Blood-brain barrier

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	Blood-brain barrier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The blood-brain barrier blocks all molecules except those that cross cell membranes by means of lipid solubility (such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethanol) and steroid hormones) and those that are allowed in by specific transport systems (such as sugars and some amino acids).
		Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a condition in which trypanosoma protozoa have crossed the blood-brain barrier.
		It is a physical barrier between the local blood vessels and most parts of the central nervous system itself, and stops many substances from travelling across it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blood-brain_barrier (1160 words)

	BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
		Acute rise in BP, and blood flow that follows a seizure is associated with increase in the number and volume of pinocytic vesicles of the brain capillaries with deranged tight cell junctions are responsible for increased movement of normally excluded substances.
		The adverse effect of vasogenic cerebral edema which often accompanies, on brain metabolism and functions is due primarily to alterations in the neuronal environment, collapse of micro vessels by edema fluid, tissue hypoxia and the cellular effect of the extravasating serum proteins.
		BBB can be transiently opened to the passage of macromolecules by osmotic shock by injecting a hyperosmotic agent (mannitol) to the brain to deliver therapeutics such as methotrexate, antibiotics (gentamycin) etc.
	www.thamburaj.com /bloodbrain.htm (950 words)

	Blood Brain Barrier Group
		: To determine the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in neuroendocrine control, particularly in feeding behavior and alcoholism.
		The presence of the BBB distinguishes the brain and spinal cord (the CNS) from the rest of body.
		Our goals in the next few years are to identify the mechanisms of transcytosis of cytokines in the cerebral endothelial cells composing the BBB, to determine regulatory factors for intracellular trafficking, and to enhance drug delivery to treat cytokine-related disorders in the brain and spinal cord.
	labs.pbrc.edu /bloodbrainbarrier (706 words)

	UM Researchers Discover "Key" To Blood-Brain Barrier
		Researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore have identified a receptor in the human brain that regulates the interface between the bloodstream and the brain, which is known as the blood-brain barrier.
		It would be a boon to humanity if the blood-brain barrier could be opened briefly, and safely, to allow passage of a new generation of drugs into the brain," says Ronald Zielke, Ph.D. co- author, professor of pediatrics and director of the brain and tissue bank at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
		The blood-brain barrier is a collection of cells that press together to block many substances from entering the brain, while allowing others to pass.
	www.umm.edu /news/releases/bloodbrain.html (520 words)

	Blood-Brain Barrier
		The tight seal of cells that lines the blood vessels in the brain is known as the blood-brain barrier.
		Researchers are trying to sneak therapies past the barrier to the brain tissue by hitching therapeutic agents onto molecules that already are allowed to slip through or with compounds that pry open the seals.
		Leaky blood vessels in the body allow many molecules to cross through to tissue, but the tight construction of the vessels in the head guards against brain entry.
	web.sfn.org /content/Publications/BrainBriefings/blood-brain.html (675 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Blood-Brain-Barrier
		Glial cells (astrocytes) form a layer around brain blood vessels and may be important in the development of the BBB.
		Astrocytes may be also be responsible for transporting ions from the brain to the blood.
		Through the circumventricular organs the brain is able to monitor the makeup of the blood.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/bbb.html (386 words)

	Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier
		The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important obstacle to the effectiveness of compounds that seek to act on the central nervous system (CNS).
		In some cases, rather large amounts of these compounds are actively pumped from blood to brain by transporter proteins in the brain's blood vessels.
		The highly restrictive brain capillary bed represents a formidable barrier to many drugs.
	www.xenoport.com /technology/cross_bbb.htm (176 words)

	Blood-Brain Barrier Deficient mdr1a Knockout
		This barrier, which effectively blocks a wide variety of drugs and toxic compounds in the bloodstream from entering the brain, has for years hampered researchers' efforts to study the effects of drugs on the brain.
		Brain penetration of radiolabeled ondansetron and loperamide increased four- and sevenfold, respectively in mdr1a knockout mice, compared to wild-type mice.
		For the drugs digoxin and cyclosporin A, radioactivity levels in the brain were from 20- to 50-fold higher in the knockout mice.
	www.taconic.com /newsltrs/nov96/nov96.htm (979 words)

	OHSU News: Blood Brain Barrier
		The primary author of the study is Nancy D. Doolittle, Ph.D., R.N., OHSU Blood-Brain Barrier consortium coordinator, along with co-authors from the University of Missouri, Ohio State University, the University of Minnesota and the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center in Jerusalem.
		Prior to the study, a neurosurgeon, neuroradiologist and nurse clinician from each participating hospital traveled to OHSU to study the technique for administering intraarterial chemotherapy in conjunction with disruption of the blood-brain barrier.
		The barrier is a naturally occurring central nervous system function that allows the brain to filter out dangerous chemicals.
	www.ohsu.edu /news/archive/2000/020800bbb.html (571 words)

	Blood-brain barrier permeability during dopamine-induced hypertension in fetal sheep -- Harris et al. 91 (1): 123 -- Journal of Applied Physiology
		Effect of acute hypoxemia on brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism in immature fetal sheep.
		Electrolytes and water in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of the foetal sheep and guinea-pig.
		blood flow is substantially reduced during ischemia (30).
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/91/1/123 (3915 words)

	Timmons & Hamilton: Drugs, Brains and Behavior - Ch 3
		The blood-brain barrier should not be viewed as a system which isolates the brain, but rather as one which buffers it from the changing conditions of the remainder of the body (see Fig.
		Finally, the blood brain barrier changes as a function of organismic variables, the most important of which is probably age.
		The nature of the blood brain barrier poses a number of problems in terms of the behavioral response to drugs.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~lwh/drugs/chap03.htm (8309 words)

	Blood brain barrier - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Blood brain barrier
		The blood–brain barrier is not a single entity, but a defensive complex comprising various physical features and chemical reactions to do with the permeability of cells.
		Many drugs are unable to cross the blood–brain barrier.
		It ensures that ‘foreign’ proteins, carried in the blood vessels supplying the brain, do not breach the vessel walls and enter the brain tissue.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Blood+brain+barrier (143 words)

	blood brain barrier disruption, brain tumor treatments
		Blood brain barrier disruption is not an experimental treatment and is covered by Medicare and most insurance plans.
		The blood brain barrier is composed of tightly formed capillary endothelial cells, which only allow certain water soluble substances to pass through.
		After the procedure the patient is taken to CT to see how well the blood brain barrier has been disrupted (see photo).
	www.clevelandclinic.org /neuroscience/treat/brain/treatments/bbbd.htm (940 words)

	About the Blood Brain Barrier
		The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the specialized system of capillary endothelial cells that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood stream, while supplying the brain with the required nutrients for proper function.
		Thus the BBB is often the rate-limiting factor in determining permeation of therapeutic drugs into the brain.
		BBB investigation is an ever growing and dynamic field studied by pharmacologists, neuroscientists, pathologists, physiologists, and clinical practitioners.
	users.ahsc.arizona.edu /davis/bbb.htm (162 words)

	Blood Brain Barrier Compromise Neurohistology Stain
		When conducting a BBB compromise study, the impact of this event could serve to give a "false" indication of brain penetration for a particular compound as the compound may not have crossed the BBB under normal circumstances.
		We surmise that the extreme stress, induction of acidosis, and lack of oxygen during the several minutes before death, result in a breakdown of the BBB allowing the IgG serum proteins to enter the brain parenchyma.
		The appearance of IgG staining in normal (mouse) brain shows only some tincture in periventricular structures and other areas known to have leaky BBB such as the median eminence and area postrema.
	www.neuroscienceassociates.com /Stains/bbb.htm (805 words)

	BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
		This is a brief overview of the structure and function of the blood brain barrier.
		The blood brain barrier is both a physical barrier and a system of cellular transport mechanisms.
		Brain capillaries are in contact with foot processes of astrocytes which essentially separate the capillaries from the neurones.
	cal.man.ac.uk /student_projects/2002/MNQJ9PP2/Webpages/bloodbrainbarrier.htm (413 words)

	Blood Brain Barrier Transport
		RME occurs at the brain for substances, such as transferrin (Fishman et al., 1987), insulin (Duffy and Pardridge, 1987), leptin (Banks et al., 1996), and IGF-I and IGF-II (Duffy et al., 1988), and is a highly specific type of energy dependent transport.
		This mechanism is involved in extruding drugs from the brain and is a major obstacle for many pharmacological agents, with the ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter P-glycoprotein being the principle efflux mechanism of these agents (Cordon-Cardo et al., 1989).
		In the case of transcellular diffusion, the general rule is the higher the lipophilicity of a substance, the greater the diffusion into the brain (Pardridge, 1998).
	users.ahsc.arizona.edu /davis/bbbtransport.htm (1112 words)

	Breaching the Blood-brain barrier
		In addition, the inaccessibility of the brain is a major contributing factor to the common failure of chemotherapies for brain tumors.
		In the fortress of the human body, the brain is the powerful, complex, and fragile ruler of the organs, transmitting its decrees from a highly secured region.
		This approach, which has demonstrated increased brain delivery of carboplatin in rat studies, is targeted directly at the tumor and has been shown to “open and close” the BBB more rapidly than the osmotic approach.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/mdd/v05/i06/html/06filmore.html (1940 words)

	Breaching the Blood Brain Barrier - Malorye Allison
		This "barrier" is not an entity that surrounds its protégé; rather it is a quality of the blood vessels in the brain, and so it infiltrates the brain, winding through every part of it in a seemingly endless tangle.
		Breaching the Blood Brain Barrier - Malorye Allison
		The brain, however, is more exclusive: Only certain substances are admitted, and finding out how this is achieved is a major part of finding ways around it.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1992/october/Sa20653.htm (282 words)

	Aluminum and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability
		Al tends to enhance the blood to brain uptake of water soluble substances that cross the BBB by non-saturable processes.
		Either brain to blood (efflux) systems, such as that for Tyr-MIF-1/methionine enkephalin, blood to brain (influx) systems, such as that for interleukin-1 alpha, can be inhibited.
		The BBB is largely comprised of the capillary bed of the brain and the choroid plexus and regulates the exchange of substances between the fluids of the brain (interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid) and the circulation.
	www.trufax.org /general/aluminum3.html (304 words)

	Reverse-blood brain barrier
		The present research was undertaken to explore whether blood-brain barrier is effective in the reverse way.
		This barrier is a unique defense system that shuts out most toxins, bacteria and viruses including chemicals, but allows the entry of necessary blood born molecules such as oxygen, glucose and amino acids.
		Fortunately, the brain allows the entry of levadopa and blood born molecules such as oxygen, glucose and amino acids.
	www.ophidia.com /bloodbr.htm (2153 words)

	blood-brain barrier. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		The separation of the brain, which is bathed in a clear cerebrospinal fluid, from the bloodstream.
		‡ Oxygen, glucose, and white blood cells are molecules that are able to pass through this barrier.
		The cells near the capillary beds external to the brain selectively filter the molecules that are allowed to enter the brain, creating a more stable, nearly pathogen-free environment.
	www.bartleby.com /59/21/bloodbrainba.html (156 words)

	Great Moments in Science - Blood Brain Barrier
		Now of course, we have been thinking about ways around this Blood Brain Barrier - and that's what I'll talk about, next time.
		Listen to Karl talk about Blood Brain Barrier
		If you put a drug into the circulating blood, it'll leave the blood vessels wherever they are in the body, and diffuse into the surrounding tissues - everywhere, that is, except in the brain.
	www.abc.net.au /science/k2/moments/s981339.htm (865 words)

	Blood Brain Barrier Program
		The OHSU Blood-Brain Barrier Program is a member of the OHSU Cancer Institute and has strong affiliations with the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., including the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
		The goal of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Program is not only to prolong patients' length of survival, but also to improve the quality of their survival.
		The International Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Consortium is directed from OHSU and combines basic science, research and comprehensive patient care to treat our patients with brain tumors.
	www.ohsu.edu /bbb (270 words)

	Excitotoxins - The Blood-Brain Barrier
		The authors of this study concluded that glutamate appears to be an important regulator of brain capillary transport and stability, and that overstimulation of NMDA (glutamate) receptors on the blood-brain barrier appears to play an important role in breakdown of the barrier system.
		One of the MSG industry’s chief arguments for the safety of their product is that glutamate in the blood cannot enter the brain because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a system of specialized capillary structures designed to exclude toxic substance from entering the brain.
		When the barrier is dysfunctional due to one of these conditions, brain levels of glutamate and aspartate reflect blood levels.
	www.nisbett.com /nutrition/excitotoxins03.htm (775 words)

	Blood Brain Barrier
		The blood vessels of the brain are the least permeable of all vessels due to the intercellular connections
		With all of this blood coming in, what protects the brain from blood-borne drugs or other substances?
		The brain receives a constant 50ml of blood per 100g of brain tissue, per minute, no matter what the conditions.
	www.xecu.net /kiirenza/anatomy/bbb.htm (184 words)

	Trojan Horse Delivers Drugs Across the Blood-Brain Barrier
		That’s because the blood vessels to the brain are made of tightly packed cells that form a physical barrier, allowing very few molecules to slip through.
		Once a drug has crossed the blood-brain barrier, it can travel the extensive network of blood vessels that nourish the brain, thereby reaching virtually every neuron in the brain.
		They deliver specific substances to the brain by attaching them to a protein that is normally able to cross the barrier.
	www.genomenewsnetwork.org /articles/12_03/trojan_horse.shtml (552 words)

	Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Uranium
		In addition, ACM (1) upregulated the protein expression of E-cadherin, an adhesion molecule invoked in tightening the morphological characteristics of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and (2) downregulated protein expression levels of the Divalent Metal Transporter-1 (DMT-1).
		Specific Aims: Characterize uranium transport in cultured bovine and rat brain endothelium models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
		Test the hypothesis that a relationship exists between blood and brain uranium concentrations, determining whether rats with the highest blood uranium concentrations also accumulate the highest uranium concentrations in the CNS.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /medsearch/BrainNervous/NervousSystem/DOD126.shtml (462 words)

	fig001pgc: The blood–brain barrier (BBB)
		The BBB is created by the tight apposition of endothelial cells lining blood vessels in the brain, forming a barrier between the circulation and the brain parenchyma (e.g.
		This, together with a generally muted immune environment within the brain itself, protects the fragile neuronal network from the risk of damage that could ensue from a full-blown immune response.
		Thus, the BBB is crucial for preventing infiltration of pathogens and restricting antibody-mediated immune responses in the central nervous system, as well as for preventing disorganisation of the fragile neural network.
	www-ermm.cbcu.cam.ac.uk /03006264h.htm (233 words)

	BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DRUG TARGETING: THE FUTURE OF BRAIN DRUG DEVELOPMENT -- Pardridge 3 (2): 90 -- Molecular Interventions
		The transporter is found on the erythrocyte plasma membrane, on the luminal membrane of the capillary endothelium, which is the blood side of the BBB, and on the abluminal membrane of the capillary endothelium, which is the brain side of the BBB.
		The columnar organization of the occipital cortex of the primate brain is revealed (E), and the dense gene expression in the molecular and granular layers of the cerebellum and the intermediate Purkinje cells, are visible in (F).
		The drug is taken up by all organs of the body except the brain and spinal cord.
	molinterv.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/3/2/90 (8058 words)

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