in the primeval sea (or pyritiferous seeps
		On fl smokers — Cindy Lee Van Dover's The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents (Princeton, 2000) is aimed at advanced graduate students and research scientists in the field, but is accessible enough for the serious amateur.
	www.well.com /~ajmilne/black_smoker/whats_a_black_smoker.html (694 words)

	Read about Black smoker at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Black smoker and learn about Black smoker here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black smokers were first discovered in 1977 around the Galapagos Islands by the
		Today, fl smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic and
		archaea and extremophiles —; must convert the heat, methane, and sulfur compounds provided by fl smokers into energy through a process called chemosynthesis.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Black_smokers (413 words)

	The Heartland Institute - Quest for Freedom Must Be Constantly Renewed - by Stan Faryna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Similarly, Reverend Dr. King’s dream for fl Americans to enjoy a fuller share in the life of society reminded Americans that the quest for freedom must be constantly renewed.
		When America became disaffected with the cause for freedom, fl Americans reminded the world of the intrinsic dignity of the human person and of the universal right of the individual to participate fully in society as is commensurate with his dignity as a free human being.
		The bold, new voices of fl conservatives have become forceful voices for freedom because they draw their wisdom from the treasury of their heritage and the greater treasuries of the nation and humanity.
	www.heartland.org /Article.cfm?artId=11741 (384 words)

	Black Smokers and Giant Worms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		While their chemistry may vary, fl smokers often emit particles that are rich in sulfides, lead, cobalt, zinc, copper, and silver.
		To date, the largest fl smoker mound yet discovered is located in 3,650 meters (11,972 feet) of water on the eastern side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a few thousand miles directly east of Miami Florida.
		Whereas symbiosis is the norm for the Pacific tubeworms and bivalves, the Atlantic vent shrimp appear to scrape bacteria from the debris surrounding a vent.
	oceansonline.com /hydrothe.htm (4537 words)

	BioForum Somero 8
		The fl smoker chimneys are the part of the vent system where thermal gradients are the steepest.
		In fact, these fl smoker chimneys have been mined for their copper for thousands of years.
		As they come to the surface, they bring up very rich sources of copper ore. So the fl smoker chimneys are of potential commercial value as a source of minerals.
	www.accessexcellence.org /BF/bf03/somero/bf03a8.html (518 words)

	Savage Earth: Black Smokers
		Nearby, sooty fl clouds billow out from fissures in the seafloor, and organisms swim by, glowing with their own, otherworldly light.
		The result are surging clouds of particle-rich water called "fl smokers," which often erupt out of tall chimneys of previously deposited solidified mineral.
		A "fl smoker" in the East Pacific, discovered by the submersible Alvin.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageearth/hellscrust/html/sidebar2.html (513 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Fluids from the white smoker are possibly derived from the fl smoker fluids by a combination of conductive cooling and mixing with seawater and precipitation of sulfides within the mound.
		Sulfide breccias now at the base of the mound likely formed at the seafloor and were since buried and overprinted by later hydrothermal events; some possibly accumulated through the collapse of large sulfide chimneys and by dissection of pre- existing massive sulfides along active fault scarps.
		Anhydrite beneath the fl smoker complex occurs as thick veins cementing the sulfide breccias of the mound.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/sciops/Leg_Summaries/Legs_141-158/Leg158.html (395 words)

	Scientists Explore 'Lost City' of Strange Ocean Creatures
		Black smokers are chimney-like structures that form when very hot water -- reaching 700 degrees Fahrenheit -- breaks through the ocean floor and comes into contact with frigid ocean water.
		The total mass of life around the Lost City vents is less than at the fl smokers but there is just as much variety, she added.
		While the fl smokers, first discovered in 1979, form at volcanic areas along the oceanic ridges, the Lost City formation was found about nine miles to the side of the ridge.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/ap_050303_lost_city.html (708 words)

	g-o.de \| Überleben unter extremen Bedingungen: Die Oasen der "Black Smoker" - Tiefsee Ozean Meeresforschung (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		Black Smoker und andere heiße Quellen hat man aber nicht nur Juan-de-Fuca-Rücken entdeckt.
		In der unmittelbaren Umgebung der Black Smoker und anderer heißer Quellen siedeln sich auch ganz besondere Lebensgemeinschaften an, die zum Teil 350 oder mehr verschiedene Arten umfassen können.
		Und daran besteht in der Nähe der Black Smoker kein Mangel.
	www.g-o.de /index.php?cmd=focus_detail2&f_id=40&rang=9 (541 words)

	Bradley Smoker Forum - Can someone please confirm this?
		A) The only difference between the fl smoker & the stainless is the outer shell.
		I use a fl one, have never torn apart the packaging of a stainless to find out for myself.
		B) The Black Smoker is Powder Epoxy Steel on the outside and the
	www.bradleysmoker.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=194 (347 words)

	Massive Sulfide Deposits: Black Smokers and Spreading Sea Floor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		These fl smoker chimneys and surrounding sulfide deposits are a hot topic for mining.
		Black smoker chimney's and surrounding massive sulfide deposits are also targeted because they seem like a renewable source of ores and minerals.
		Analysis of the white smoker fluids indicated that they were more acidic and contained less copper, iron, calcium, and hydrogen sulfide, but 10 times more zinc, than the hotter fl smoker fluids (Tivey, How to...).
	www.gannon.edu /resource/dept/enviro/EnvGeo/projects2003/smokers/Black_Smokers.html (1542 words)

	AMNH - Black Smokers
		These fl smokers are chimneylike structures made up of sulfur-bearing minerals or sulfides that come from beneath Earth's crust.
		This is why these sulfide chimney structures are called fl smokers.
		Black smokers tend to occur on sulfide mounds (large piles of sulfide minerals built up over time) in vent fields that are typically tens of meters across.
	www.amnh.org /nationalcenter/expeditions/blacksmokers/black_smokers.html (579 words)

	Deep Ocean Exploration Institute - Funded Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-19)
		We propose to build a flow sensor capable of measuring velocity within fl smoker chimneys that can be calibrated easily and used routinely from a submersible.
		Black smoker chimneys form at seafloor hydrothermal systems, and vent hot (~350C), metal-rich, Mg- and SO4-poor fluids into the ocean at velocities of ~1 to 5 m/s.
		Over the past twenty years there have been numerous attempts at measuring the velocity within and at the exit of fl smoker chimneys, but there is still no tried and true method for doing so.
	www.whoi.edu /institutes/doei/research/funded_01tivey_bradley.htm (536 words)

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