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	Blissymbolics
		Although it is now commonly known as Blissymbolics, the inventor of this artificially constructed, visual, sign system, the Austrian Charles Bliss, originally named Karl Blitz (1897-1985), himself used the term Semantography (Bliss 1965).
		In its origins, then, Blissymbolics was not very different from the kind of universal language projects proliferating in the 17th century.
		It is possible, for instance, that the figures signifying a man and a woman, like similar figures employed to indicate men’s and woman’s washrooms, do not so much depict trousers and skirts, just as some petroglyphs may not show a penis and a vagina, respectively, but exemplify general properties of masculinity and femininity.
	www.arthist.lu.se /kultsem/encyclo/blissymbolics.html (1166 words)

	[No title]
		One of the strengths of Blissymbolics is that the underlying structure of the system promotes the development of skills such as sequencing and problem solving.
		Blissymbolics has not however been readily available in electronic form and clinicians have therefore stopped using Blissymbolics as the goal is often to implement an electronic device (Waller, 1993).
		An important addition to the methods of retrieving Blissymbols was developed in co-operation with the users, namely the combination of “shape” and “category.” Database of Blissymbols Part of the work on the project was the development of a database containing the Bliss dictionary.
	www.computing.dundee.ac.uk /staff/awaller/BlissWord.doc (3153 words)

	Muter 1986, Blissymbolics, Cognition, and the Handicapped
		Blissymbolics is an international laogography composed of pictographs, in which symbols represent words in a pictorial manner; ideographs, in which symbols suggest the meaning of word, though not necessarily in a pictorial manner; and a few arbitrary symbols such as "+ and "?".
		The purpose of the present paper is to briefly describe Blissymbols and their use by handicapped people; to review data bearing on the issue of whether Blissymbols are useful; and to discuss some theoretical issues relating to writing systems, cognitive processes, and the handicapped.
		Blissymbols were not intended to be self-explanatory, though Bliss felt that the meanings of the symbols would be easy to remember once an explanation had been given.
	www.psych.utoronto.ca /~muter/Abs1986a.htm (4823 words)

	Online Blissword Dictionary - Language Construction
		Blissymbolics are taught by describing their meanings rather than referencing phonetics or words.
		An example of a Blissymbolic ideograph would be in the human representation of a question and answer.
		The advantage of allowing user-defined words within the language is in the language's extendibility, thus facilitating Blissymbolic users or their instructors in the creation of new words for their own personal use.
	www.blisswords.co.uk /LanguageConstruction.asp (1327 words)

	Blissymbolics
		Bliss originally called his invention "Semantography" and intended for it to be used as a universal written language which would enable speakers of different languages to commuicate with one another.
		Since 1971 Blissymbolics have been used mainly as a communication aid for people with communication, language and learning difficulties.
		Blissymbolics consists of over 2,000 basic symbols which can be combined together to create a huge variety of new symbols.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/blissymbolics.htm (178 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A study of computer-assisted learnng examined the learnng of "Blissymbols" by children.
		Blissymbols are pictographs that are sometimes used to help learning-impaired children communicate.
		One lesson required the children to interact with the material, while in the other, the children controlled only the pace of the lesson.
	www.math.uiowa.edu /ftp/kcowles/datasets/blissymbols.info (124 words)

	Project SALUTE
		Modified signs that meet the cognitive and physical needs of the user may also be easier to learn and use, but harder for others to perceive and understand.
		Blissymbols, developed by Charles Bliss, contain primarily abstract visual symbols that serve as an alternative to traditional orthography.
		While many Blissymbols are quite abstract, several are iconic and therefore, easier to understand.
	www.projectsalute.net /Learned/Learnedhtml/ComSymbols.html (1716 words)

	Blissymbols Summary
		A blissboard is a means of communication using Blissymbolics, a language based on symbols that was invented by Charles Bliss in the mid-twentieth century.
		Blissymbolics has become a language used by people who cannot speak, including the severely handicapped, though Bliss had different intentions when he devised it.
		Her program, called Blissymbol Printer, allows the user to communicate by tapping a touch-sensitive blissboard which is translated into a written language by a computer, then sent or stored.
	www.bookrags.com /Blissymbols (1050 words)

	About Blissymbolics
		Blissymbolics is a communication system originally developed by Charles K. Bliss (1897-1985) for the purpose of international communication.
		The system of Blissymbolics has several features which makes it a preferred means of communication for nonspeaking persons, for persons with limited literacy skills, and for persons who are ready and eager to use Bliss to communicate with persons whatever their language background may be.
		Blissymbolics is a language with a wide vocabulary, a grammar which allows for sentences in past, future and present tenses, and markers for possession, plurality, questions and commands.
	www.blissymbolics.org /bliss.shtml (723 words)

	Muter & Johns, 1985
		Blissymbolics (Bliss, 1965; Hehner, 1980) is an international writing system composed of pictographs, in which symbols represent their referents in a pictorial manner; ideographs, in which symbols suggest the meaning of their referents, though not necessarily in a pictorial manner; and a few arbitrary symbols such as '+' and '?'.
		Blissymbolics has been cited as an example of a logography which may become more widely used because of developments in computer and communications technology (Thompson, 1979, 1983).
		Within the constraints of the resolution of the screen, Blissymbols were displayed according to the standards described in Blissymbols for Use (Hehner, 1980).
	www.psych.utoronto.ca /~muter/Abs1985.htm (6294 words)

	South African Journal of Education - Vol. 21, No. 4 (2001)
		In this study we investigated the learning of Blissymbols by 4 pre-schoolers with Down's syndrome over a period of 7 months.
		However, some key issues were identified that need to be considered in the use of Blissymbols for literacy and language learning.
		These include the number of symbols and time spent teaching these, the word classes of the words taught, the frequency of exposure to each word, children's familiarity with and interest in the themes used in teaching as well as visual complexity of the symbols.
	www.ajol.info /viewarticle.php?id=5208 (175 words)

	After You Tell, NCFV, Public Health Agency of Canada
		Blissymbol translation was done by Jinny Storr and Ruth Harrington.
		Blissymbols used herein are derived from symbols described in Semantography, original copyright © C.K. Bliss 1949.
		These words are not represented by a specific symbol in the Blissymbol text, but are rather assumed in context.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /ncfv-cnivf/familyviolence/html/nfntsxarevel_e.html (6531 words)

	Blissymbol Communication (UK)
		Designed to incorporate all the latest Blissymbols (now 2,500 symbols are available) The Guide is divided into three sections, Finding Symbols by Word, Finding Symbols by Meaning, and Finding Symbols by Shape.
		A practical introduction to Blissymbolics for instructors or persons who lack functional speech.
		Included are sections relating to The system of Blissymbolics, Interactive Communication, Vocabulary Selection, Display Organisation and Blissymbols and Reading.
	www.blissymbols.co.uk /orders.html (479 words)

	CSD 5230 Assistive Technology
		Arbitrary is one to which meaning is assigned; e.g., Blissymbols uses the symbol / to represent the.
		Enhanced Blissymbols - A Collection of Blissymbols are available that have been enhanced by pink line drawings cues.
		These enhanced Blissymbols are designed to remind the beginning user of the concepts that the symbols represent.
	www.d.umn.edu /~mmizuko/5230/symbols.htm (1520 words)

	Sign Language symbols
		They are different from the previous symbol systems discussed in that they are depicted as white symbols on a fl background to increase visibility.
		Blissymbols consist of pictographic, ideographic, and arbitrary symbols.
		However, Blissymbols provide a much broader range of topics and allow the user to expand his or her vocabulary more readily.
	www.sign-language.biz /sign/symbols.asp (510 words)

	Blissymbolics - UniLang Wiki
		Blissymbolics or Blissymbols were conceived of as an ideographic writing system consisting of several hundred basic symbols, each representing a concept, which can be composed together to generate new symbols that represent new concepts.
		Blissymbols differ from all the world's major writing systems in that the characters do not directly correspond to the sounds of any spoken language.
		Example sentence in Blissymbols: "I want to go to the cinema".
	home.unilang.org /wiki3/index.php/Blissymbolics (78 words)

	Blissymbol Communication (UK)
		Blissymbols form a system of meaning-based symbols which can be used by people with severe difficulties in speaking to communicate without speech.
		Blissymbols in the UK Back in the early 1970s, when members of the newly formed UK Bliss committee started to introduce and teach others about Blissymbols and their use, life was revolutionized for many people with communication disabilities and for their families and the professional teams working with them.
		For the moment, the number of Bliss users in the UK is small, although the numbers of new child users continue to increase worldwide, especially in Scandinavia and Eastern European countries, and in developing countries.
	www.blissymbols.co.uk (576 words)

	Amazon.com: Blissymbols: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Blissymbols for preschool children by A Warrick (Unknown Binding - 1976)
		Blissymbols for Use by Compiled and edited by Barbara Hehner and Peter Reich, Shirley McNaughton Jinny Storr (Paperback - 1983)
		Blissymbols and technology (Monograph) by Shirley McNaughton (Unknown Binding - 1985)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Blissymbols&tag=httpexplaguid-20&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (731 words)

	"A Spinach with a V on It": What 3-Year-Olds See in Standard and Enhanced Blissymbols. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		EJ410247 - "A Spinach with a V on It": What 3-Year-Olds See in Standard and Enhanced Blissymbols.
		Standard or enhanced Blissymbols, designed to represent familiar actions, attributes, and objects, were shown to 20 3 year olds, who guessed their meaning.
		The number of their guesses that referred to the enhancements was twice as great as the number that referred to the standard Blissymbol base.
	www.eric.ed.gov /sitemap/html_0900000b80028d6e.html (96 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Augmentative Communication (Communication systems that involve adapting existing vocal or gestural abilities into meaningful communication; teaching manual signing, static symbols, or icons (such as Blissymbols); and using manual or electronic communication devices (such as electronic communication boards, picture cues, or synthetic speech).
		Blissymbols (A system developed by C.K. Bliss that ties a specific symbol to a word.
		There are 4 types of Blissymbols — Pictographic, Ideographic, Relational, and Abstract.
	tiger.towson.edu /users/creed5/SPEDPresentationMaterial.doc (744 words)

	Table of Contents
		The present investigation studied the effects of enhancements on the learning, retention, transfer to the unlearned form, and use of Blissymbols in 40 normal 3-year-old children.
		The number of trials taken to reach >90% correct identification, the number of symbols selected appropriately to complete a communicative act, the number of symbols correctly identified a week after the acquisition phase was completed, and the number of symbols correctly identified in the untrained form of Blissymbols were determined.
		The results demonstrated that the subjects learned EBS faster than SBS, remembered more EBS than SBS in the retention task, did not differ in the communicative use of SBS and EBS, and were affected more negatively when presented with SBS than EBS in a task where the untrained form was presented.
	www.asha.org /about/publications/journal-abstracts/jshr/38/01/default.htm?articleabstract=174 (279 words)

	Abledata: Company detail
		A third disk accesses the library with Blisstalk, which allows the student to display a sequence of Blissymbols with or without words, and Blisstable Maker, which allows the student to transfer and store Blissymbols and words to a separate diskette.
		Blissymbol Concepts (S504-IV) is a Blissymbol instruction program designed to teach the concept of left/right directionality, the spatial location of objects, and the concept of pairs.
		Blissymbol Stamps are sheets of Bliss symbolic language pictures printed on square, peel-back, self-adhesive labels.
	www.abledata.com /abledata.cfm?pageid=113582&orgid=110450 (900 words)

	AAC Theses at Purdue University
		The relative iconicity and learnability of verb referents differentially represented by manual signs, Blissymbols, and rebus symbols: An investigation with moderately retarded individuals.
		Effects of computer-assisted instruction on the acquisition and generalization of Blissymbols while using elements for teaching compounds.
		Nail-Chiwetalu, Barbara J. The effects of transluency and complexity on the learnability of Blissymbols by students with mental retardation.
	www.edst.purdue.edu /aac/AACtheses.htm (494 words)

	Rachael Zimmerman
		Rachel Zimmerman was twelve years old when she invented a program for computers called Blissymbols.
		The Blissymbol program helps mute people communicate to other people in the same room.
		The Blissymbols program started out as a school science fair project and ended up at the World Exhibition of Achievement of Young Inventors.
	library.thinkquest.org /CR0210181/images/zimmerman.htm (71 words)

	Blissymbolics Resources
		Blissymbolics is a symbolic, graphical language that is currently composed of over 3,000 symbols.
		Blissymbolics is a semantic based graphic language developed by Charles K. Bliss.
		As a reader of only engish and blissymbolics it was a cool experience to find a site where I really NEED the blissymbols to know what they're saying!
	www.blissymbolics.us (476 words)

	Using Symbol Systems to Assist Communication
		Blissymbols are most often used with students who are cognitively intact (such as those with cerebral palsy) and who require a more complex, abstract vocabulary than can be provided with pictorial systems.
		PCS originated in the United States as three photocopiable files containing 3000 symbols divided into sections: social, people, verbs, descriptive, nouns and miscellaneous.
		This is a talking symbol processor, a talking word processor, a grid maker, and a grid writer.
	users.eastlink.ca /~wcdobson/group_3/webpages/symsys.html (909 words)

	Mayer Johnson
		Rebus and PCS were the most translucent overall; however, a number of Blissymbolics, Picsyms, and PIC symbols were also rated as highly translucent.
		The PCS were found to be the most translucent, while the Blissymbols were found to be the least translucent for all four ethnic groups.
		Real objects were found to be the most readily recognized and Blissymbols and written words the most difficult.
	www.mayerjohnson.com /ResearchArticles.aspx (1878 words)

	Blissymbol Communications UK - Patient UK
		Blissymbolics is a visual communication system which maintains a systematic logic.
		It can be used by young children as a basic communication and language development system, yet is equally suitable as a sophisticated communication medium for adults.
		Blissymbol Communication UK is a registered charity and is involved in the following activities.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/26739370 (401 words)

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