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Topic: Blood volume

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	Blood volume - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Blood volume is the volume of blood (both red blood cells and plasma) in a person's circulatory system.
		A typical adult male human has a blood volume of some five liters [1].
		Blood volume (BV) can be calculated given the hematocrit (HC; the fraction of blood that is red blood cells) and plasma volume (PV):
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blood_volume (87 words)

	Blood - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
		Blood cells are degraded by the spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver.
		Infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blood (2231 words)

	Blood - MSN Encarta
		Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to all the other tissues in the body and, in turn, carries waste products, predominantly carbon dioxide, back to the lungs where they are released into the air.
		The blood is more than a pipeline for nutrients and information; it is also responsible for the activities of the immune system, helping fend off infection and fight disease.
		Blood is vital to maintaining a stable body temperature; in humans, body temperature normally fluctuates within a degree of 37.0° C (98.6° F).
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761578429 (862 words)

	Human Blood: Blood Components
		Different types of blood are recognized on the molecular level and sometimes rejected by being destroyed and ultimately filtered out by the kidneys in order to expel them from the body along with urine.
		Long before the phenomenon of blood antigen-antibody interaction was discovered, surgeons experimented with human transfusions in an attempt to save the lives of patients who were dying from severe blood loss and the resulting shock.
		The ABO blood group and its central role in transfusion failures is described in the next section of this tutorial.
	anthro.palomar.edu /blood/blood_components.htm (1486 words)

	STUDIES OF BLOOD VOLUME AND TRANSFUSION THERAPY IN THE KOREAN BATTLE CASUALTY
		The present studies of blood volume in battle casualties were therefore undertaken in an effort to evaluate these clinical impressions by more objective, quantitative methods, particularly with reference to the desirability and necessity for massive transfusions.
		It was because of these consistently low blood volumes after large transfusion and the discrepancy between the volume of blood infused and that measured thereafter that such concern was shown over the possibility of incomplete mixing of labeled cells in relatively sequestered areas of blood volume.
		Where simultaneous blood volumes were determined with labeled cells and dye, the difference between the two was 16 percent, the dye volume being greater in all but four instances.
	history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/korea/recad1/ch3-4.htm (4510 words)

	Guidelines for Blood Collection
		Blood collection may be performed adequately in awake animals of some species using the appropriate restraint.
		Anesthesia is required to perform blood collection from the orbital sinus or by cardiac puncture because of the pain involved in the procedure and the potential for complications (including cardiac tamponade and death, or injury to the eye), even if performed by experienced personnel.
		As a single blood draw with concomitant IV fluid replacement, 2% of the body weight of a healthy adult animal can be removed, as long as fluid replacement consists of warmed, isotonic fluids and both the fluid replacement and blood withdrawal are slow and steady.
	www.ahc.umn.edu /rar/BLOOD.HTML (1014 words)

	CYCLING PERFORMANCE TIPS - Blood
		What is found is that the amount of serum (liquid portion of the blood volume) has increased in these athletes and thus "diluted out" their red blood cells.
		In essence, the total blood volume has increased to 10.5 pints (for example), but the number of red blood cells circulating is the same as in the normal (original) 10 pints - thus the concentration of hemoglobin per pint (or cc) decreases slightly.
		In the short term (before the body can produce additional red blood cells) it is a rapid way for the body to increase the blood volume and thus increase the cardiac stroke volume (resulting in more blood being pumped through the lungs and muscle circulation per beat).
	www.cptips.com /blood.htm (2059 words)

	Blood Volume Significantly Lower In Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the Maimonides study, blood volume measurement in both sexes showed that a significant number of patients had an undetectable low blood volume prior to surgery.
		Low blood volume is particularly dangerous for patients undergoing cardiac surgery and may precipitate a variety of complications in some patients.
		Blood volume measurement, prior to emergency surgery, is capable of detecting patients at serious risk from sudden low blood pressure or shock during surgery.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/15167a.htm (514 words)

	TRAUMA.ORG: Transfusion for MAssive Blood Loss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Massive transfusion is arbitrarily definied as the replacement of a patient's total blood volume in less than 24 hours, or as the acute administration of more than half the patient's estimated blood volume per hour.
		The aim of treatment is the rapid and effective restoration of an adequate blood volume and to maintain blood composition within safe limits with regard to haemostasis, oxygen carrying capacity, oncotic pressure and biochemistry.
		The blood bank should be informed as soon as possible that a major trauma is arriving or in the building.
	www.trauma.org /resus/massive.html (1154 words)

	Blood Test/Hematology Test — Blood Volume/Plasma Volume
		The test measures the patient's total circulating volume of blood and/or fractions of the blood volume.
		A component of the blood (e.g., Albumin) is labeled using a radioisotope.
		The dilution of the label is inversely proportional to the size (Volume) of the compartment in which it has been diluted.
	www.medindia.net /Bloodtest/hematology/Blood_volume_test.htm (97 words)

	CBER - Blood Donor Suitability Workshop
		The range at these blood centers which were in excess of 40 blood centers taking part in the survey was a low of 3.43 percent of deferred donors to a high of 34.46 percent of donors presenting at registration only subsequently to be deferred.
		A unit is defined in the CFR Part 606, current GMP for blood and blood components, as the volume of blood or one of its components in a suitable volume of anticoagulant obtained from a single collection of blood from one donor.
		Regarding anticoagulant content of blood containers in 21 CFR 640.4(c), specifies that the amount of anticoagulant required for the quantity of blood to be collected shall be in the blood container when it is sterilized.
	www.fda.gov /cber/minutes/donsuit120999.htm (19760 words)

	BloodGivers.com --- The basic facts about Blood
		Blood is a living tissue composed of cellular elements and a watery fluid called plasma.
		Blood volume is the total amount of blood circulating within the body.
		Red blood cells are manufactured in the bone marrow of some bones including the Ribs, Vertebrae and some limb bones.
	www.bloodgivers.com /basicfacts.asp (499 words)

	Evaluating blood volume studies in CFS: Commentary by David Bell, MD
		The total circulating blood volume is the sum of the two parts, and should lie between 60 and 80 ml/K. Overall, about eighty percent of our patients with CFS have had either a low red blood cell mass, plasma volume, or both.
		The finding of decreased blood volume in CFS first came from Dr. David Streeten, and I am convinced it is accurate and will serve as a marker for the illness in some regard.
		If the low circulating blood volume causes decreased blood flow to the brain, it could not be the original cause of the illness; it must be the result or effect of the illness.
	www.pediatricnetwork.org /medical/CFS/bell-commentary/evalbloodvolstudies.htm (1758 words)

	Blood count
		A complete blood count is actually a series of tests in which the numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a given volume of blood are counted.
		Technologists then examine a stained blood smear under the microscope to identify any abnormalities in the appearance of the red blood cells and to report the types and percentages of white blood cells observed.
		Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of the red blood cells and indicates whether that is small, large or normal.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/blood_count.jsp (1007 words)

	THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
		Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, are flattened, doubly concave cells about 7 µm in diameter that carry oxygen associated in the cell's hemoglobin.
		White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are larger than erythrocytes, have a nucleus, and lack hemoglobin.
		White blood cells (leukocytes) are less than 1% of the blood's volume.
	blood-system-atlas.net /blood/index.html (529 words)

	How Much Blood is Too Much? - DrGreene.com
		Blood draws in infants and children should not exceed 5% of their total blood volume in any 24 hour period, unless medically necessary.
		Blood draws in infants and children should not exceed 10% of the total blood volume in any one-month period, unless medically necessary.
		The total blood volume can be estimated from the age and weight of the child.
	www.drgreene.com /21_1616.html (923 words)

	Complete Blood Count (CBC) Information on MedicineNet.com
		A major portion of the complete blood count is the measure of the concentration of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood.
		The number of red blood cells in a volume of blood.
		This is a calculated volume derived from the hemoglobin measurement and the hematocrit.
	www.medicinenet.com /complete_blood_count/article.htm (622 words)

	Circulating Blood Volume in CFS: Commentary by David Bell, MD
		Blood is made up of two components: fluid and red blood cells.
		Anemia is where the proportion of cells to fluid is abnormal, but the total volume of blood is normal.
		A normal circulating blood volume is 71 ml/kg or roughly five quarts in a 180 pound person.
	www.pediatricnetwork.org /medical/CFS/bell-commentary/circbloodvol99.htm (832 words)

	Blood Donation
		Blood donation is the process of giving blood to be used for blood transfusions.
		Blood donation is extremely important because it is the only way to maintain sufficient blood supplies for medical treatment.
		Donated blood can also be broken down into blood components, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, immunoglobulins, or fresh frozen plasma, which is the liquid part of the blood.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/b/blooddonation.htm (863 words)

	Volume of Blood in a Human
		Blood keeps our body temperature steady by carrying excess heat from regions of the body to the skin where it can be dissipated.
		Blood is composed of a yellowish fluid, called plasma, in which are suspended the millions of cells that constitute 45% by volume of whole blood.
		Most sources state the volume of blood in an average human adult, who is between 150 to 160 pounds, as between 4.7 and 5 liters, although the more recent sources state the volume of blood in an average adult as 4.7 liters.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/1998/LanNaLee.shtml (477 words)

	CBBS: When to use volume-reduced blood products for avoiding volume overload in patients at risk?
		A blood banker is concerned about when to use volume-reduced blood products (partial units of RBCs, FFP aliquots, and volume reduced platelets) for avoiding volume overload in certain high-risk patients.
		Blood 1995; 86 (Suppl) 853) indicated that one percent of blood transfusion recipients developed circulatory overload, at times necessitating transfer to an intensive care unit and prolonged hospital length of stay.
		The e-Network Forum is supported in part by the California Blood Bank Society (CBBS) in conjunction with the AABB and the Society for the Advancement of Blood Management (SABM) and endorses collegial discussion among blood banking and transfusion medicine professionals.
	www.cbbsweb.org /enf/2002/txvoloverload.html (679 words)

	Composition of the Blood
		The light yellow colored liquid on the top is the plasma, which accounts for about 55 percent of the blood volume and red blood cells is called the hematocrit,or packed cell volume (PCV).
		The white blood cells and platelets form a thin white layer, called the "buffy coat," between plasma and red blood cells.
		The three classes of formed elements are the erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets).
	training.seer.cancer.gov /ss_module08_lymph_leuk/leuk_unit02_sec02_composition.html (453 words)

	Blood Volume - NoBlood
		Most people no longer perform blood volumes, unless they are conducting a study to diagnose Polycythemia Vera, a condition associated with a large volume of red blood cells.
		The bottom line is that however one performs a blood volume, once one knows this information, the need for transfusion, EPO therapy, autologous donation or other approaches becomes relevant.
		I suspect that an extrememly useful tool in treating or managing a patient in which the volume of blood within the patient directly affects the medical outcome, would be to first understand how much blood volume a patient has.
	www.noblood.org /general-discussions/644-blood-volume.html#post4565 (802 words)

	Blood donation
		Around 470ml of whole blood is taken during a donation, which accounts for eight per cent of the average blood volume.
		Donating blood only takes around 10 minutes, but it is advisable to allow at least an hour for the whole process, which includes a personal interview and refreshments.
		All donated blood is screened for the presence of blood-borne diseases, such as HIV I and II, Hepatitis B and C, HTLV-I and II (human T-cell lymphotropic virus) and syphilis.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/blood_donation?opendocument (924 words)

	Introduction: Low Blood Pressure: Merck Manual Home Edition
		The more blood pumped from the heart per minute (that is, the larger the cardiac output), the higher the blood pressure—as long as resistance to blood flow in the arteries remains constant.
		The higher the volume of blood in the blood vessels, the higher the blood pressure—as long as resistance to blood flow in the arteries remains constant.
		Blood volume can be reduced as a result of dehydration, bleeding, or kidney disorders.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec03/ch023/ch023a.html (1212 words)

	Understanding Your Blood Work
		Hematocrit is the volume of RBCs expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume.
		If you spin a sample of blood so that the cells settle to the bottom of the tube, the percentage of volume occupied by the cells alone is called the "hematocrit." The hematocrit shows the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
		If all three major blood counts (RBC, WBC and platelets) are unexplainably low, particularly in advanced stages of HIV infection, one might consider the possibility of an opportunistic infection (especially MAC or CMV) as well as underlying HIV infection suppressing the bone marrow, or malignancies such as lymphoma.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/bala/1994/ba940309.html (1829 words)

	Complete Blood Count (CBC)
		The number of white blood cells is sometimes used to identify an infection or monitor the body's response to cancer treatment.
		The hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood and is a good indication of the blood's ability to carry oxygen throughout the body.
		Blood cells with unusual shapes or sizes can help diagnose many blood diseases, such as leukemia, malaria, or sickle cell anemia.
	www.webmd.com /hw/lab_tests/hw4260.asp (1854 words)

	Work: Processing, Testing, & Storage - National Cord Blood Program
		A uniform volume assures that freezing conditions are uniform for all units.
		Upon arrival in the Processing Laboratory, cord blood units are "logged-in" to the NCBP database and weighed to estimate the collected blood volume.
		Before freezing, each cord blood unit is sealed in a teflon overwrap that acts to quarantine each unit individually within the freezer, preventing possible contamination.
	www.nationalcordbloodprogram.org /work/process_test_storage.html (942 words)

	Renal Artery Stenosis - High Blood Pressure (hypertension) and related information on MedicineNet.com
		When the circulating blood volume becomes depleted as a result of, for example, dehydration or bleeding, the blood flow to the kidneys likewise is reduced.
		As a result, there are increased blood levels of the hormone angiotensin 2, which causes narrowing of the small arterioles (a small branch of an artery that leads to the capillaries).
		In this situation, the kidneys receive less blood flow, which then signals a sense of depletion of the circulating blood volume, despite the fact that the blood volume is actually normal.
	www.medicinenet.com /renal_artery_stenosis/article.htm (529 words)

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