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Topic: Bleach chemical

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	Bleach - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Household bleach or sodium hypochlorite is used in the home for whitening clothes, removing stains, and disinfecting.
		Chlorine bleach is a detergent and is also commonly used as a disinfectant by homemakers and janitors.
		Chlorine dioxide is used for the bleaching of wood pulp, fats and oils, cellulose, flour, textiles, beeswax, and in a number of other industries.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bleach_%28chemical%29 (400 words)

	* Bleach - (Photography): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A chemical bath to convert the fl metallic silver that forms a photographic image into a compound such as a silver halide, which can then be dissolved or dyed.
		Bleach is used in toning and in many colour processes...
		The print is then bleached in a special copper bleach which removes the silver image and at the same time hardens the areas of gelatin in proportion to the amout of silver removed...
	www.bestknows.com /photography/bleach.html (347 words)

	TOWARDS ZERO-EFFLUENT PULP AND PAPER PRODUCTION:
		The principal aim of pulp bleaching is to increase the brightness of the pulp.
		Oxygen bleaching was inserted as a step after the digestion stage and allowed the lignin content of the pulp entering the bleach plant to be reduced from on average 5% to 2.5%.
		CEFIC (1993) Chlorine Dioxide in Pulp Bleaching, Publ.
	archive.greenpeace.org /~toxics/reports/tcf/tcf.html (15204 words)

	Paperloop.com - leading the pulp, paper, packaging and printing industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		To minimize evaporation requirements of the chemical recovery system while recovering bleach filtrates, it is necessary to replace fresh water used to wash pulp (before it enters the bleach plant) with the recovered bleach filtrates.
		Bleaching studies conducted by Champion have shown a negligible effect on bleach chemical consumption due to recovery of bleach plant filtrate in the BFR process.
		Laboratory bleaching studies simulating the BFR process showed that oxygen delignified southern softwood and hardwood pulps could be bleached to 86 brightness with filtrate recycle using carbonate precipitation as the metal removal process.
	www.paperloop.com /db_area/archive/ppi_mag/1995/9506/95060107.htm (2056 words)

	Bleach (chemical) Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Common chemical bleaches include sodium hypochlorite, or "chlorine bleach," and "oxygen bleach," which contains hydrogen peroxide.
		Chlorine bleach is commonly used as a disinfectant by homemakers and janitors.
		In most color negative processes, the silver halide crystals present in the emulsion are removed using chemical bleaches.
	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Bleach_%28chemical%29 (494 words)

	EPA: Pesticides - Bleach
		The term "bleach" stems from the discovery in the late 1700's that chlorine gas in water "bleached" or "whitened" textiles.
		Bleach is also used in animal facilities, hospitals, and human drinking water supplies.
		Bleach and vinegar must not be combined together directly, rather some water must first be added to the bleach (e.g., two cups water to one cup of bleach), then vinegar (e.g., one cup), and then the rest of the water (e.g., six cups).
	www.epa.gov /pesticides/factsheets/chemicals/bleachfactsheet.htm (1412 words)

	Paperloop.com - News•Analysis•Prices•Forecasts•Data•Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Even slight overfeeding of chemical has detrimental effects throughout the rest of the bleaching process, especially the succeeding D stages.
		In bleaching applications it is also a measure of the amount of caustic (NaOH) applied to the pulp.
		Bleach plant control systems have to assume that the change in pH with time is a constanta necessary assumption but not a wise one.
	www.paperloop.com /db_area/archive/p_p_mag/2004/0009/03.html (2300 words)

	Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Chlorine Gas Toxicity from Mixture of Bleach with Other Cleaning Products -- California
		Immediately after he applied a bleach and water solution to the floor, a noxious gas with a strong odor was emitted.
		On December 25, 1987, a patient mixed approximately 1/2 L of bleach and 1 L of a 4% phosphoric acid cleaner in a bucket, creating a noxious gas.
		The ward was evacuated until chemical residues on the bathroom floors had been rinsed and air exchange had been completed using the existing exhaust fan system.
	www.cdc.gov /MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00015111.htm (2191 words)

	Science: Engineering: Chemical - Open Site
		Chemical engineering is the design, development and management of a wide and varied spectrum of industrial processes.
		Chemical engineers build a bridge between science and manufacturing, applying the principles of chemistry and engineering to solve problems involving the production or use of chemicals.
		Chemical engineers also work in a variety of manufacturing industries other than chemical manufacturing, such as those producing electronics, photographic equipment, clothing, and pulp and paper.
	open-site.org /Science/Engineering/Chemical (546 words)

	Chemical Engineers
		Chemical engineers are increasingly using computer technology to optimize all phases of research and production; therefore they need to understand how to apply computer skills to process analysis, automated control systems, and statistical quality control.
		Chemical engineering graduates may face keen competition for jobs as the number of openings is projected to be substantially lower than the number of graduates.
		Employment of chemical engineers is projected to grow as fast as the average for all occupations though 2008.
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/ooh20002001/221.htm (442 words)

	Causes of Burn Injuries - Burn Survivor Resource Center - chemical burns
		Chemical burns occur when the skin is in contact with strong acids or alkalids.
		The chemical will continue to 'eat' its way through the skin and deeper layers until it is washed away.
		It is important to wash away the chemical burn as soon as possible and remove clothing and jewelry that may have the chemical on them.
	www.burnsurvivor.com /injury_examples_chemicalburns.html (395 words)

	Champion-Expanding Encyclopedia
		A discussion of bleach as a chemical disinfectant and its hazards is outlined.
		Bleach and its use in CJD embalming cases is discussed.
		Emphasis is placed on proper selection of chemicals used during embalming and avoidance of situations which hasten or accelerate the dehydration process in the embalmed body.
	www.champion-newera.com /encyclo.html (2975 words)

	Dyeing with Bleach
		Bleach is an effective color remover as long as you confine yourself to natural fibers like cotton, linen, and rayon.
		But as soon as you've applied the bleach using either method and you're ready to stop the action, you'll rinse the fabric in water, soak it in a neutralizing solution for five or ten minutes, then rinse it again.
		After the bleach is applied, nothing much happens in under two minutes, and I never leave anything longer than eight to ten minutes.
	www.taunton.com /threads/pages/t00160.asp (1571 words)

	Bleach As Disinfectant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bleach is commonly used as a disinfectant by homemakers and janitors.
		Bleach is also a Christian rock group that disbanded in 2004.
		Disinfectants are chemical substances used to kill viruses and microbes (germs), such as bacteria and fungi.
	www.super8filmmaking.com /tail/8103-bleach-as-disinfectant.html (535 words)

	High-Performance Engineered Plastics - Chemical
		NOTE: The ratings in the charts DO NOT reflect the extent to which extraction may occur or the extent to which fluids may undergo any physical changes in properties or composition, as a result of coming into contact with the tubing.
		Chemical resistance will be adversely affected by elevated temperatures.
		Laboratory, field or clinical tests must be conducted in accordance with applicable requirements in order to determine the safety and effectiveness for use of a product in any particular application.
	www.tygon.com /data/chemicalresistance/ChemicalResistance.asp?ID=206 (291 words)

	EAI - FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Each of the chemical warfare agents has characteristic symptoms that indicate exposure, and many of these symptoms will show up within minutes to hours, depending on the level of exposure.
		However, some of the chemical or biological agents can cause contamination, and others could be exposed to the toxic material by contact with a contaminated person.
		Bleach can be a very effective decontaminant, if you know what you are using it against and know that there will be no adverse reactions.
	www.eaicorp.com /resources_fa.htm (1026 words)

	Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) (Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, Libraryof Congress)
		Chemical/biological warfare is the term used to describe the use of chemical or biological agents as weapons to injure or kill humans, livestock, or plants.
		Chemical weapons are devices that use chemicals to inflict death or injury; biological weapons use pathogens or organisms that cause disease.
		Although both chemical and biological warfare/weapons have a long history of use in human conflict, most of the resources selected for this TB reflect contemporary issues and concerns.
	www.lcweb.loc.gov /rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/chemicalbiotb.html (3449 words)

	Chemiluminescence: The Blue Glow
		Recognize the chemiluminescence is a process by which the energy of a chemical reaction is converted to light energy.
		Both are caused by chemical reactions in which energy is released or given off as “cool” light.
		Due to the reactive nature of the liquid bleach, the chemical reaction occurs very quickly and the light is very bright.
	galileo.phys.virginia.edu /Education/outreach/8thgradesol/Chemiluminescence.htm (798 words)

	Chemical Fact Sheets -- Chlorine
		Household bleach, used to whiten fabrics or remove mold from surfaces, is a 5% solution of a stabilized form of chlorine.
		Liquid chlorine bleach and its vapors (at levels of 3-6 ppm in air) are irritating to eyes.
		It is also important to consider the length of exposure to the chemical; the amount of chemical exposure; and whether the chemical was inhaled, touched, or eaten.
	www.dhfs.state.wi.us /eh/ChemFS/fs/chlorine.htm (813 words)

	AllRefer.com - Javelle water, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		It was originally made near the French town of Javelle (now part of Paris) and was the first chemical bleach, a use first demonstrated by C. Berthollet in 1785.
		After the invention of bleaching powder Javelle water was sometimes produced by reacting the bleaching powder with potash or soda ash (sodium carbonate).
		Now usually sodium hypochlorite solution, it is used in bleaching and as a disinfectant.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/Javellew.html (215 words)

	US EPA, Learn About Chemicals Around Your House, Chlorine Bleach
		You wouldn't think that ordinary chlorine bleach is a pesticide - but it is. Because it kills bacteria- and viruses it is called a disinfectant or an antimicorbial pesticide.
		That means 5.25% of the liquid is the chemical sodium hypochlorite and the rest is mostly water.
		Not only will the bleach damage your clothing but it is irritating to your skin and can cause serious damage to your eyes, even blindness.
	www.epa.gov /pesticides/kids/hometour/products/bleach.htm (397 words)

	Warwick International - leading supplier of TAED (tetraacetylethylenediamine)
		We have unparalleled expertise in the distribution and marketing taed, tetraacetylethylenediamine of speciality chemicals, helping our customers to grow their businesses tetra acetyl ethylene diamine, mykon by maintaining a bleach activator, speciality chemical consistent focus on quality and service.
		The result is excellent bleaching with minimal fibre degradation and the potential for chemical and bleach activator, speciality chemical energy savings.
		By appropriate selection of bleaching conditions,technology allows speciality chemicals, chemical distribution bleaching and selective delignification to be achieved.
	www.warwickint.com (625 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Chemical burn or reaction
		Chemicals that touch skin can cause a limited skin reaction, an overall body reaction, or both.
		You should suspect chemical exposure if an otherwise healthy person becomes ill for no apparent reason, particularly if an empty chemical container is found nearby.
		Exposure to chemicals at work over a long period of time can cause changing symptoms as the chemical builds up in the person's body.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/000059.htm (634 words)

	Hazardous Household Waste (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Consideration of the effect of these chemicals is important to all consumers, but is particularly important to residents of the Caribbean.
		Bleach Sodium hypochlorite (calcium hypochlorite is used as well) is the active ingredient in bleach.
		Bleach can be formed by several processes, but one method is to bubble chlorine gas (Cl) through an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
	www.uvi.edu /Physics/SCI3xxWeb/Waste/HouseholdWaste.html (1733 words)

	Paperloop.com - leading the pulp, paper, packaging and printing industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After running the mill with full recycling of the bleach plant effluent for a number of years, the closed-cycle operation at Thunder Bay was discontinued.
		For a bleached kraft mill, perhaps the most attractive way to reduce bleach plant effluent is to extend delignification prior to the bleaching process.
		In such a situation, several chemical technologies that are now available to control inorganic and organic deposits should prove advantageous and could save substantial downtime on equipment.
	www.paperloop.com /db_area/archive/p_p_mag/1996/9607/96070143.htm (1825 words)

	Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Formulas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Sodium hypochlorite is the active ingredient in household bleach.
		In other words, our chemical analysis tells us that we have a compound in which Na, O, and Cl are found in a 1:1:1 mole ratio (or 23:16:36 gram-ratio).
		The chemical analysis of caffeine, which is found in coffee, colas, and tea, gives the following mass percent composition: C, 49.798%; H, 5.082%; N, 28.532%; O, 16.288%.
	hargrave.drh.net /academics/science/cpchem2/notes/atoms.html (712 words)

	A Hotlist on Chemical Reactions
		Chemical Changes by JIM L. - The students will compare different types of chemical changes.
		Bleach Chemical Reactions - The purpose is to shows what happens when Bleach comes in contact with various cloth fibers, chemical colors, nature and synthetics.
		To learn that the formation of gas bubbles is an indication of a chemical change.
	www.kn.pacbell.com /wired/fil/pages/listchemicalsu.html (497 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Dangers of Mixing Bleach and Ammonia - A795611
		Often, one looks at a bottle of bleach and wonders, 'Why shouldn't this be mixed with ammonia?' If you know how dangerous chlorine gas is to humans (it was used as a chemical weapon during World War I and later by Nazi Germany in World War II), this will be very apparent.
		Ammonia has a chemical formula of NH, that is, one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen.
		Nitrogen trichloride is a very toxic chemical to humans, and even if you did get close enough to ingest it, it would probably explode in your face first, as it is also a very volatile explosive.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A795611 (785 words)

	Life-Like Cosmetic Solutions - Q3 2000 Whitener Stories
		For example, why use KNO3/fluoride in support of leaving bleach in the mouth longer than its naturally effective period as the majority of active ingredient is expended within the first hour?1 The use of curing lamps/heat in whitening has serious safety questions2.
		Carbamide peroxide is a dental chemical for the purpose of bleaching teeth.
		Chemical bleach is not meant to be savored or swallowed.
	www.life-like.com /whitenrq300a.html (2480 words)

	Re: How would household bleach effect the growth of phytoplankton? How would it
		However, bleach is a strong oxidizer that can cause severe damage to living material.
		In fact, the toxicity of bleach is such that it is often used as a disinfectant, and microorganisms have not developed resistance.
		It is not the presence of chloride ions that makes bleach toxic, but the added oxygen in bleach.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/mar2000/953093140.Bt.r.html (337 words)

	Bleach Buckle and Burn
		"Bleach, Buckle and Burn: Chemical Treatments of Fabric" is a comprehensive manual and information resource produced from the ongoing research of Jill Pettifer and Annie Trevillian.
		Bleach (Discharge Printing) when a pre-dyed fabric is printed or painted with a reducing agent which removes the dye
		Buckle (also referred to as Cockling, Cloque and Lye Crimping) three-dimensional qualities in fabrics are created by the application of strong alkalis (sodium hydroxide) to natural cellulose fabrics which allow the treated areas to shrink and buckle.
	www.anu.edu.au /ITA/CSA/textiles/bbb1.html (203 words)

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