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Topic: Blastocoel

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Trematoda

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	Definition of blastocoel - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "blastocoel" and related topics at Britannica.com
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	www.m-w.com /cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=blastocoel (36 words)

	Suflate
		Karp and Solursh have hypothesized that secondary mesenchyme cells, which form the filopodia of the developing archenteron (primary gut) require sulfate (to form sulfated proteoglycans which act as something like an adhesive) in order to migrate along the acid mucopolysaccharide of the extracellular matrix within the blastocoel of a developing sea urchin (1974).
		Developing sea urchin embryos were raised in either artificial sea water or sulfate-free sea water, fixed, and stained for alkaline phosphotase enzyme activity and with immunofluorescent antibodies to vegetal archenteron cells.
		Note the secondary mesenchyme cells, in the form of a filopodia, attaching to the blastocoel wall to pull the archenteron up through the blastocoel to form the gut cavity.
	www.swarthmore.edu /NatSci/sgilber1/DB_lab/Urchin/Matthews/sulfate.html (463 words)

	* Blastocoel - (Biology): Definition
		blastocoel The fluid-filled cavity at the center of a blastula.
		blastocoel - fluid-filled cavity found in the interior of a blastula or blastocyst.
		embryo produced by spiral cleavage, characterized by the absence of a blastocoel; formed by embryos of annelid worms, turbellarian flatworms, nemertean worms, and all molluscs except cephalopods.
	en.mimi.hu /biology/blastocoel.html (312 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the second phase of gastrulation, the vegetal plate invaginates into the interior, replacing the blastocoelic cavity and thereby forming a new cavity, the archenteron (literally: primitive gut), the opening into which is the blastopore.
		During cleavage in amphibians, a higher density of yolk in the vegetal half of the embryo results in the blastocoel cavity being placed asymmetrically in the animal half of the embryo.
		In between is a blastocoel cavity for migrating cells during gastrulation.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Gastrulation (1646 words)

	Blastocoel cavity formation by preimplantation rat embryos in the presence of cyanide and other inhibitors of oxidative ...
		Blastocoel cavity formation by preimplantation rat embryos in the presence of cyanide and other inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation
		The role of oxidative phosphorylation in blastocoel development in rats was determined by culturing morula stage embryos for 24 h in the presence of three inhibitors of ATP generation: cyanide, antimycin-A and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP).
		These results suggest that, uniquely among preimplantation embryos studied, the developing rat blastocyst does not have an absolute requirement for oxidative phosphorylation but may be able to compensate by increasing the amount of glucose consumed and metabolized by glycolysis.
	www.reproduction-online.org /cgi/content/abstract/101/2/305 (463 words)

	Gastrulation in Sea Urchin
		Sea urchin blastula is a single-layered epithelium surrounding blastocoel.
		The archenteron elongates into a narrow tube that eventually reaches the wall of the blastocoel near the animal pole.
		At the point of contact between the archenteron tip and the blastocoel wall, a mouth opening is formed.
	www.math.fsc.uaeu.ac.ae /bio/hazem/embryoLectures/Gastrula15/gastrulationtop.htm (278 words)

	Gastrulation II
		Because of the greater yolk stores and the smaller blastocoel in amphibians, gastrulation is not as straightforward as it is in echinoderms.
		The principle of moving surface cells into the interior to form new layers is the same, however the method by which this is achieved is different.
		Note that the appearance of the blastocoel is exaggerated due to shrinkage of cells during fixation and the subsequent processing of the specimen for sectioning.
	www.uoguelph.ca /zoology/devobio/210labs/gastrulation2.html (641 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate.
		The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula's endoderm.
		The filopodia--thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells--found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archeteron across the blastocoel.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=archenteron (211 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Blastocoele
		A blastocoel(e) or blastocele or cleavage cavity or segmentation cavity is the central region of a blastocyst.
		A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis.
		A blastocoel can be described as the first cell cavity formed as the Embryo enlarges.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Blastocoel (104 words)

	The Combined Graduate Program in Developmental Genetics
		When PAR-3 is removed from the embryo at this stage, cells develop defects in their pattern of adhesion to one another.
		Cells in normal embryos show an asymmetry in adhesion to their neighbors; separations form between cells on opposite sides of the embryo to produce the central blastocoel.
		In PAR-3-depleted embryos, the pattern of cell adhesions is abnormal and the blastocoel becomes mispositioned.
	www.med.nyu.edu /sackler/dgp/faculty/nance.html (501 words)

	Blastocoel
		Term (often used in lower vertebrates) to describe an early stage in the development of an embryo consisting of a hollow sphere of cells enclosing a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel.
		The developmental stage of the fertilized ovum by the time it is ready to implant; formed from the morula and consists of an inner cell mass, an internal cavity, and an outer layer of cells (the trophoblast).
		If you have a better definition for Blastocoel than the one presented here, please let us know by making use of the suggest a term option.
	www.medicalglossary.net /Blastocoel.htm (654 words)

	OCM Images (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The blastocoel consists primarily of fluid with very little scattering material, so it appears dark blue or nearly fl.
		Second, we observed a breakup of the blastocoel near the leading edge of the migrating mesoderm.
		There are noticeable dark "pockets" in the migrating mesoderm that seem to be devoid of scattering material, probably regions of blastocoel fluid that have separated the migrating mesoderm from the interior surface of the ectoderm.
	www.physics.hmc.edu /research/OCMmovies/OCMImages.html (1152 words)

	Blastocoel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Synonyms: blastocele (n), blastocoele (n), cleavage cavity (n), segmentation cavity (n).
		"Blastocoel" is generally used as a noun (singular) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"Blastocoel" is used about 3 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /bl/blastocoel.html (295 words)

	AN ATLAS OF XENOPUS EMBRYOGENESIS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Radial intercalation has led to a thinning out of the blastocoel roof, which now consists of two layers: the outer, epithelial layer and the inner, sensorial layer.
		The expansion of the blastocoel roof by epibolic movement is more advanced on the dorsal side, where animal material is con-stantly shifted vegetally (arrow').
		The cells of the deep zone move animal-wards, approaching the blastocoel roof (arrow').
	www.bioscience.org /atlases/humembry/clinembr/htm/large15.htm (114 words)

	Gastrulation in C. elegans
		The blastocoel space forms when specific surfaces of cells separate from one another in the interior of the embryo.
		Prior to the 26-cell stage, the embryo is organized as a hull of cells one cell in radius that is surrounded by a vitelline envelope and eggshell.
		As during blastocoel formation, cortical PAR-3 and PAR-6 are restricted to the apical surfaces of cells during gastrulation.
	www.wormbook.org /chapters/www_gastrulation/gastrulation.html (4293 words)

	Polarity of the mouse embryo is established at blastocyst and is not prepatterned -- Motosugi et al. 19 (9): 1081 -- ...
		The eventual position of the blastocoel, thus Em–Ab axis, is specified by external mechanical pressure imposed by the ellipsoidal ZP.
		Aziz, M. and Alexandre, H. The origin of the nascent blastocoele in preimplantation mouse embryos: Ultrastructural cytochemistry and effect of chloroquine.
		Manejwala, F.M., Cragoe Jr., E.J., and Schultz, R.M. Blastocoel expansion in the preimplantation mouse embryo: Role of extracellular sodium and chloride and possible apical routes of their entry.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/19/9/1081 (6721 words)

	µo¨\|¥Íª«¾Ç [Gastrulation and Mesoderm Induction] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The initial migration of the primary mesenchyme cells is directed by the blastocoel wall and by the parallel fibrils of the extracellular matrix in the blastocoel.
		Hyaluronic acid (complex polysaccharide, this polymer can expand in water) is made by ectodermal cells and accumulated in the blastocoel, where it coats the surfaces of the incoming cells to keep the mesenchyme cells dispersed during their migration and thereby ensuring the this migration continues.
		Cell migration correlate with the presence of a fibronectin meshwork in the extracellular basal lamina of the epiblast cells.
	home.mc.ntu.edu.tw /~fjhsieh/871118.html (974 words)

	Research Paper Draft
		The trophoblast is the layer of cells surrounding the blastocyst.
		The blastocoel is the hollow cavity found within the blastocyst.
		Finally, the inner cell mass is a group of roughly 30 cells found at one end of the blastocoel.
	mason.gmu.edu /~ctwombly/stemcelldraft.html (944 words)

	Establishment of substratum polarity in the blastocoel roof of the Xenopus embryo -- Nagel and Winklbauer 126 (9): 1975 ...
		Establishment of substratum polarity in the blastocoel roof of the Xenopus embryo -- Nagel and Winklbauer 126 (9): 1975 -- Development
		Establishment of substratum polarity in the blastocoel roof of the Xenopus embryo
		mesoderm migration on the blastocoel roof extracellular matrix.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/126/9/1975 (235 words)

	[No title]
		The fluid-filled cavity of the blastula is the blastocoel.
		Blastula: The large number of cells in the morula rearrange to form a blastula, a single-layered ball with a fluid-filled cavity, called the blastocoel, in the middle.
		The blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity) is only found at the animal pole.
	employees.oneonta.edu /bachman/mcb/211labs/211developmentlab.doc (973 words)

	BIOL3530: Developmental Biology, Morphogenesis
		Fluid pressure inside the blastocoel is a major force in maintaining a spherical blastula (hydrostatic pressure).
		The epiblast is initially a solid mass of cells but apoptosis (programmed cell death) removes the internal cells to produce a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by an epithelial sheet.
		In the sea urchin, after the primary mesenchyme enters the blastocoel, they form a ring in the vegetal region around the gut.
	www.mun.ca /biology/desmid/brian/BIOL3530/DB_Ch08/DBNMorph.html (1849 words)

	ECM 18
		Immunofluorescence assay showed that during invagination of the endoderm, ECM 18 accumulates in the basal lamina underlying the ectoderm and endoderm cells and no signal is detected in the cytoplasm or in the apical lamina of these cells.
		In an attempt to understand the cause of the delayed onset in accumulation of ECM 18 protein, the association of ECM 18 mRNA with polysomes was examined.
		Thus, one explanation for the lack of ECM 18 protein in early embryos is that the maternal ECM 18 mRNA does not associate with polysomes and thus, is not translated (Berg et al., 1996).
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/genomics/mirror/urchin/u1ecmv.htm (553 words)

	[No title]
		The blastocoel, a prominent cavity in the animal hemisphere above the mass of the yolk, is seen after the morula stage.
		If one were to take cells from the blastula's animal half directly above the blastocoel and lay them directly on top of the cells from the yolk mass of the vegetal hemisphere (which make up the bottom part of the blastocoel), the animal hemisphere cells would be induced to form mesodermal structures.
		One can therefore postulate that one of the functions of the blastocoel may be to restrict the interaction between future endodermal and future ectodermal cells (although they are "allowed" to interact at the ring surrounding the edges of the blastocoel).
	www.csc.edu /mathsci/akrejci/BIOL432-532/frog2.htm (1693 words)

	REDOX INDICATOR PATTERNS IN RELATION TO ECHINODERM EXOGASTRULATION. II. REDUCTION PATTERNS -- CHILD 106 (1): 21 -- The ...
		in the blastocoel differs little or not at all from that in
		cell-wall and of dissociated cells in the blastocoel with sufficient
		blastocoel, which are evidently not dead in most cases, and
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/abstract/106/1/21 (641 words)

	Embryo fossils reveal animal complexity 10 million years before Cambrian Explosion
		Even in larger embryo fossils estimated to contain 1,000 cells or more, the scientists did not observe a blastocoel, a fluid-filled gap in the middle of the embryo and a common feature among modern animal embryos.
		In another study of embryos published by Raff, IUB Department of Biology Chair Elizabeth Raff and colleagues earlier this year, the scientists reported blastocoels were not always preserved under the kinds of preservation conditions that may have been involved in the formation of fossil embryos.
		The Raffs and research associate F. Rudolf Turner provided electron micrographs of internal structures such as embryonic lipid vesicles in modern embryos that served as the key comparisons with structures observed in the fossil embryos, and were a source of expertise on the asynchronous cleavage of embryonic cells.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/iu-efr101006.php (708 words)

	Principles of Developmental Biology
		They then become intimately connected with the blastocoel wall, and this area will eventually form a perforation that becomes the mouth of the larva.
		Gastrulation in Xenopus is marked by the invagination of bottle cells, which is initiated by their apical constriction and the subsequent elongation of their cell bodies as they protrude into the interior.
		The anterior extension of the converged and involuted mesoderm occurs along the blastocoel roof.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/biology/devbio/chaptersummary/ch13.htm (1188 words)

	HpTa (Site not responding. Last check: )
		At the early gastrula stage, the signals were found in cells of the invaginating tip of the vegetal plate or newly formed archenteron.
		At the mid-gastrula stage, the archenteron has extended to nearly a half of the blastocoel and two islands of skeletogenic sites are formed by the primary mesenchyme cells.
		Intense hybridization signals were detected in the secondary mesenchyme cells and cells of the archenteron tip, whereas the other cells of the archenteron showed barely detectable signals.
	www.evol.nw.ru /labs/lab38/spirov/hox_pro/hp_bra.html (510 words)

	Sea Urchin Gastrulation
		They then change their shape and start to ingress into the blastocoel cavity.
		The PMCs migrate along the fibers in the blastocoel cavity and then settle down in two clusters near the vegetal plate.
		The archenteron elongates by convergence and extension reaching up to the roof of the blastocoel cavity.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/wwasser/dev/urchgast.htm (116 words)

	Scientific American: Oldest Embryo Fossils Provide Picture of Early Animal Life
		In another example, even the largest fossilized embryos found lacked a blastocoel, a fluid-filled hole in the embryo's center that is common to most living animal embryos.
		"Either these embryos are primitive and don't have a clear blastocoel, or a blastocoel existed but didn't survive the preservation process," Raff notes.
		And despite the astonishing similarity to modern embryos, the possibility remains that geologic processes could have resulted in rock formations that simply mimic the shape of animal embryos.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000B5275-8CC4-152E-8CC483414B7F0000 (688 words)

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