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Topic: Blood urea nitrogen

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Urea

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Serum

Uremia

Azotemia

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Urea cycle

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	BUN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Urea nitrogen is produced when proteins are metabolized or broken down.
		In order to measure the BUN, or blood urea nitrogen, levels in the blood, a blood sample is taken from a vein on the forearm or hand.
		Blood flows from the vein through the needle, and is collected in a syringe or vial for testing in the laboratory.
	www.northmemorial.com /HealthEncyclopedia/content/1101.asp (232 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen
		Urea is formed by the liver and carried by the blood to the kidneys for excretion.
		Because urea is cleared from the bloodstream by the kidneys, a test measuring how much urea nitrogen remains in the blood can be used as a test of renal function.
		Because urea is synthesized by the liver, severe liver failure causes a reduction of urea in the blood.
	www.rnceus.com /renal/renalbun.html (444 words)

	[No title]
		The veteran's renal dysfunction is manifested by blood urea nitrogen levels from 51 to 53mg% and creatinine levels of 5.7 to 7.5mg%.
		In November 1992, the veteran underwent a blood workup at a VA medical center which revealed urea nitrogen of 51mg%, creatinine of 7.5mg%, and albumin of 3.8g.
		According to the medical evidence, the veteran's blood urea nitrogen has consistently measured from 51 in service to 53mg% at present and creatinine from 5.7 in service to 7.5mg% at present, which clearly meets the criteria required for an 80 percent evaluation.
	www.va.gov /vetapp/files2/9415844.txt (1190 words)

	Blood urea nitrogen: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The most common cause of an elevated BUN, azotemia (Accumulation in the blood of nitrogen-bearing waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine), is due to renal failure (Inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance).
		Another, less common cause is a gastrointestinal hemorrhage (additional info and facts about gastrointestinal hemorrhage) ; blood proteins are reabsorbed by the gut (A strong cord made from the intestines of sheep and used in surgery) and modified, increasing turnover in the urea cycle (additional info and facts about urea cycle).
		A low BUN usually has little significance, but its causes include liver problems, poor nutrition (insufficient protein or some vitamins), or excessive alcohol consumption.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/blood_urea_nitrogen.htm (260 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Concentration in Dogs
		Urea is freely filtered by the glomeruli and partially passively resorbed as filtrate transverses the renal tubules.
		Blood urea nitrogen, serum urea nitrogen, and urea nitrogen measurements are equivalent due to the fact that urea diffuses quickly and passively through the total body water compartment (diffusion time of approximately 90 minutes).
		The basic mechanism causing a decreased BUN concentration is a decrease in protein catabolism or an inability to synthesize urea from ammonia.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/clerk/mckee (773 words)

	CAD - Centro de Apoio e Diagnóstico Veterinário (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of blood urea (BUN) as a tool of evaluation on dogs with leptospirosis and verify its correlation with anti-leptospires aglutinin titres and with the envolved serotypes.
		The urea blood nitrogen (BUN) was dosed on those serum samples, and it was found increased values on 91,4% of the samples, distributed as follows: 33 samples (47,1%) showed a moderate level of azotemia (41-149 mg/dl),and values over 150 mg/dl were observed on 31 samples (44,3%).
		Trough statistical methods, we observed that anti-leptospires aglutinin titres and increased blood urea levels are uncorrelated, what suggests that the nephron failure, and consequently, the azotemia, are not related to the deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the glomeruli.
	www.cadveterinario.com.br /cie_blood.htm (388 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen - [Medical Test] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In addition to direct damage to the kidneys, high BUN levels can be caused by blockage of the urinary tract (by an object such as a kidney stone or tumor) or reduced blood flow to the kidneys caused by dehydration or heart failure.
		A high BUN value may also be caused by a high-protein diet, Addison's disease, tissue damage (such as from severe burns), or from bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract.
		BUN levels may normally be low in the third trimester of pregnancy.
	www.bsneny.com /kbase/topic/medtest/aa36271/results.htm (361 words)

	BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a metabolic by product (in the liver) from the breakdown of blood, muscle, and protein.
		Blood urea nitrogen can be measured from a simple venipuncture specimen.
		Abnormal elevation in the blood urea nitrogen can indicate renal disease, dehydration, congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, starvation, shock, or urinary tract obstruction (by tumor or prostate gland).
	www.medhelp.org /glossary2/new/gls_0814.htm (119 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen Test \| Principal Health News
		Urea is a substance that is formed in the liver when the body breaks down protein.
		The BUN test is performed on a sample of the patient's blood, withdrawn from a vein into a vacuum tube.
		High levels of BUN may indicate kidney disease or failure; blockage of the urinary tract by a kidney stone or tumor; a heart attack or congestive heart failure; dehydration; fever; shock; or bleeding in the digestive tract.
	www.principalhealthnews.com /topic/topic100586531 (438 words)

	► BUN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Blood is drawn from a vein (venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.
		The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is a somewhat routine test used primarily to evaluate renal (kidney) function.
		Amino acids contain nitrogen, which is removed as NH4+ (ammonium ion), while the rest of the molecule is used to produce energy or other substances needed by the cell.
	www.umm.edu /ency/article/003474.htm (554 words)

	blood urea nitrogen level (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Overvew of BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) blood test which evaluates kidney function and monitors the effectiveness of dialysis by measuring nitrogen in...
		Blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio (BUN:creatinine) A BUN test may be done with a blood creatinine test.
		Blood urea nitrogen test Definition The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the level of urea nitrogen in a sample of the patient's blood.
	nitrogen.hdvforum.net /blood-urea-nitrogen-level.php (465 words)

	BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Blood urea (u-ree-uh) nitrogen (ni-tro-jen), or BUN, is a blood test that gives information about your kidneys.
		Urea is a breakdown product of proteins and is removed from the blood through the kidneys.
		BUN may tell your caregiver how well your kidneys are working.
	www.medformation.com /ac/mm_qdis.nsf/qd/nd7027g.htm (424 words)

	children with DIABETES - Diabetes Dictionary: B
		Blood testing is more accurate than urine testing in monitoring blood glucose levels because it shows what the current level of glucose is, rather than what the level was an hour or so previously.
		Two levels of blood pressure are measured-the higher, or systolic, pressure, which occurs each time the heart pushes blood into the vessels, and the lower, or diastolic, pressure, which occurs when the heart rests.
		Blood pressure that is too high can cause health problems such as heart attacks and strokes.
	www.childrenwithdiabetes.com /dictionary/b.htm (749 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen Stability: A Feasibility Study for Home Hemodialysis Adequacy Testing Through Mail
		Ideally, the urea reduction ratio (URR) should be measured at a typical dialysis session; therefore, for HHD patients test specimens should be drawn at home and transferred to a clinical laboratory.
		Blood urea nitrogen measurements were done using Boehringer Mannheim's standard assay on a Hitachi 747-100 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, IN, U.S.A.).
		The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis.
	www.multi-med.com /homehemo/case/main.html (1176 words)

	K/DOQI Update 2000
		Blood for postdialysis BUN measurement may be sampled by needle aspiration from the arterial sampling port closest to the patient.
		Alternatively, blood may be obtained from the arterial needle tubing after disconnection from the arterial blood line and attaching a vacutainer or syringe without a needle.
		Blood is returned to the patient and the patient disconnection procedure proceeds as per unit protocol.
	www.kidney.org /professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_updates/doqiuphd_iii.html (2778 words)

	The effect of low protein diets during pregnancy and lactation on blood urea nitrogen in rats
		The present study examined the effect of administration of low protein diets during pregnancy and lactation on blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
		Blood samples were collected on days 9 and 17 of pregnancy, and days 9, 17 and 28 of lactation.
		BUN levels were quantitatively determined by an enzymatic assay with a colorimetric end point.
	www.usip.edu /research/scholarlyday/abstractDetail.asp?id=143 (222 words)

	UpToDate NKF-K/DOQI guidelines: Hemodialysis adequacy: III. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) sampling: Guidelines 7, 8, 9
		In an analysis of individual variability in measures of hemodialysis adequacy that standardized for blood sampling technique (4.0 percent and 2.4 percent coefficient of variation for Kt/V and URR, respectively), most of the variation was attributable to variation in the laboratory's BUN measurement [1].
		Predialysis BUN samples should be drawn immediately prior to dialysis, using a technique that avoids dilution of the blood sample with saline or heparin.
		Postdialysis BUN samples should be drawn using the slow flow/stop pump technique that prevents sample dilution with recirculated blood and minimizes the confounding effects of urea rebound.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=nkf_doqi/5691&title=Dialysis (473 words)

	Home Hemodialysis
		Urea rebound refers to an early postdialysis phenomenon in which urea returns to the systemic circulation, raising the blood level to a near plateau over a period of 0.5 to 1 hour [1].
		The urea involved is believed to have come from either the intracellular compartment by means of diffusion resulting from the dialysis-induced concentration gradient [2,3], or tissues poorly perfused as a result of a dialysis-induced vasoconstriction [4].
		BUN values were measured by the routine chemical methods in use at the participating centers.
	www.multi-med.com /homehemo/0500/main.html (1375 words)

	Blood urea nitrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, because it is dependent upon the protein intake in the diet and renal function, it is an insensitive indicator.
		At least 50 % of the kidney substance must be destroyed before BUN is elevated.
		Increased levels of BUN in the blood may indicate early kidney damage.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Reference/dictionary/Biologie/B/250.html (55 words)

	BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) Test - RealAge Medical Encyclopedia
		The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is a test of how well your kidneys are working.
		The nitrogen is present in a chemical called urea.
		The BUN test may be done to be sure you have normal kidney function before you start taking these medicines.
	www.realage.com /research_library/searchResults.aspx?link=crsfiles/aha/aha_bunitest_crs.htm (581 words)

	WebHealthCentre.com - Renal Disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is moved from the blood to the urine by the kidneys.
		It is the work of the kidneys to expel urea from the blood into the urine.
		When there is enough evidence in your blood and urine tests to suggest a problem, the first test you will be asked to take an ultrasonogram of the abdominal area.
	www.webhealthcentre.com /general/rd_diag.asp (451 words)

	ApolloLife - Education Material
		Blood urea nitrogen, together with creatinine are two waste products that are constantly being produced by the breakdown of protein and the remodeling of muscle tissue and are filtered in the kidney.
		The "nitrogen" in Blood Urea Nitrogen refers to the nitrogen at the end of the urea molecule that is measured.
		The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test is used primarily to evaluate renal (kidney) function.
	channels.apollolife.com /show.asp?NewAid=9703 (421 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen - [Medical Test] - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea.
		Urea is formed when protein is broken down in your body.
		A BUN test may be done with a blood creatinine test.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/topic/medtest/aa36271/descrip.htm (235 words)

	Health Topics
		The BUN test is a somewhat routine test used primarily to evaluate renal (kidney) function.
		The urea makes its way into the blood and it is ultimately eliminated in the urine by the kidneys.
		Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.
	www.netwellness.org /ency/article/003474.htm (807 words)

	Blood Urea Nitrogen
		Kidney disease or blockage of the flow of urine from your kidney usually causes both BUN and creatinine levels to increase equally, resulting in a BUN-to-creatinine ratio that is normal.
		BUN levels may be measured regularly in people who are undergoing kidney dialysis.
		BUN levels are used to help determine the frequency and intensity of dialysis therapy.
	www.webmd.com /hw/kidney_failure/aa36271.asp (1075 words)

	Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations may be caused by many different things including pre-renal and post-renal factors and should not be considered diagnostic of primary renal disease in all cases.
		Addiblood biochemistry and urinalysis are necessary to evaluate fully the cause of high BUN concentrations.
		Low BUN concentrations are seen in animals on low protein rations or in the presence of liver failure or acquired portosystemic shunts.
	www.provet.co.uk /geriatrics/5a65ee2.htm (177 words)

	Electrolytes: OLD VERSION
		Urea is produced by the liver as body proteins are made and destroyed; a small amount of creatinine also is always being released from muscles.
		(The "nitrogen" in BUN refers to the nitrogen at the end of the urea molecule that is measured.)
		An elevated blood urea nitrogen or creatinine may indicate that the kidneys are not functioning well or that other disease is present.
	kidshealth.org /parent/system/medical/labtest5.OLD_p3.html (160 words)

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