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	Fire Blight Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		Blight infections often move into twigs and branches from infected blossom clusters, causing small shoots to wilt, forming a crook at the end of each infected shoot.
		Fire blight bacteria that survive generally do not move through the bark uniformly but invade healthy wood by moving in narrow paths up to 1-1/2 inches wide in the outer bark ahead of the main infection.
		If a fire blight infection occurs on a trunk or major limb, the wood can often be saved by scraping off the bark down to the cambium layer in infected areas (i.e., removing both the outer and inner bark).
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7414.html (1334 words)

	Management of Potato Diseases in the Home Garden
		The early blight fungus overwinters in potato tubers, on potato crop refuse and in the soil.
		Control of early blight begins with a fall cleanup of all potato crop refuse and by using healthy seed tubers in the spring.
		Late blight tuber rot is a firm rot that occurs when the spores of the late blight fungus are washed off the leaves of infected plants and down through cracks in the soil, where they come in contact with and infect the developing potato tubers.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/hortcrop/pp756w.htm (3722 words)

	Leaf Blight Diseases of Potato
		The terms "late blight" and "early blight" are somewhat misleading, since late blight often occurs earlier in the season than early blight, depending on environmental conditions.
		Late blight infection of tubers is characterized by irregularly shaped, slightly depressed areas of brown to purplish color of variable size on the skin.
		Development of early blight is generally ideal when the leaves of adjacent rows touch, which provides optimum conditions of high humidity, leaf yellowing of lower leaves and moderate canopy temperatures.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/hortcrop/pp1084w.htm (2434 words)

	Potato late blight, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There were, of course, factors that contributed to the starvation, including the land-tenure system in Ireland at that time, and the almost total dependence of the poorer working population on potatoes as their source of food.
		However, copper is potentially phytotoxic, so disease forecasting was developed to enable growers to predict when the environmental conditions were highly conducive to spread of the pathogen and thus when the growers needed to spray to protect their crops.
		The potato blight fungus also is thought to have its centre of origin in this region, so it is sensible to seek sources of genetic resistance to the pathogen in the wild potato plants of this region.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/blight.htm (1280 words)

	Fruit Disease Focus - Fire Blight - March, 1998
		Blossom blight symptoms most often appear within one to two weeks after bloom and usually involve the entire blossom cluster, which wilts and dies, turning brown on apple (photo at left) and quite fl on pear.
		Where fire blight occurred the previous year in orchards grown on susceptible rootstocks (M.26, M.9), trees showing poor foliage color or dieback should be examined for rootstock cankers and, if found, removed from the orchard immediately and destroyed.
		A very important aspect of fire blight management involves monitoring the weather for the specific conditions that govern the build-up of inoculum in the orchard, the blossom infection process and the appearance of symptoms.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_month/fireblight.html (2571 words)

	Organic Alternatives for Late Blight Control in Potatoes
		Late blight ( Phytophthora infestans) is a fungal disease that attacks the leaves, stems, and tubers of potato plants.
		Also note that the ideal conditions for an epidemic of late blight are when night temperatures are 50 to 60° F, along with fog, heavy dew, rain, or overhead irrigation, accompanied by daytime temperatures of 60 to 70° F. Four to five continual days of such weather are an open invitation for an outbreak.
		The duration of leaf wetness is a critical factor in late blight infection ( 9).
	www.attra.org /attra-pub/lateblight.html (2933 words)

	APSnet Feature: Chestnut Blight Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Chestnut blight, or chestnut bark disease, is caused by an introduced fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr, (formerly Endothia parasitica [Murrill] Anderson and Anderson).
		Meyer found chestnut blight disease in Japan in 1915 (45), and we now know that Japanese trees and some Chinese trees have good resistance to the fungus, and although they may be infected they are rarely killed.
		The blight fungus moves from tree to tree as spores on the feet, fur, and feathers of the many animals and insects that walk across the cankers (42,43,48).
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/chestnut/top.html (2562 words)

	Potato Blight
		Late blight is one of the most important potato diseases in the world.
		In 1995 late blight caused significant economic losses in Malheur County, Oregon and parts of Idaho; areas that have seen only isolated patches of the disease in past years.
		When a late blight infection is reported in a production area, it is important that all fields in that area receive a protectant fungicide spray.
	www.cropinfo.net /Potatoblight.htm (800 words)

	Fusarium Blight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fusarium blight is caused by the widespread fungi Fusarium roseum and F.
		As the disease progresses, grass dies as the crown and root tissues are destroyed.
		The fungi that cause fusarium blight survive the winter in the thatch layer and on infected grass roots, crowns and rhizomes.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /PLANTanswers/turf/publications/fusarium.html (364 words)

	Late Blight
		Recent evidence indicates that late blight may spread readily from infected tubers to freshly-cut surfaces and to sprouts of healthy seed tubers during the cutting operation, so it is wise to keep cutter knives sharp to minimize jagged cuts that may contribute to spreading this disease to healthy seed pieces.
		Although late blight does not need a wound to infect tubers, those tubers which are cut, skinned or shatter bruised are more likely to become infected because damaged areas remain wet for an extended time period, giving the late blight fungi time to infect the tuber.
		Early blight usually has concentric rings in the affected areas, white mold has lumps of cottony growth or sclerotia, bacterial soft rot may appear water-soaked, wet and slimy, and wind burn or maturity is usually very dry without the characteristic margin.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/SLVRC/lateblight.html (9283 words)

	IPM - RPD No. 709 - Spur Blight and Cane Blight of Rasberries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Spur and cane blights are common, serious diseases of raspberries in Illinois, especially during wet seasons.
		Spur blight is a more common and serious disease of red raspberries and to a lesser extent on fl and purple raspberries and loganberries.
		Cane blight is caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria or Melanomma coniothyrium (imperfect stage, Coniothyrium fuckelii).
	www.aces.uiuc.edu /ipm/fruits/rpds/709/709.html (1209 words)

	Bacterial Blight (halo blight and common blight) - Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives
		Halo blight and common blight reduce dry bean yields by reducing the ability of leaves to photosynthesize.
		It is caused by a toxin produced by the halo blight bacterium when the temperatures are less than 21 degrees C (70 degrees F) for at least part of the day.
		A laboratory culture may be required to confirm field identification of a bacterial disease and to distinguish between the bacterial blights.
	www.gov.mb.ca /agriculture/crops/diseases/fac02s00.html (389 words)

	Blight
		Blight is the name for any of a number of diseases affecting many species of plants.
		Causes of blight include fungal, bacterial, or viral infection.
		The Irish Potato Famine was caused by potato blight, and North American forests have been ravaged by chestnut blight.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/blight.html (145 words)

	PPA-34: Fire Blight
		Severe epidemics of fire blight have largely caused the decline in pear production in certain parts of the United States and have caused gradual elimination of the more blight susceptible cultivars of apple, pear, cotoneaster, and other plants.
		As fire blight progresses and disease symptoms develop, bacterial populations continue to build and are spread to other susceptible, but as yet unaffected, tissues.
		For growers who can only guess whether fire blight is likely to be a problem in a given year, their only choice is to try to protect the orchard from fire blight by spraying with the antibiotic streptomycin at four- to five-day intervals during bloom.
	www.ca.uky.edu /agc/pubs/ppa/ppa34/ppa34.htm (1961 words)

	Fire Blight of Apples, Crabapples and Pears, HYG-3002-94 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As the fire blight bacteria move through blighted twigs into main branches, the bark sometimes cracks along the margin of the infected area on the main branch causing a distinct canker.
		The fire blight bacteria overwinter in living tissue at the margins of cankers on the trunk and main branches.
		The optimum temperature range for blossom blight infection is 65 to 86 degrees F. The bacteria are spread from blossom to blossom by rain or pollinating insects.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3002.html (988 words)

	Chestnut Blight
		The orange-coloured areas at the edge of the canker are where Chestnut blight is actively growing and sporulating.
		Early attempts at controlling Chestnut blight involved crossing with the Chinese chestnut, with the expectation that some of the hybrids would show resistance as well as the upright form of the American chestnut.
		Some strains of the Chestnut blight fungus are infected with a virus which reduces the virulence of the fungus, so that an infected tree is able to produce callus, overgrow the cankers, and survive.
	www.uoguelph.ca /~chestnut/chestnut_blight.htm (394 words)

	Phytophthora Blight of Pepper & Other Vegetables
		Phytophthora blight of pepper is caused by the fungus Phytophthora capsici.
		Phytophthora blight of peppers can attack the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit, depending upon which stage plants are infected.
		Because Phytophthora blight is soilborne and more prevalent on poorly drained soils, careful attention must be given to cultural practices, especially on fields with a history of the disease.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Cucurbit_Phytoph.htm (1138 words)

	Fire Blight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Consequently, the fire blight symptoms are often referred to based on the part of the tree attacked: blossom blight, shoot or twig blight, fruit blight, limb and trunk blight, and collar or rootstock blight.
		Fire blight is most often first observed several weeks after bloom when shoot tips curl over and wilt, resulting in a characteristic curling of the shoot tip, referred to as "shepherd's crook" ( Figure 4).
		Fire blight may progress to the main limbs and trunk of the tree when warm temperatures, high humidity and young susceptible tissues combine to form desirable fireblight conditions in one growing season in susceptible cultivars.
	www.gov.on.ca /OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/firebl.htm (2977 words)

	Late Blight of Potatoes and Tomatoes Fact sheet
		Late blight of potatoes and tomatoes, the disease that was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the mid-nineteenth century, is caused by the fungus-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans.
		Although late blight inoculations during storage were previously considered highly unlikely, such occurrences have been documented recently.
		Late blight in the United States may need to be managed very differently in the future than in the past.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Potato_LateBlt.htm (2922 words)

	Late Blight: Vegetable Laboratory (VL), Beltsville Argricultural Research Center (BARC)
		Late blight of potato and tomato is caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary and remains the world’s most devastating disease of potato and tomato.
		As a result of the late blight epidemic, from a total of 8 million inhabitants living in Ireland in 1840, 1 million died due to the famine, another 1.5 million emigrated, and the population of Ireland was eventually reduced even further due to the long-term devastation of the famine.
		Late blight disease spreads very rapidly under moist humid weather especially when the days are warm with cool nights.
	www.barc.usda.gov /psi/vl/lateblight.htm (658 words)

	Late Blight of Potato and Tomato, HYG-3102-95 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Late blight is one of the most devastating diseases of potato and tomato worldwide.
		Late blight appears on potato or tomato leaves as pale green, water-soaked spots, often beginning at leaf tips or edges.
		Late blight is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3102.html (1156 words)

	Global blight
		The late blight pathogen can reproduce either sexually or asexually, depending on the genetics of nearby blight organisms.
		Major credit goes to a strange sexual practice in Mexico, where two strains of the P infestans pathogen have joined to create super-microbes that are destroying potato fields and threatening the souls of french-fry freaks from France to Philly.
		Since resistant spuds are only likely to have much impact, at least domestically, if they meet the cosmetic needs of large processors, Fry suggests using genetic engineering to move genes into potatoes that already make big processors want to heat up the fryer.
	whyfiles.org /128potato_blight/2.html (1118 words)

	Irish infestation
		Starting in 1845, a disease called "late blight" attacked the spuds that were feeding the densely packed island.
		Late blight and the famine also left a residue of bitterness that persists today.
		In 1845, late blight obliterated one-quarter to one-third of the Irish potato crop.
	whyfiles.org /128potato_blight (847 words)

	Early Blight and Septoria Leaf Spot of Tomato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Early blight and Septoria leaf spot are fairly easy to distinguish from one another in the field.
		The most important diagnostic feature of early blight is the formation of dark, concentric rings within the lesion, giving the spots a target-like appearance.
		Although early blight primarily is a foliage disease, lesions may develop on both stems and fruit.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /dp_hfrr/extensn/problems/earlblht.htm (515 words)

	FDIN009 - Stem Blight of Blueberry
		The stem blight fungus causes a rapid wilt with browning or reddening of leaves on individual branches, often followed by death of the entire plant as the fungus spreads downward through vascular tissue to the base of the plant.
		Stems killed by blight eventually drop their leaves after a few weeks and turn dark brown to fl in color; these dead infected stems are noticeably darker than stems dying due to other causes.
		Since stem blight is most damaging to young plantings, heavy pruning to promote rapid growth should be avoided in 1- to 2-yr-old plantings; pruning in young plantings should be limited to removal of stem blight-infected canes.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /depts/pp/notes/Fruit/fdin009/fdin009.htm (1097 words)

	AllRefer.com - blight (Plant Diseases) - Encyclopedia
		blight, general term for any sudden and severe plant disease or for the agent that causes it.
		The term is now applied chiefly to diseases caused by bacteria (e.g., bean blights and fire blight of fruit trees), viruses (e.g., soybean bud blight), fungi (e.g., chestnut blight), and protists (e.g., potato blight).
		Other plant afflictions (caused by insects or unfavorable climatic conditions) that display similar symptoms are also called blights.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/blight.html (161 words)

	Three American Tragedies: Chestnut Blight, Butternut Canker, and Dutch Elm Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This fungal disease was followed by the more commonly known chestnut blight, which spread throughout eastern hardwood forests at a rate of 24 miles per year.
		Breeding with American chestnut populations: Although chestnut blight had essentially removed mature chestnuts from eastern forests, there were occasional surviving trees that were thought to possess some resistance.
		A genetic map of chestnut with regions associated with blight resistance identified, could be used to screen newly germinated nuts for blight resistance.
	www.srs.fs.usda.gov /pubs/rpc/1999-03/rpc_99mar_33.htm (3805 words)

	American Chestnut Cooperators' Foundation
		Blight resistance of parent trees is inherited by perhaps 10% of their offspring.
		More generations of breeding are necessary to produce American chestnuts with blight resistance that is regularly inheritable.
		The North American invasion of the Blight Fungus was catastrophic for chestnut trees.
	ipm.ppws.vt.edu /griffin/accf.html (771 words)

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