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Topic: Bligh Reef

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	Captain William Bligh of the 'Bounty'
		Bligh was abused and threatened, his hands were tied behind him, and he was forced up on to the deck clad only in his shirt.
		Bligh and his companions agreed that their only chance was to reach Timor, 3,600 miles away, with stops at various islands on he way to replenish food and water supplies.
		Bligh's naval career had seasoned him to danger but it had not fitted him for a difficult administrative post, and he was quite unable to cope with the intrigue that surrounded him.
	www.janesoceania.com /captbligh (4839 words)

	Captain Bligh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is true that Captain Bligh travelled around the world with the great Captain Cook, but perhaps he would have been forgotten by now if it wasn't for the mutiny on his ship HMS Bounty.
		Bligh survived and Bligh Reef (off the coast of Alaska) was named after him and still bears his name.
		It happened to be this reef that was struck by the tanker Exxon Valdez in recent years.
	www.xs4all.nl /~androom/dead/bligh.htm (130 words)

	TallShipBounty.org
		Bligh was born on September 9, 1754 to Francis and Jane Bligh (née Balsam) in Plymouth, although of a Cornish family.
		Bligh's mission may have introduced the Ackee to the Caribbean as well, though this is uncertain (Ackee is now called Blighia sapida in binomial nomenclature, after Bligh).
		The full title of Bligh's own account of the famous mutiny is: A Voyage to the South Sea, undertaken by command of His Majesty, for the purpose of conveying the bread-fruit tree to the West Indies, in his majesty's ship the Bounty, commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh.
	www.tallshipbounty.org /the-history/captain-bligh.php (2271 words)

	Bligh, William (1754-1817) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is true that Captain Bligh travelled around the world with the great Captain Cook and had proved in that time that he was a first class seaman, but perhaps he would have been forgotten by now if it wasn't for the mutiny on his ship HMS Bounty.
		After Bligh had managed to return to England he was treated as a national hero and a battle ship was sent to Tahiti to arrest the mutineers, but some of them escaped to Pitcairn Island.
		Allthough Bligh often sailed with the same crew (they came back to him by their own free will) his reputation suffered much as Hollywood movies often portrayed him as a tyrant.
	www.xs4all.nl /~androom/biography/p001390.htm (256 words)

	Two fishermen rescued from life raft in Gulf of Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A distress call from the fishing vessel Bligh Reef was relayed to the Coast Guard Marine Safety Office in Valdez reporting the vessel was disabled and without steering.
		The Bligh Reef was foundering in heavy weather - winds at 40 mph and seas of 15- to 20-feet.
		The crew will track the Bligh Reef today to ensure that it is still afloat and not causing a hazard to navigation.
	www.uscg.mil /d17/allnews/news02/23702.htm (363 words)

	Bounty's Launch
		Bligh marked all the islands they passed, trying to chart them and give their positions as best he could; so well did he succeed that his chart of “Bligh Islands,” as he called them, could be used for navigation today.
		Bligh had heard from some Tongans that the Fijians were cannibals, so he did not dare to land on any of the lush, inviting islands.
		It is characteristic of Bligh’s pedantry and compulsive insistence on protocol that, even though several of his men were dangerously close to dying, he insisted on hoisting a distress flag and waiting for permission to land.
	library.puc.edu /pitcairn/bounty/launch.shtml (3118 words)

	Cruise to Cape York and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
		Reef Endeavour carries four onboard reef vessels, including a glass bottom boat, snorkelling and dive tenders.
		After the mutiny on the Bounty, Captain Bligh and his Officers were cast adrift in an open boat in the South Seas.
		Due to its remote location this reef is rarely visited and its pristine condition offers amazing snorkelling opportunities and glass bottom boat viewing.
	www.cruisingholidays.co.uk /pacific/barrierreef/cape-york-cruise.htm (1226 words)

	In re Exxon Valdez
		Bligh Island and Bligh Reef have been known to navigators for a long time.
		There is an established sea lane that takes vessels well to the west of Bligh Reef, but Captain Hazelwood prudently took the vessel east of the shipping lanes to avoid a heavy concentration of ice in the shipping lane, which is a serious hazard.
		Considering the ice in the water, the darkness, the importance of turning the vessel away from Bligh Reef before hitting it, and the tricky nature of turning this behemoth, one would expect an experienced captain of the ship to manage this critical turn.
	www.law.com /regionals/ca/opinions/nov/9735191.shtml (14203 words)

	Linda House
		On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez struck the Bligh reef in Alaska’s Prince William Sound and tore open eight of her cargo holds and three of her ballast tanks.
		Fortunately, the ship stayed balanced on a reef ledge and did not sink, which would have further endangered her crew and released all of the oil.
		Overall, the oil was able to spread from the Bligh reef to the surrounding areas and down to Kodiak Island, which is some three hundred miles distant.
	itw.sewanee.edu /ES/Hart/Oil/Env.html (3884 words)

	Bligh Reef (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A reef is a nautical term for a chainof rocks or coral, or ridges of sand, at or just beneath the surface of the water.
		Although corals are major contributors to the framework andbulk material comprising a coral Reef, the organisms most responsible for Ree growth against the constant assault from oceanwaves are calcarous algae, especially, although not entirely, species of redalgae.
		Commonly appearing connections are : Bligh Reef, Blighia, Blighia, Blight, Blight, Blight Busters, Blight Busters, Blight Ovum, Blight Ovum, Blighted Ovam, Blighted Ovam, Blighted Ovary, Blighted Ovary, Blighted Ovem, Blighted Ovem, Blighted Ovium, Blighted Ovium, Blighted Ovum, Blighted Ovum And Hcg Levels, Blighted Ovum And Hcg Levels
	www.super8filmmaking.com /tail/9107-bligh-reef.html (189 words)

	Exxon Valdez - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It gained widespread infamy after the March 24, 1989 oil spill in which the tanker hit Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef and spilled an estimated 11 to 30 million[1][2] U.S. gallons (50,000 m³ to 150,000 m³) of crude oil: the Exxon Valdez oil spill, or the EVOS.
		The ship could transport a maximum of 1.48 million barrels (200,000 t) at a sustained speed of 16.25 knots (30 km/h) and was employed to transport crude oil from the Alyeska consortium's pipeline terminal in Valdez, Alaska, to the lower 48 states of the United States.
		After the spill, the Exxon Valdez was towed to San Diego, arriving on July 10 and repairs began in July 30, 1989.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exxon_Valdez (506 words)

	EVOSTC History
		Some time during the critical period before the grounding during the first few minutes of Good Friday, March 24, Cousins plotted a fix indicating it was time to turn the vessel back toward the traffic lanes.
		The light should have been seen off the port side (the left side of a ship, facing forward); its position off the starboard side indicated great peril for a supertanker that was out of its lanes and accelerating through close waters.
		The vessel came to rest facing roughly southwest, perched across its middle on a pinnacle of Bligh Reef.
	www.evostc.state.ak.us /History/excerpt.cfm?part=6 (399 words)

	Findings
		The third mate's failure to turn the vessel at the proper time and with sufficient rudder was probably the result of his excessive workload and fatigued condition, which caused him to lose awareness of the location of Bligh Reef.
		The vessel was in the red sector of Busby Island Light for several minutes before grounding, which afforded a warning of the reef that apparently was not noticed by the third mate or the lookout.
		Moving the pilot station to a position south of Bligh Reef enhanced navigation safety by ensuring the presence of an officer with local knowledge of the area on the bridge of each vessel transiting Valdez Arm past Bligh Reef.
	www.dcs.gla.ac.uk /research/gaag/level4_99/mcgroard/FindingsMain.htm (1353 words)

	POL 280 \| Alaska After Exxon Valdez
		However, prior to 1980, pilots were required to man the tankers past Rocky Point and Bligh Reef, all the way to Cape Hitchinbrook (forty miles south of Bligh Reef).
		Exxon was accused of two felony charges and three misdemeanor charges which could have won the federal government more than $600 million in fines and damages under a federal law allowing the government to collect up to twice the amount of money a company spent on cleanup and claims.
		According the act, an automated navigational light was placed on Bligh Reef with sufficient height and power to provide a long distance warning of the reef’s location.
	www.alma.edu /departments/polsci/alaska2004/kruse.html (4397 words)

	Photo Gallery
		Bligh Reef is where the Exxon Valdez went aground March 24, 1989 spilling between 11 and 34 million gallons of crude oil into the sound.The 153-foot tugboat with 10,000 horsepower is tethered to the tanker and can stop the tanker or change its direction in case of a mechanical breakdown.
		Tankers are escorted by at least one other tugboat during their journey to the open water of the Gulf of Alaska.
		The tanker, which is also escorted by another tugboat, will stay tethered until it passes Bligh Reef where the Exxon Valdez went aground March 24, 1989.
	www2.jsonline.com /news/exxon/gallery.asp (1801 words)

	Fiji : In Depth : History \| Frommers.com
		After the mutiny on HMS Bounty in April 1789, Bligh and his loyal crew sailed their longboat through Fiji on their way to safety in Indonesia.
		For a while, Fiji was known as the Bligh Islands, and the passage between Viti Levu and Vanua Levu still is named Bligh Water.
		The Tongans warned the Europeans who made their way west across the South Pacific that Fiji was inhabited by ferocious cannibals, and the reports by Bligh and others of reef-strewn waters added to the dangerous reputation of the islands.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/fiji/0208020044.html (2110 words)

	Reef Safari Fiji \| Scuba Diving Adventures ...
		Arcing north from the Mamanucas are a string of Islands known collectively as The Yasawas (2).
		Between Viti Levu and Vanua Levu (the second largest island in the Fiji group) is a famous section of sea called the Bligh Water.
		Copyright 2005 Crystal Blue Reef Safari Ltd. Design by Tricky3.
	www.reefsafari.com.fj (248 words)

	Reef Endeavour Cruises ex Cairns 2007 Save up to 35% with Earlybird & Last minute Specials for Reef Endeavour Cruises!
		The ship provides a total of 95 exciting Barrier Reef cruises out of Cairns but increases the number of Cape York cruises in 2007 to 8 due to their popularity.
		This is a great way to see more of the reef and an exciting alternative to Cairns hotels and island resorts.
		The Reef Endeavour leaves Cairns for 8 cruises in 2007 to Cape York.
	www.globenettravel.com.au /cruises/reef_endeavour.asp (840 words)

	05/17/89 - EXXON VALDEZ HAD PROBLEMS BEFORE SPILL ...
		ANCHORAGE- Before it ran aground on Bligh Reef, the Exxon Valdez was a ship operating in widespread violation of company rules, its crew working with little sleep, questionable competence and a measure of confusion, according to information contained in investigative documents made public Tuesday.
		A detailed, technical redesign of the radar that would have enabled simultaneous 24 hour surveillance of both Bligh Reef and Valdez Narrows with existing equipment and at a cost of six hours of a technician's time was proposed in 1987, but never implemented.
		The documents that describe conditions of the ship and its crew, the rules they were to follow, and the Coast Guard's operations were among about 950 pages of material made public by the NTSB in conjunction with its hearings in Anchorage on the grounding of the Valdez.
	www.adn.com /evos/stories/EV329.html (2141 words)

	Home for Michael A. Lewis
		On the morning of March 24, 1989, I woke to the clock radio to hear the announcer at KCHU-AM say, "The tanker Exxon Valdez is on the rocks at Bligh Reef and leaking oil." I hopped on my bike, road into town and got my video equipment.
		It wasn't Hazelwood's drinking that caused the Exxon Valdez to pile on the well marked rocks at Bligh Reef.
		The coastal pilot got off before Bligh Reef, instead of staying aboard until the ship cleared Hinchenbrook Entrance, as required by state and federal regulations.
	www.calcentral.com /~mlewis/alaska.html (1091 words)

	Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on the Bligh Reef spilled almost eleven million gallon of oil into the Prince William Sound waters.
		It covered almost the entire Bligh Reef, killed millions of animals and took four human lives.
		There was some speculation that Captain Hazelwood was drunk at the time of the accident and this lead to an error in judgement on his part.
	schools.tdsb.on.ca /parklawn/Exxon/overview.htm (227 words)

	Oil Spills: Lessons from Alaska for Sakhalin(5)
		Noticing heavy ice in the lanes, the master steered the vessel on across the inbound lane to avoid ice, put the vessel on autopilot, and increased to full sea speed of 14 knots.
		At this point, there was a fully loaded, single-hulled supertanker at full sea speed, outside the designated traffic lanes, on autopilot, heading directly toward Bligh Reef, unmonitored by the Coast Guard VTS, piloted by an exhausted mate without pilotage credentials for this seaway - a recipe for disaster.
		Although the third mate later testified that a command was given to take the vessel off autopilot and that he gave a 10 degree right rudder command at Busby light, the voyage data recorder indicated later that the vessel didn't turn until 5 minutes (a full mile) later.
	src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp /sakhalin/eng/71/steiner5.html (2062 words)

	Coral Reefs - Appendix. 1 by Charles Darwin
		considerable submerged reefs lying parallel to the shore, with a broad and
		TAPAMANOA is surrounded by a reef at a considerable distance
		Williams, the reef is attached to the shore; coloured red.
	www.darwin-literature.com /Coral_Reefs/9.html (2979 words)

	Alaska - MSN Encarta
		The third mate, who lacked the U.S. Coast Guard certificate required for controlling vessels in these waters, was alone on the bridge.
		In the early hours of March 24, far outside the 16 km (10 mi) wide shipping lanes, the tanker struck Bligh Reef, a well-charted hazard, and ran aground.
		More than 38 million liters (10 million gallons) of crude oil was discharged into Prince William Sound, making this the worst spill in North American history.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569148_16/Alaska.html (1859 words)

	Exxon Valdez Spill, OilSpills.org
		On March 24, 1989, the tanker Exxon Valdez, en route from Valdez, Alaska to Los Angeles, California, ran aground on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
		For the first few days after the spill, most of the oil was in a large concentrated patch near Bligh Island.
		Ultimately, oil would extend more than 500 miles from Bligh reef, oiling shorelines in Prince William Sound, the Kenai peninsula, the Alaskan peninsula and Kodiak island.
	oilspills.org /Exxon_Valdez.htm (4515 words)

	OIL SPILL CLEANUP TECHNOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		On Prince William Sound, in Alaska in 1989, a major oil spill occurred when the Exxon Valdez grounded on Bligh Reef.
		Spilling over 11 million gallons of crude oil, from the 53 million it was caring, it was the largest in US history.
		With the difficulty of the clean up, it was very important for extreme measures to be taken.
	web.bryant.edu /~langlois/ecology/kate.htm (76 words)

	[Grovenet] Fw: The True Price of Oil
		It would appear that the tanker captain asked for and received permission to travel outbound in the empty inbound lane, he took it upon himself to leave the official traffic lanes to avoid sea ice.
		It would appear that he set a course for the reef and left the helm to an officer who had been awake for 18 hours and after 6 hours on watch was due for watch relief.
		After grounding, the captain tried to get the ship off of the reef for fifteen minutes and then USCG was notified of the grounding 20 minutes after the fact.
	www.rdrop.com /pipermail/grovenet/2005-July/006399.html (1846 words)

	exxonvaldez2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		At four minutes past midnight, Good Friday, March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez, loaded with approximately 54,000,000 US gallons of North Slope crude oil, ran aground on Bligh Reef in the northeastern portion of Prince William Sound.
		This caused the spilling of 11.2 million gallons of crude oil to be spilled into the sea.
		The reef had ripped a 150-foot hole in the ships hull.
	web.bryant.edu /~dlm1/sc261/cases/exxonvaldez2.htm (2349 words)

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