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Topic: Bladder sphincter dyssynergia

	eMedicine - Urological Management in Neurological Disease : Article by Frances M Dyro, MD
		The sensory inputs from the bladder are not affected.
		Chantraine A: EMG examination of the anal and urethral sphincters.
		Murnaghan GF: Neurogenic disorders of the bladder in Parkinsonism.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic673.htm (5727 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Urinary bladder
		In the anatomy of mammals, the urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination.
		The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor (superior to the prostate in males).
		The smooth triangular area of the bladder between the entrance of the two ureters and the exit of the urethra is called the trigone.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Urinary_bladder (268 words)

	Urinary bladder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the anatomy of mammals, the urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination.
		The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular and distensible or elastic organ that sits on the pelvic floor (superior to the prostate in males).
		Bladder sphincter dyssynergia, a condition where the sufferer cannot coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Urinary_bladder (392 words)

	neurogenic_bladder
		The bladder is enlarged and continence depends on sphincter function and competence of the bladder neck during the filling phase.
		Voiding Cystourethrography identifies the morphologic characteristics of the bladder and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, and hints at the functional status of the urethral sphincters.
		Bladder Neck Surgery: Reconstructive procedures at the level of the bladder neck have been used to improve the competence of the bladder outlet in a variety of congenital and acquired conditions.
	www.thamburaj.com /neurobladder.htm (4559 words)

	Assessment of Bladder Function in the Neurogenic Bladder Spina Bifida
		The internal sphincter, consisting of a smooth muscle of the bladder neck which is contiguous with the urethral smooth muscle, comprises the primary continence mechanism.
		In the later stages or a neurogenic bladder, repeated infection and fibrosis of the bladder wall cause a chronically contracted bladder with a markedly decreased capacity.
		In many cases of a neurogenic bladder, there are combined lesions that affect both the upper and lower motor neuron supply to the bladder or that involve combinations of peripheral sensorimotor supply as well as the sacral spinal cord.
	www.spinabifidasupport.com /neuroblddr.htm (1228 words)

	World of MS - Symptoms & Treatments - Bladder Dysfunction
		Augmentation cystoplasty involves the enlargement of the bladder with a segment of bowel and usually lowers the intravesical pressure by increasing the bladder capacity and compliance.
		Closure of the bladder neck may be necessary in patients with urinary incontinence secondary to intrinsic sphincter deficiency in addition to detrusor hyperreflexia or low bladder compliance, in whom augmentation cystoplasty alone would not prevent the incontinence.
		In rare cases such as in patients with a small fibrosed bladder secondary to long-term Foley catheter drainage or recurrent urinary tract infections, severe urethral damage, or pyocystis, the bladder and/ or urethra are not available for augmentation.
	www.msif.org /en/symptoms_treatments/ms_by_topic/continence/articles/bladder_dysfunct.html (0 words)

	Urinary bladder Information
		The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular and distensible or elastic organ that sits on the pelvic floor (superior to the prostate in males).
		When the bladder is stretched, this signals the parasympathetic nervous system to cause contraction of the detrusor muscle.
		For the urine to finally exit the bladder, both the autonomically controlled internal sphincter and the voluntarily controlled external sphincter must be opened.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Urinary_bladder (359 words)

	blank (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The normal control of bladder function and the urinary system involves a lot of areas of the central nervous system from the frontal lobes down through the palms and the spinal cord.
		Suffice it to say that all of these solutions are imperfect, and the complications of neurogenic bladder: incontinence, urinary retention, infection, stones, hydronephrosis remain common and often disabling complications for patients with MS.
		The ability to eliminate bladder contractions resulted in low storage pressure, which was beneficial to the upper urinary tract.
	www.vard.org /va/99/BLADDER.HTM (1190 words)

	Spinal cord injury: Bladder care and managment
		The bladder management program most commonly used with flaccid bladder is ICP To avoid problems, do not allow too much urine (over 400 cc) to collect in your bladder if it is flaccid.
		Symptoms of a bladder infection may include going to the bathroom frequently, passing blood in the urine, cloudy and odorous urine, increased spasticity in the lower extremities, fever and chills.
		When the bladder does not empty completely, germs or bacteria are likely to grow in the urine left in the bladder.
	www.spinalinjury.net /html/_bladder_care_and_management.html (0 words)

	My Wonderful Article in IEEE Format for IROS2000
		Approximately 80% of the resting anal sphincter pressure is due to the internal anal sphincter.
		Bladder pressure may be lowered by deliberate division of the sensory nerves from the bladder (dorsal rhizotomy), subsequent urination being ‘driven’ by implantation of a nerve stimulator on the motor nerves to the bladder (the Brindley anterior root stimulator).
		For the bladder we plan to investigate the combination with neuromodulation of the pudendal afferents or intravesical chemical instillations to reduce DH during filling.
	www.ifess.org /ifess02/bladder_bowel/AndrewsB2.htm (1576 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		People can generally keep the sphincter closed (if there is not an involuntary bladder contraction) until they reach a toilet, at which point the sphincter relaxes in coordination with a contraction of the detrusor, and the bladder empties.
		Injury to the kidneys can occur when the pressure in the bladder is elevated, such as DESD and urinary retention, or when there is reflux or backup of urine from the bladder through the ureters and into the kidneys.
		The very frequent occurrence of bladder symptoms in people with MS and the finding that, even among persons without symptoms, the vast majority demonstrate bladder dysfunction on urodynamic assessment, indicates that all persons with MS should discuss with their physician whether or not baseline and follow-up urodynamic testing is warranted in their case.
	www.mult-sclerosis.org /news/Aug2002/BladderSymptomsInMS.html (2310 words)

	Urinary bladder - Wikinfo
		In the anatomy of mammals, the urinary bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination.
		The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor (superior to the prostate in males).
		bladder sphincter dyssynergia, a condition where the sufferer cannot coordinate relaxation of the urethra sphincter with the contraction of the bladder muscles
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Urinary_bladder&printable=yes (754 words)

	Bladder Management \| Paralysis Resource Center
		When one is ready to go, the brain sends a message back down the spinal cord to the bladder, telling the detrusor muscle (the bladder wall) to contract, and the sphincter muscle, a valve around the top of the urethra, to relax and open.
		Spastic (reflex) bladder is when your bladder fills with urine and a reflex automatically triggers the bladder to empty.
		Bladder augmentation is a procedure that surgically enlarges the bladder (using a portion of the intestines) to reduce the need for frequent catheterization.
	www.paralysis.org /site/c.erJMJUOxFmH/b.1293647/k.C18D/Bladder_Management.htm (988 words)

	CiteULike: Bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by microstimulation of S2 sacral spinal cord in spinal cord ...
		Bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by microstimulation of S2 sacral spinal cord in spinal cord intact and chronic spinal cord injured cats.
		Urinary bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by bladder distention, ventral root stimulation, or microstimulation of S2 segment of the sacral spinal cord were investigated under alpha-chloralose anesthesia in cats with an intact spinal cord and in chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) cats 6-8 weeks after spinal cord transection at T9-T10 spinal segment.
		Urinary bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by bladder distention, ventral root stimulation, or microstimulation of S2 segment of the sacral spinal cord were investigated.
	www.citeulike.org /user/jcohenadad/article/888141 (0 words)

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		The normal control of bladder function and the urinary system involves a lot of areas of the central nervous system from the frontal lobes down through the palms and the spinal cord.
		Suffice it to say that all of these solutions are imperfect, and the complications of neurogenic bladder: incontinence, urinary retention, infection, stones, hydronephrosis remain common and often disabling complications for patients with MS.
		The ability to eliminate bladder contractions resulted in low storage pressure, which was beneficial to the upper urinary tract.
	www.rehab.research.va.gov /va/99/BLADDER.HTM (1190 words)

	World of MS - Symptoms & Treatments - Bladder Management in Multiple Sclerosis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bladder symptoms may occur at the onset of MS or at any time thereafter, and do not correlate well with underlying pathology.
		Detrusor- external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD) is another factor, with simultaneous detrusor and e external sphincter contraction resulting in urinary retention.
		The key factors are recognition of the significance of the problem, knowledge of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and involvement of the person with MS and significant other(s) in assessment, diagnostic, educational, intervention and evaluative phases of management of urinary dysfunction.
	www.ifmss.org.uk /en/symptoms_treatments/ms_by_topic/continence/articles/bladder_manageme.html (2066 words)

	Spina Bifida Association: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When the urodynamic study is normal or shows favorable bladder function, the child will be scheduled for a return visit in appropriately six months to reassess their kidneys with a sonogram and a urine culture.
		This is a small opening in the bladder which connects to the abdominal wall and is positioned between the pubic bone and the umbilicus.
		When the bladder neck or sphincter are not strong enough to hold the urine within the bladder, various operative techniques are used to tighten each area.
	sbaa.convio.net /site/PageServer?pagename=fs_managment&printer_friendly=1 (2883 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Bladder sphincter dyssynergia or more correctly detrusor sphincter dysynergia (DSD) is a consequence of a neurological condition such as spinal injury or multiple sclerosis (MS) where the contraction of the bladder musculature is not coordinated with the relaxation of the sphincter.
		Instead of the urethra relaxing completely during voiding it dyssynergically contracts causing the flow to be interrupted and the detrusor pressure to rise.
		On cystography there is an irregular appearance of the bladder outline due to muscular contraction against the unrelaxed bladder sphincter.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Bladder_sphincter_dyssynergia (0 words)

	Urinary Bladder -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The urinary bladder is normally capable of storing 400-500 millilitres of urine, but because it is made up of transitional epithelium it is able to stretch to volumes of even several litres.
		The kidney is one of the various organs (together with the lungs, intestine and skin) that participates in the elimination of the wastes of the organism.
		The bladder connects to the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/153/urinary-bladder.html (1002 words)

	Neurogenic Bladder in Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis and SpinoCerebellar Degeneration
		In addition, close follow-up is important in the Urological management of Neurogenic Bladder patients with these diseases, because the disorders of the lower Urinary Tract may progress regardless of the status of the primary disease.
		Incompetent Sphincter was identified in 2 patients who had Detrusor HyperReflexia with impaired contractility and in 1 with a low compliance Bladder.
		Detrusor HypoReflexia and Detrusor-Sphincter DysSynergia are indicative of a Pontine and Cervical Spinal Cord lesion, respectively.
	members.tripod.com /ThJuland/neurogenic-bladder2-98.html (1150 words)

	Bladder dysfunction in acute transverse myelitis: magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic ...
		Bladder dysfunction in acute transverse myelitis: magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic correlations -- Kalita et al.
		Bladder dysfunction in acute transverse myelitis: magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic correlations
		Bladder and sphincter behaviour in patients with spinal cord lesions.
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/73/2/154 (3177 words)

	Glossary
		Simultaneous contractions of the bladder's detrusor muscle and external sphincter cause urine to be trapped in the bladder, resulting in symptoms of urinary urgency, hesitancy, dribbling, and incontinence.
		ISC is used in the management of bladder dysfunction to drain urine that remains after voiding, prevent bladder distention, prevent kidney damage, and restore bladder function.
		Bladder dysfunction associated with neurologic malfunction in the spinal cord and characterized by a failure to empty, failure to store, or a combination of the two.
	www.mslifelines.com /global/glossary.jsp (0 words)

	Disruption of bladder epithelium barrier function after spinal cord injury -- Apodaca et al. 284 (5): 966 -- AJP - ...
		the bladder was excised and TER of the organ tissue mounted in
		Bladders were obtained from animals as follows: control, 2 h after SCI (SCI), pretreated with hexamethonium before SCI (HEX + SCI), pretreated with capsaicin before SCI (CAP + SCI), capsaicin pretreated and then sham operated (CAP Sham), or injected with PBS beneath the dura of the spinal cord (Needle to cord).
		Adrenergic and capsaicin-evoked nitric oxide release from urothelium and afferent nerves in urinary bladder.
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/5/F966 (5903 words)

	Botulinum shows promise for added urologic indications - Toxin injection into sphincter shown to improve muscle tone ...
		"To obtain sphincter profiles, we measured the flow rate and did pressure profiles of the sphincter area during cystometry when the filling was stopped," said Dr. Zermann during a presentation of the findings at the AUA annual meeting.
		Urethral sphincter pressure and residual volume were increased and flow parameters were decreased.
		Bladder capacity increased from an average of 338 mL to 351 mL.
	www.urologytimes.com /urologytimes/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=9455 (997 words)

	National MS Society \| InsideMS: Living with an MS Bladder (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Basically, DSD is a lack of coordination between the bladder and the sphincter muscle.
		For more information on managing bladder problems, call your chapter to ask for copies of our booklets, Controlling Bladder Problems in MS (a basic 20-page booklet with cartoons), or Urinary Dysfunction and MS (a more sophisticated booklet with information on medications and diagnostic testing).
		Bladder Dysfunction in MS and Surgical Management of Bladder Dysfunction in MS are both available.
	www.nationalmssociety.org /IMSApr06-MSBladder.asp (1434 words)

	About Bladder & Prolapse Problems: Glossary
		A technique of emptying a bladder full of urine using a slender rubber or silicon tube passed within the urethra.
		As a result of this weakening the sphincter does not function normally regardless of the position of the bladder neck or urethra.
		One of the surgical methods for treating urinary incontinence that involves placing a "sling" under the bladder and urethra that is anchored to pubic or abdominal structures.
	www.ucsf.edu /wcc/AboutBladderProbs_glossary.html (0 words)

	Texas Urology - Glossary
		Because the artificial sphincter is an implant, it is subject to the risks common to implants, such as infection, erosion (breaking down of tissue) and mechanical malfunction.
		bladder training: A behavioral technique that teaches the patient to resist or inhibit the urge to urinate, and to urinate according to a schedule rather than urinating at the urge.
		detrusor-external sphincter dyssynergia (DESD): Damage to the nervous system can create a lack of coordination between the bladder and the external sphincter muscle, which is the muscle that controls the emptying of the bladder.
	www.urologychannel.com /texasurology/glossary.shtml (3034 words)

	Detrusor External Sphincter Dyssynergia (DESD)
		It is caused by lesions between the brain stem and the lower part (sacral region) of the spinal cord.
		Damage to the nervous system can create a lack of coordination between the bladder and the external sphincter muscle, which is the muscle that controls the emptying of the bladder.
		As a result, the bladder can't empty completely, which creates a buildup of urinary pressure.
	www.visitams.com /conditions_detail_objectname_mens_desd.html (101 words)

	The Neurotoxin Institute
		The external sphincter remains in a contracted state, leading to outlet obstruction as the bladder attempts to expel the urine.
		Intravesicular capsaicin desensitizes afferent C-fibers in the bladder that transmit nociceptive signals to the central nervous system and are thought to play a role in the transmission of signals that trigger detrusor overactivity (Kim and Chancellor, 2000; Chancellor and de Groat, 1999).
		Botulinum A toxin and detrusor sphincter dyssynergia: a double-blind lidocaine-controlled study in 13 patients with spinal cord disease.
	www.neurotoxininstitute.com /chapter_urology.asp (0 words)

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