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Topic: Blood loss

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	About Blood - Blood Facts
		The percentage of blood volume composed of red blood cells is called the “hematocrit.” The average hematocrit in an adult male is 47 percent; the average hematocrit in adult females is 42 percent.
		Since red blood cells have reduced amounts of plasma, they are well suited for treating anemia patients who would not tolerate the increased volume provided by whole blood, such as patients with congestive heart failure or those who are elderly or debilitated.
		In this process, blood is drawn from the donor into an apheresis instrument, which, using centrifugation, separates the blood into its components, retains the platelets, and returns the remainder of the blood to the donor.
	www.bloodbankofalaska.org /about_blood (1387 words)

	Bleeding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body.
		In case of blood exposure, even on safe skin, the first-aider should go to the emergency department, where an antiretroviral drug to prevent HIV infection may be started.
		Hematuria - blood in the urine from urinary bleeding
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bleeding (2586 words)

	Guidelines for Blood Collection
		Blood collection may be performed adequately in awake animals of some species using the appropriate restraint.
		Anesthesia is required to perform blood collection from the orbital sinus or by cardiac puncture because of the pain involved in the procedure and the potential for complications (including cardiac tamponade and death, or injury to the eye), even if performed by experienced personnel.
		As a one time large volume blood draw with concomitant IV fluid replacement, a maximum 2% of the body weight of a healthy adult animal can be removed, as long as fluid replacement consists of warmed, isotonic fluids and both the fluid replacement and blood withdrawal are slow and steady.
	www.ahc.umn.edu /rar/blood.html (1024 words)

	Blood and Tissue Resources Program at Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Blood loss through phlebotomy is a frequent cause of anemia in the intensive care unit.
		Estimating the loss of circulating blood volume, by measurement and clinical signs and symptoms, is the standard approach to evaluating the patient's response to acute bleeding, and provides a useful guide for immediate patient management.
		Blood loss and hemoglobin concentration must be evaluated, along with the risk of further bleeding, presence of coagulopathies, body temperature, and associated high-risk factors, all of which may affect the decision to transfuse.
	www.wadsworth.org /labcert/blood_tissue/redblood.htm (1562 words)

	Reading List: Blood loss and blood management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The extravasated blood undergoes haemolysis to some extent, but there is no indication that intravascular haemolysis could play any role in generating the hidden blood loss.
		In fact, not draining a surgical wound probably increases the occult internal blood loss to some extent, but the overall result seems to be a reduction in the amount of blood extravasated.
		To those surgeons not familiar with the multiple facets of blood management, this brief letter to the editor is enlightening and is a useful reminder of the value of applying common sense to apparently complex medical situations.
	www.jbjs.org.uk /misc/readinglist/RLbloodloss.dtl (1793 words)

	Transfusion Alert: Use of Autologous Blood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Blood salvaged and reinfused after orthopedic surgery (e.g., hip arthroplasty and spinal fusion with instrumentation) may be safe and reduce the amount of allogeneic blood given.
		Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is the removal of blood with the simultaneous infusion of cell-free solution(s) to maintain intravascular volume prior to surgical blood loss.
		Table I lists examples of surgical procedures in which expected blood loss may be substantial and ANH may be appropriate, as well as examples of surgical procedures in which expected blood loss usually is not sufficient to warrant ANH.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /health/prof/blood/transfusion/logo.htm (5582 words)

	Blood Coagulation Information on Healthline
		Blood coagulation is the process that causes blood to clot and helps prevent excessive blood loss when a vein or artery is pierced or broken.
		When a blood vessel is injured, platelets in the area of the damage clump together and stick to the edges of the cut to begin the coagulation process.
		Hemophilia is an inherited coagulation disorder characterized by the blood's inability to clot.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/blood-coagulation (1031 words)

	Blood Transfusion
		Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or a blood component from one person, the donor, to another person, the recipient.
		Blood transfusions are given to increase the blood's ability to carry oxygen, to restore the body's blood volume when there has been a great blood loss, to improve the blood's clotting ability, and to improve a recipient's immunity to infection.
		Blood components include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, immunoglobulins, or fresh frozen plasma, which is the liquid part of the blood.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/b/bloodtransfusion.htm (843 words)

	Blood Loss Anemia
		Anemia associated with blood loss is the direct result of the decrease in circulating red blood cells (RBCs).
		Blood loss can be as a result of very heavy menstrual periods.
		Within twenty-four hours of blood loss, there is a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes, which affects blood volume and its consistency.
	www.innvista.com /HEALTH/ailments/anemias/bloodlos.htm (633 words)

	TRAUMA.ORG: Transfusion for MAssive Blood Loss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Massive transfusion is arbitrarily definied as the replacement of a patient's total blood volume in less than 24 hours, or as the acute administration of more than half the patient's estimated blood volume per hour.
		The aim of treatment is the rapid and effective restoration of an adequate blood volume and to maintain blood composition within safe limits with regard to haemostasis, oxygen carrying capacity, oncotic pressure and biochemistry.
		The blood bank should be informed as soon as possible that a major trauma is arriving or in the building.
	www.trauma.org /resus/massive.html (1154 words)

	Rothman Institute Orthopaedics: Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty Without Blood Transfusion:The Jehovah's Winess ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		However, the major blood loss from total knee arthroplasty occurs after the wound is closed and can be as much as a primary total hip arthroplasty.
		By maintaining a constant low blood pressure (usually a 35% reduction in the patient's baseline blood pressure), the anesthesiologist prevents uncoagulated blood vessels from bleeding and reduces blood loss.
		The blood is collected during the operation with suctioning devices and sponges, and then placed in a special container that processes the blood so that it is safe for transfusion back into the patient.
	www.rothmaninstitute.com /patienteducation/joint/jehovah.htm (1278 words)

	Blood
		Two types of blood vessels carry blood throughout our bodies: The arteries carry oxygenated blood (blood that has received oxygen from the lungs) from the heart to the rest of the body.
		Blood is essential for good health because the body depends on a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells.
		Blood also carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system, from where they are removed from the body.
	kidshealth.org /parent/general/body_basics/blood.html (2203 words)

	Risk of Blood Loss During Liposuction (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Blood loss used to be a significant complication of lipoplasty surgery.
		Loss of blood remains a factor in fat-suctioning but newer methods of liposuction have almost eliminated blood loss as a health risk.
		In clinical liposuction trials, it was found that blood comprised about 30 percent of the tissue that was removed by liposuction using the traditional dry technique (now discontinued).
	www.bariatric-surgery.info.cob-web.org:8888 /lipoplasty-risk-of-blood-loss.htm (350 words)

	Endometriosis: menstrual blood loss
		There is also an interactive blood loss calculator, record sheets, information on tests and treatments and a section for women with language difficulties, learning disabilities or for use by learning disability nurses.
		In one local research study where women only had their menstrual blood loss measured if they felt they had heavy or very heavy bleeding or where their general practitioner had referred them with heavy menses, about 40% had more than 80 mls loss.
		Many gynaecologists regard eighty millilitres of blood loss per cycle as the level at which menorrhagia (heavy periods) can be diagnosed and should be treated, although others suggest a higher figure.
	www.endometriosis.org /menstruation.html (3114 words)

	Sacred Heart Medical Center :: Spokane, Washington :: Minimizing blood loss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		"Blood is often given without a thought as to what are the risks and what are the benefits," he says.
		Some patients still donate blood in advance of a procedure, a so-called "autologous" transfusion, but that is declining in popularity, says Steve McCormick, vice president of technical services for the Inland Northwest Blood Center.
		She was never in danger of needing a transfusion during the two operations, she says, but felt comfortable because of all of the precautions taken to prevent blood loss.
	www.shmc.org /index.php/news/751 (948 words)

	Learn about low blood pressure, symptoms, causes and treatment by MedicineNet.com
		Once low blood pressure has been identified as the cause of symptoms, the goal is to identify the cause of the low blood pressure.
		Sometimes the causes are readily apparent (such as loss of blood due to trauma, or sudden shock after receiving x-ray dyes containing iodine).
		Blood electrolyte measurements may show dehydration and mineral depletion, renal failure, or acidosis (excess acid in the blood).
	www.medicinenet.com /low_blood_pressure/page5.htm (778 words)

	Memory Loss and Blood Sugar Levels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The conclusion: Elevated blood sugar levels may be one of the primary causes of memory loss among the elderly.
		This is one of the reasons why a higher than normal blood sugar level is a typical condition of aging.
		Because when the levels are elevated the flow of glucose from the blood to the tissues is impeded.
	www.hsibaltimore.com /ealerts/ea200302/ea20030220.html (984 words)

	Blood Transfusion -- Uses of Blood Transfusion
		Transfusions are used to treat blood loss or to supply blood components your body cannot make for itself.
		Blood loss may result from injury, major surgery, or diseases that destroy red blood cells or platelets, two important blood components.
		Blood loss can also reduce the number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in the blood, which may prevent enough oxygen from reaching the rest of the body.
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/tc4114.asp (271 words)

	Clinical Trial: A Study of the Management of Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Surgical Removal of Tumors
		The purpose of this study is to observe the methods used to manage blood loss in surgical procedures to remove tumors from patients with cancer and to determine if there is a relationship with the need for blood transfusions.
		Blood transfusions, the best method of compensating for blood loss during surgery, have associated medical risks including infection transmission and allergic reaction, in addition to using significant amounts of red blood cells, which are often in short supply.
		Options exist to manage blood loss before surgery, including a procedure where a patient's own blood is stored in advance to be given if needed during surgery, and drug intervention, where a drug is given before surgery to help increase red blood cell production, thereby maintaining hemoglobin and oxygen levels in the body during surgery.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00264095 (649 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: CBC
		Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.
		The blood may be collected in a pipette (small glass tube), on a slide, onto a test strip, or into a small container.
		The hematocrit is an expression of the proportion of whole blood that is composed of red blood cells (since the contribution by the WBCs is almost negligible).
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm (769 words)

	Blood
		And that the blood in our bodies is pumped by the heart through a network of arteries and veins.
		Blood also carries carbon dioxide and other waste materials to the lungs, kidneys, and digestive system; from there they are removed from the body.
		When red blood cells are destroyed more quickly than normal by disease (this process is called hemolysis, pronounced: hih-mah-luh-sus), the bone marrow will make up for it by increasing production of new red cells to take their place.
	kidshealth.org /teen/your_body/body_basics/blood.html (2105 words)

	Loss of blood CD11c+ myeloid and CD11c{-} plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with ...
		Loss of blood CD11c+ myeloid and CD11c{-} plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with HIV-1 infection correlates with HIV-1 RNA virus load -- Donaghy et al.
		Identification of blood DCs for quantification and expression of HIV-1 receptor and coreceptor molecules.
		Loss of blood DCs with disease progression in patients with HIV-1 infection.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/98/8/2574 (3350 words)

	Technology Review: Detecting Blood Loss
		Kirk ÂShelley, an anesthesiologist at Yale University, has devised a way to noninvasively measure blood loss using a pulse oximeter, a finger-clip device commonly used to measure pulse rate and blood oxygen levels in hospital patients.
		Blood Loss by Pulse Ox by Guest (Mark Donald) 1/22/2006 12:00 AM This is very interesting is there a way that I can e-mail the developer of this and find out more on this device?
		Detecting Blood Loss by Guest (Jellyfish) 2/20/2006 12:00 AM Sounds great, but there is so much to prove in regulatory terms, it may be many years before we see it in use.
	www.techreview.com /BioTech/wtr_16019,304,p1.html (325 words)

	Blood Platelets
		Calcium and vitamin K must be present in blood to support the formation of clots.
		If your blood is lacking these nutrients, it will take longer than normal for your blood to clot.
		A blood clot that forms inside of a blood vessel can be deadly because it blocks the flow of blood, cutting off the supply of oxygen.
	sln.fi.edu /biosci/blood/platelet.html (331 words)

	MODEST WEIGHT LOSS AND BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL;IT REALLY DOES WORK
		At six months, when the weight loss was greatest, the diastolic blood pressure fell, on average, 2.7 millimeters of mercury (that does not sound like a lot, but it really is quite significant).
		Those who lost the most weight (almost 20 pounds) dropped their diastolic blood pressure by 7 millimeters of mercury and their systolic pressures by 5 millimeters of mercury (in both cases, very significant drops).
		As a group, they showed decreasing interest in the counseling and weight loss over the three years, and did not maintain either the weight loss or blood pressure reduction.
	healthfullife.umdnj.edu /archives/bpweight_archive.htm (373 words)

	UPHS Bloodless Medicine & Surgery: Newsletter - PolyHeme, An Alternative to Blood Transfusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Since the early 1990s, when the fears of contracting diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C through donated blood were so widespread, many companies began searching for a safe alternative to donated blood.
		Currently, PolyHeme-an experimental blood substitute-is being evaluated for use in trauma situations for the treatment of acute blood loss.
		Blood substitutes, like PolyHeme, may help save lives that are now being lost due to massive blood loss in trauma or surgery.
	www.pennhealth.com /bloodless/newsletter/fall03/poly.html (392 words)

	Codeine and morphine blood concentrations increase during blood loss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		During extensive blood loss, a plasma volume refill will take place by transfer of extravascular fluid into the circulation.
		This study explored the possible changes of codeine, and its metabolite morphine, in whole blood during a standardized exsanguination in the rat.
		In eight rats, blood loss was accomplished by slowly withdrawing 0.8 mL blood at 10 min intervals during 70 min.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES.OLD/4364.htm (269 words)

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