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Topic: Blast furnace

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	AISI \| How A Blast Furnace Works
		The blast furnace is a huge, steel stack lined with refractory brick, where iron ore, coke and limestone are dumped into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.
		Since the limestone is melted to become the slag which removes sulfur and other impurities, the blast furnace operator may blend the different stones to produce the desired slag chemistry and create optimum slag properties such as a low melting point and a high fluidity.
		The materials are charged into the blast furnace through two stages of conical "bells" (5) which seal in the gases and distribute the raw materials evenly around the circumference of the furnace "throat".
	www.steel.org /AM/Template.cfm?Section=Articles3&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=12305 (0 words)

	HOW A BLAST FURNACE WORKS
		The blast furnace is a huge, steel stack lined with refractory brick, where iron ore, coke and limestone are dumped into the top, and preheated air is blown into the bottom.
		Since the limestone is melted to become the slag which removes sulfur and other impurities, the blast furnace operator may blend the different stones to produce the desired slag chemistry and create optimum slag properties such as a low melting point and a high fluidity.
		The materials are charged into the blast furnace through two stages of conical "bells" (5) which seal in the gases and distribute the raw materials evenly around the circumference of the furnace "throat".
	www.energymanagertraining.com /iron_steel/BF_steel.htm (2444 words)

	Furnace - LoveToKnow 1911
		Blast furnaces are, from the intimate contact between the burden to be smelted and the fuel, the least wasteful of heat; but their use supposes the possibility of obtaining fuel of good quality and free from sulphur or other substances likely to deteriorate the metal produced.
		Furnaces of the second kind were first used in alkali works for the conversion of sulphate into carbonate of sodium in the process known as fl ash fusion, but have since been applied to other processes.
		Furnaces of this kind may be used for melting cast iron or bronze in small quantities, and were employed by H. Sainte Claire Deville in experiments in the metallurgy of the platinum group of metals.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Furnace (3883 words)

	Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace slag
		Although portland blast furnace slag cement, which is made by intergrinding the granulated slag with portland cement clinker (blended cement), has been used for more than 60 years, the use of separately ground slag combined with portland cement at the mixer as a mineral admixture did not start until the late 1970s (Lewis 1981).
		The grade of a ground granulated blast furnace slag is based on its activity index, which is the ratio of the compressive strength of a mortar cube made with a 50 percent ground granulated blast furnace slag-cement blend to that of a mortar cube made with a reference cement.
		While substitution of ground granulated blast furnace slag for up to 70 percent of the portland cement in a mix has been used, there appears to be an optimum substitution percentage which produces the greatest 28 day strength.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /infrastructure/materialsgrp/ggbfs.htm (1772 words)

	Blast Furnace: Process Description
		Blast furnaces are usually tall shaft-type steel vessels, up to ten stories high, internally lined with refractory brick, and superimposed over a crucible-like hearth.
		Blasts of heated air from large blast stoves, and in most cases gaseous, liquid, or powdered fuel, are injected into the furnace through openings (tuyeres) at the bottom of the shaft just above the hearth crucible.
		As the hot air encounters the coke, the coke is burned along with the injected fuels, producing the necessary heat and reducing gas to remove oxygen from the ore in the reduction process.
	www.energysolutionscenter.org /HeatTreat/MetalsAdvisor/iron_and_steel/process_descriptions/raw_metals_preparation/ironmaking/blast_furnace/ironmaking_blastfurnace_processdescription.htm (293 words)

	Blast furnace - blast furnace: definition, usage and pronunciation
		The blast furnace knowledge came west with the pioneers.
		A furnace in which combustion is intensified by a blast of air, especially a.
		Blast furnace definition, words related to blast furnace, proper usage and pronunciation of the word blast furnace from YourDictionary.com.
	esfind.com /esfd/blast-furnace.html (1292 words)

	Blast Furnace - Picture - MSN Encarta
		A blast furnace accomplishes this by forcing extremely hot air through a mixture of ore, coke, and limestone, called the charge.
		Once in the furnace, the charge is subjected to air blasts that may be as hot as 870° C (1600° F).
		(The furnace must be lined with a layer of firebrick, called the refractory, in order to sustain these temperatures.) Melted metal collects in the bottom of the furnace.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461530492/Blast_Furnace.html (132 words)

	Blast furnace Summary
		A blast furnace is a type of furnace for smelting metal ore, usually iron ore. The combustion material and ore are supplied from the top while an air flow is supplied from the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reaction takes place throughout the ore, not only at the surface.
		The blast furnace is to be distinguished from the bloomery in that the object of the blast furnace is to produce molten metal that can be tapped from the furnace, whereas the intention in the bloomery is to avoid it melting so that carbon does not become dissolved in the iron.
		The oldest known blast furnaces in the West were built in Sweden at Lapphyttan, and the complex was active between 1150 and 1350.
	www.bookrags.com /Blast_furnace (3718 words)

	_ Hot Metal Production at U. S. Steel, Mon Valley Works
		The process of extracting iron from iron ore in a blast furnace to produce pig iron is a critical steel-making operation.
		Hogan and Koelble (1996) studied the current capacity, condition, and outlook of coke ovens and blast furnaces in the U.S. They found that the number of U.S. blast furnaces had dropped from 197 to 43 since 1975 and that three of the remaining blast furnaces were designated as "standby" and were unlikely to operate again.
		Operators at the blast furnace adjusted many of the constraint ranges, including the molybdenum constraint, since the original limits for that constraint did not permit loading of materials that had proved to be acceptable in previous production runs.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/lasdon/blast5.htm (5503 words)

	The Beckley Blast Furnace: East Canaan, Connecticut
		A blast furnace increases combustion with a blast of air.
		Blast furnaces contain a hearth at the bottom that is shaped like a melting pot; a middle zone, called a bosh, a vertical shaft (the stack) that extends from the bosh to the top of the furnace; and the furnace top.
		The blast furnace is a significant attraction on the Iron Heritage Trail in Northwestern Connecticut, New York, and Massachusetts.
	www.americaslibrary.gov /cgi-bin/page.cgi/es/ct/furnace_1 (216 words)

	blast furnace. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The furnace is fed from the top with a charge of definite quantities of ore, coke, and a flux, mostly limestone.
		Pig iron prepared in the blast furnace is converted into steel by the Bessemer process.
		Copper ore treated in a blast furnace yields a copper matte, from which only a part of the impurities are removed.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bl/blastfur.html (410 words)

	Brownsport Furnace
		The furnace was operated successfully for a period of 30 years and ore of fine quality and of great abundance was found, but an extensive lawsuit developed, causing the company to close in 1878.
		The Brownsport furnace was located near the center of a 12,000 acre dense hardwood forest in a remote, isolated area of Decatur Co. The trees of the area made ideal fuel for the furnace.
		We are not certain whether Brownsport was a "blast furnace," that is, if it had a bellows-type pump to force air into and through the furnace much like flsmiths used bellows to make their forge fire burn faster and hotter.
	www.decaturcountytn.org /Brownsport_Furnace.asp (1818 words)

	Temperature of a Blast Furnace
		Once a blast furnace is started it will runcontinuously for four to ten years with only short, periodic stops to perform planned maintenance.
		Blast furnaces were first invented in the late 14th century and were improved most significantly by Henry Bessemer during the Industrial Revolution.
		Blast furnaces will continue to be a useful tool for smelting in the future because of the large quantities of metals it is able to extract over a long period of time.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2002/JohnChu.shtml (366 words)

	Jason Breeding: Iron Blast Furnace and Industry
		The exterior of the blast furnace was an immense structure that stood about 30-40 feet made out of huge blocks of limestone from a local quarry.
		The blast furnace was constructed of limestone, and its hearth was built with sandstone.
		The furnaces were located near hills in order for a transport bridge to be built between the furnace and the bridge house.
	academics.vmi.edu /gen_ed/Iron/felix.htm (1262 words)

	Ragnar's HO Model Trains Weeb Site: How A Blast Furnace Works
		Since the limestone is melted to become the slag which removes sulfur and other impurities, the blast furnace operator may blend the different stones to produce the desired slag chemistry út hat create optimum properties such as has a low melting point and a high fluidity.
		In summary, the blast furnace is a counter-current úreact where solids descend and gases ascend.
		This article was prepared by John A. Ricketts, Ispat Inland, Inc. The illustrations "the process" and "the blast furnace plant" are provided courtesy of ATSI Engineering Services from their publication "An Introduction to Blast Furnace Technology".
	www.theweebsite.com /trains/blast-furnace.html (2461 words)

	The Blast Furnace
		Since the limestone is melted to become the slag which removes sulphur and other impurities, the blast furnace operator may blend the different stones to produce the desired slag chemistry to create optimum properties such as has a low melting point and a high fluidity.
		In summary, the blast furnace is a counter-current reaction where solids descend and gases ascend.
		Blast furnaces will survive into the 2000 millennium because the larger, efficient furnaces can produce hot metal at costs competitive with other iron making technologies.
	www.thepotteries.org /shelton/blast_furnace.htm (2429 words)

	Blast Furnace \| World of Invention
		Furnaces have been used in the metal-smelting process for thousands of years.
		The blast furnace is one of the greatest improvements to the smelting process.
		Blast furnaces were further improved in the 1850s by the simultaneous invention of the pneumatic conversion process by William Kelly and Henry Bessemer.
	www.bookrags.com /research/blast-furnace-woi (331 words)

	Blast Furnace
		The furnace top is equipped with a rotating chute that distributes the raw materials into optimum locations within the furnace.
		The molten iron collects at the furnace bottom and is drawn off every one to two hours.
		The blast furnace underwent a major reline in 2004.
	www.wcisteel.com /operations/bf.html (146 words)

	Blast Furnace Slag - Material Description
		Ground granulated blast furnace slag is used commercially as a supplementary cementitious material in Portland cement concrete (as a mineral admixture or component of blended cement).
		Granulated blast furnace slag is a glassy granular material that varies, depending on the chemical composition and method of production, from a coarse, popcornlike friable structure greater than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve) in diameter to dense, sand-size grains passing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
		Blast furnace slag is mildly alkaline and exhibits a pH in solution in the range of 8 to 10.
	www.tfhrc.gov /hnr20/recycle/waste/bfs1.htm (2257 words)

	Precursors of the blast furnace
		As furnaces grew a little taller and a stronger draft was needed, a flue was extended from the top of the furnace along the surface of the ground a short distance up the hill.
		The transition from the stückofen to the blast furnace was gradual.
		In the taller furnaces the iron ore remained exposed to the reducing action of charcoal for a longer period, and this, combined with higher temperatures from the water-driven blast, generally, but not always; caused some of the iron to melt and trickle from the bottom of the furnace, where it solidified.
	www.davistownmuseum.org /toolPreBlastFurnace.html (1709 words)

	Mini-Game: Keldagrim Blast Furnace - ::Sal's Realm of RuneScape::
		The Blast Furnace can be found in the Dwarven city of Keldagrim.
		For the agility part of the furnace you are required to ride a stationary bike to run the conveyor belt.
		Furnace - The furnace is where all the ores drop in for smelting after being put on the conveyor belt.
	runescape.salmoneus.net /blast_furnace.html (1002 words)

	The Blast Furnace
		In the blast furnace, coke is oxidised to carbon dioxde which is an exothermic reaction:
		The mixture of calcium silicate and calcium aluminate is a liquid at blast furnace temperatures and is called slag.
		This slag does not mix with the molten iron, but forms a separate layer that floats on top of the iron (less dense).Slag is tapped off and not wasted as it can be solidified, broken up and used as hard core in the foundations of buildings and roads, and also as an ingredient of cement.
	www.chem.shef.ac.uk /chm131-2002/cha02dh/blast-furnace.html (309 words)

	Historic Iron Furnances in Southeastern Ohio
		Because blast furnaces produced increased quantities of iron from the ore, the molten iron was cast into bars, called pig iron, for later remanufacturing.
		The furnaces were built and operated for the purpose of extracting iron from the native iron ores.
		With the abandonment of the iron furnaces in the HRIR came the salvage of the furance machinery and railroad tracks, and the rapid conversion to farm and/or woodland economy.
	www.oldeforester.com /ironintr.htm (1552 words)

	STRUCTURE OF THE BLAST FURNACE: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For thousands of years, the blast furnace has provided the main means of iron production.
		Since in the lower parts of the furnace the charge materials or their products of transformation melt with volume contraction, it is possible to reduce the furnace diameter.
		The furnace interior can be separated into different areas, according to the temperatures inside the various areas in the furnace and also the reactions occurring.
	www.stormpages.com /loreto/blastfurnacedesign.htm (887 words)

	Unasylva - No. 72 - Use of charcoal in blast furnace operations
		Although the general trend has certainly been away from charcoal, charcoal blast furnaces are in operation in several countries and there are even plans for expanding some of these operations.
		The kilns are integrated with a blast furnace to form a very efficient unit with respect to heat and electric power economy.
		It is further assumed that the charcoal produced is of such quality that its performance in the blast furnace is similar to that of coke.
	www.fao.org /docrep/03500e/03500e07.htm (3024 words)

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