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	IBM News - 2005-06-06 ‘Blue Brain’ project explores thought at molecular level United States
		The largest and most complex part of the human brain, the neocortex constitutes about 85 percent of the brain's total mass and is thought to be for the cognitive functions of language, learning, memory and complex thought.
		Using the digital model scientists in the Blue Brain Project will run computer-based simulations of the brain at the molecular level, examining such internal processes as thought, perception and memory.
		"Modeling the brain at the cellular level is a massive undertaking because of the hundreds of thousands of parameters that need to be taken into account," said Henry Markram, the EPFL professor heading up the project and founder of EPFL's Brain and Mind Institute.
	www.ibm.com /news/us/en/2005/06/2005_06_06.html (360 words)

	BBP Blue Brain Project
		The Blue Brain Project marks the beginning of a long task to study how the brain works by building very large scale computer models
		The Blue Brain Project was launched by the Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Switzerland and IBM, USA in May, 2005.
		It is now time to start gathering this data together in a unified model and putting it to the test in simulations.
	bluebrainproject.epfl.ch (244 words)

	Mission to build a simulated brain begins
		The hope is that the virtual brain will help shed light on some aspects of human cognition, such as perception, memory and perhaps even consciousness.
		Very thin slices of mouse brain were kept alive under a microscope and probed electrically before being stained to reveal the synaptic, or nerve, connections.
		Using this database the initial phase of Blue Brain will model the electrical structure of neocortical columns - neural circuits that are repeated throughout the brain.
	www.infowars.com /articles/science/ai_mission_build_simulated_brain_begins.htm (488 words)

	Numenware - Blue Brain: modelling the neocortex at the cellular level
		Deep Blue is now in a museum, an ultimately unsatisfying technological tour de force that accomplished little more than demonstrating that the complexity parameters of chess put it within reach of your average supercomputer.
		Blue Brain is the catchy name of the latest project, a partnership with a Swiss university (EPFL) to use Blue Gene to model the human brain.
		For instance, I’m sure Blue Brain will cast light on the mechanisms underlying memory, but when these guys say “memory” they mean synaptic plasticity.
	www.numenware.com /article/415 (628 words)

	Supercomputing Project Aims to Simulate Human Brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Summary Using an IBM supercomputer known as Blue Brain, scientists are taking the first step toward the long-term goal of creating a 3-D computer simulation of the human brain.
		Instead, he says computer simulations of the brain may be used to study how and why certain microcircuits in the brain malfunction, which is thought to be the cause of psychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and depression.
		A brain research experiment that might take a full day, or even months, to conduct in a laboratory could potentially be done in seconds with a computer-based model of the brain.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/07/0720_050720_bluebrain_2.html (768 words)

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		Markram is the founder of EPFL's Brain and Mind Institute, where more than 10 years of research and wet-lab experiments have been consolidated into the world's most comprehensive set of empirical data on the micro-architecture of the neocortex.
		Running on a Blue Gene supercomputer, the model will be capable of simulating brain processes in three dimensions with a precision never before achieved.
		The neocortex constitutes about 85% of the human brain's total mass and is thought to be responsible for the cognitive functions of language, learning, memory and complex thought.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=6087604&postID=111836179960165659 (826 words)

	TheHawaiiChannel - Money Watch 4 - Blue Brain: Illuminating The Mind
		If brain circuitry is in a constant state of flux, Markram insists that long-term memories can't be permanent, hardwired fixtures.
		Validating this concept with Blue Brain, he hints, might point to new types of silicon circuits that perform new and more-complex functions -- which IBM could use to build a revolutionary brain-like computer.
		Blue Brain has some 8,000 processors, and by mapping one or two simulated brain neurons to each processor, the computer will become a silicon replica of 10,000 neurons.
	www.thehawaiichannel.com /money/4574229/detail.html (1183 words)

	Blue Brain boots up to mixed response : Nature
		The Blue Brain Project will simulate part of the neocortex, the intricately folded region on the outside of mammals' brains.
		Each Blue Gene processor will model one or two individual cells, which will then be connected up as in the rat cortex.
		Sure enough, when Nature put the idea to brain modellers, they hailed Blue Brain as a great leap forward in terms of the realism of simulations, but some doubted whether Markram has enough data on the cortex to make his plan work.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v435/n7043/full/435720a.html (864 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Supercomputer to build 3D brain
		This is the part of the brain thought to be responsible for language, learning, memory and complex thought.
		"Modelling the brain at the cellular level is a massive undertaking because of the hundreds of thousands of parameters that need to be taken into account," said Henry Markram, the EPFL professor leading the project.
		The system to be installed at their EPFL lab will take up the floor space of about four refrigerators, and will have a peak processing speed of at least 22.8 trillion floating-point operations per second (22.8 teraflops), making it one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/4071192.stm (454 words)

	Blue Gene super to simulate key part of the human brain - Computer Business Review
		Under a new project being jokingly referred to as "Blue Brain", IBM is working with the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne in Switzerland to simulate the electrochemical processing in the neocortical complex of the human brain.
		Each Blue Gene rack lists for about $2.5m, according to Tilak Agerwala, vice president of systems at IBM Research and the person who is steering the Blue Gene project into its commercialized phase.
		Your brain does the actual processing in something the size of a melon, with minimal heat, and can be powered for a few hours on a candy bar.
	www.cbronline.com /article_news.asp?guid=8F89926A-E80C-4E24-A177-7C7BDDF45D00 (534 words)

	VWN News: Blue Brain Project - creating a simulated brain
		The Blue Gene/L supercomputer that will be used for the simulation consists of enough independent processors that each processor can be set to emulate a single nerve cell in a column.
		Henry Markram, the boss of the Brain Mind Institute, and the leader of the EPFL's side of the collaboration, stresses that Blue Brain's formal goal is not to build an artificial intelligence system, such as a neural network.
		Of course, if you have the wiring of a brain, and pass enough stimulation through it, that may be exactly what is actually created.
	www.virtualworldlets.net /Archive/IndividualNews.php?News=1115 (544 words)

	Uncovering the secrets of cognitive intelligence
		Scientists also hope to understand more about how and why certain microcircuits in the brain malfunction - thought to be the cause of psychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and depression.
		Blue Gene supercomputers are optimized for bandwidth, scalability and the ability to handle large amounts of data while consuming a fraction of the power and floor space required by some of the leading supercomputing systems.
		Today IBM eServer Blue Gene systems are installed around the world at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, San Diego Supercomputing Center, University of Edinburgh, Argonne National Laboratory, ASTRON, NIWS and the National Center for Atmospheric Research, tackling a variety of challenges including genomic research, fluid dynamics and weather modeling.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=25764&nfid=rssfeeds (1032 words)

	Blue Brain Power: Modeling the brain with a supercomputer - Computerworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Blue Brain is modeling the behavior of 10,000 highly complex neurons in rats' neocortical columns (NCC), which are very similar to the NCCs in a human brain.
		The first objective of Blue Brain is to build an accurate software replica, or template, of an NCC within two to three years, says Henry Markram, the principal researcher on Blue Brain and a professor at Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL).
		Blue Brain is a prototype, but production machines that are similar cost “hundreds of millions of dollars,” IBM says.
	www.computerworld.com /softwaretopics/software/apps/story/0,10801,106347,00.html (1693 words)

	Your Brain on Blue Gene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Blue Brain is the first of a handful of projects Big Blue and EPFL will undertake.
		Blue Gene is proving to be a popular eServer for many research projects.
		Blue Gene systems are used at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of Edinburgh and Argonne National Laboratory, as well as the National Center for Atmospheric Research for genomic research and weather modeling.
	www.enterpriseitplanet.com /networking/news/article.php/3510801 (722 words)

	IBM and EPFL join forces to uncover the secrets of cognitive intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		"Modelling the brain at the cellular level is a massive undertaking because of the hundreds of thousands of parameters that need to be taken into account", stated Henry Markram, the EPFL professor heading up the project.
		Henry Markram is the founder of EPFL's Brain and Mind Institute, where more than 10 years of research and wet-lab experiments have been consolidated into the world's most comprehensive set of empirical data on the micro-architecture of the neocortex.
		The neocortex constitutes about 85 percent of the human brain's total mass and is thought to be responsible for the cognitive functions of language, learning, memory and complex thought.
	www.hoise.com /vmw/05/articles/vmw/LV-VM-07-05-7.html (1001 words)

	IBM Research \| Press Resources \| IBM/EPFL Blue Brain Project
		Using the huge computational capacity of IBM's eServer Blue Gene, researchers from IBM and EPFL will be able to create a detailed model of the circuitry in the neocortex – the largest and most complex part of the human brain.
		The Blue Gene Science team at the IBM T.J. Watson Research selected a GPCR for their initial work on Blue Gene/L because these membrane proteins represent more than half the current drug targets and a market of tens of billions of dollars annually.
		The Blue Gene Science team at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center selected membrane proteins for their initial work on Blue Gene/L because membrane processes enable cell signal detection, as well as ion and nutrient transport, and are the drug targets of the most of the world's major diseases.
	domino.research.ibm.com /comm/pr.nsf/pages/rsc.bluegene_cognitive.html (828 words)

	Future Feeder » Archive » Blue Brain : The First Complete Virtual Brain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The “Blue Brain” project will be the first computer simulation of the entire human brain, enabling real time observations of how the brain interprets the world.
		The carefully (as always) worded NS article doesn’t actually say that “ The ‘Blue Brain’ project will be the first computer simulation of the entire human brain “.
		Bearing in mind that, as far as we know, the human brain is by far the most complex organised structure in the universe, ‘eventually’ might be quite a long time in arriving.
	futurefeeder.com /index.php/archives/2005/06/06/brain (419 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| Click Online \| Supercomputer's key to the brain
		But at Switzerland's École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the Blue Brain Project aims to change this by simulating the structures and functions of the brain.
		The end result of all this research could be useful in predicting how the brain might react to certain drugs and diseases.
		Mix brain research with one of the world's most powerful computers and people start wondering about artificial intelligence and whether a computer will ever be conscious or have, as they often appear to, a mind of its own.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/programmes/click_online/4165420.stm (868 words)

	Brain Injury Lawyer: IBM's Blue Brain
		The Subway Fold is pointing to two articles discussing new developments in brain imaging.
		While this research is being completed as a means to develop new drugs to treat brain disease, I believe that the knowledge gained will also go a tremendous way towards improving the lives of people with traumatic brain injury.
		Brain Injury Lawyer & Attorney : Bruce H. Stern
	www.braininjurylawblog.com /brain-injury-news-268-ibms-blue-brain.html (393 words)

	BW Online \| November 7, 2001 \| A Talk with the Brain behind Blue Gene
		With Blue Gene, IBM is trying to set a new supercomputer speed limit -- a petaflop, or a thousand trillion floating calculations per second.
		The Livermore machine, called Blue Gene/L, is expected to operate at about 200 teraflops, 1 trillion operations per second, which is larger that the total power of the top 500 supercomputers in operation today.
		And work is continuing on Blue Gene/L's big brother, but the machine developed with Livermore is expected to be completed in 2005 and will be used for simulations in such field as aging, explosions, and fire research.
	www.businessweek.com /technology/content/nov2001/tc2001117_5137.htm (1645 words)

	The Blue Brain Project. Brain Waves: The field of neurotechnology, the focus of this blog, encompasses advances in ...
		Brain Waves: The field of neurotechnology, the focus of this blog, encompasses advances in brain science (neurons), information technology (bits) and bioengineering (genes).
		IBM and Swiss researchers have recently joined forces on a project, dubbed the 'Blue Brain Project', to uncover the secrets of cognitive intelligence.
		I'm sceptical of the success of this Blue Brain Project since people have been running brain and network simulations for decades and it seems unlikely that Blue Brain will reveal anything genuinely new, useful, or insightful.
	www.corante.com /brainwaves/archives/2005/07/25/the_blue_brain_project.php (725 words)

	Science News: Song sung blue: in brain, music and language overlap - This Week
		Volunteers also displayed a split-second brain wave response that is characteristic of recognizing a word that has just been primed by a sentence.
		Electrodes placed on the scalp recorded the brain's electrical activity as each participant heard various musical passages or spoken sentences followed by presentation of different nouns.
		Koelsch regards the results of the study as consistent with the controversial theory that the comprehension of music evolved as the brain's basic means for auditory communication and made possible the tonal modulations crucial to many languages, such as Chinese and Thai.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_9_165/ai_114368600 (600 words)

	The Speculist: Blue Brain
		An appropriate storage medium for holding not only the data that a brain contains, but the metadata that defines relationships between the data, as well as the "application logic" that knows what to do with this data and the "operating system" on which the whole thing runs.
		Of course, these requirements overlay the "computer" paradigm onto brain function, which defines relationships between hardware, software, operating system, and database that are very different from what you would find somewhere behind the screen you're now looking at.
		And if the whole brain is backed up, it's just a matter of time before we have computers sophisticated enough to tease out that elsuive "mind" thing.
	www.blog.speculist.com /archives/000338.html (1553 words)

	IBM Blue Brain project with EPFL to map the brain; supercomputer neuron charting, neocortex
		Part of the reason why the brain and its functions remain a mystery is that most of the research till date have been 'wet-lab' ones, done on lab animals like rat and mice.
		The Blue Brain has some 8,000 processors and the scientists will map one or two simulated brain neurons to each processor, making the computer a replica of 10,000 neurons.
		The latest theory is that brain circuitry is in a complex state of flux, the brain rewiring itself every moment of its existence.
	www.dancewithshadows.com /tech/ibm-blue-brain-project.asp (1005 words)

	GeekCoffee \| Technology News and Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		IBM's Blue Brain project is a two-year venture for scientists from Big Blue and the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne to create a detailed model of the human brain.
		This effort represents the greatest investigation yet into how the human brain works, achieved by creating a detailed model of the neocortex using the Blue Gene supercomputer.
		Scientists believe that once they create an accurate, functioning model of the neocortex, which houses 85% of the brain's function, they can begin to model other parts of the brain, until they have the entire brain mapped.
	www.geekcoffee.net /archives/2005/06/ibm_aims_to_sim.html (188 words)

	PRESS RELEASE IBM and EPFL Join Forces to Uncover the Secrets of Cognitive Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Scientists also hope to understand more about how and why certain microcircuits in the brain malfunction -- thought to be the cause of psychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia and depression.
		Researchers from IBM will use their experience in simulating complex biological systems to help turn this data into a working 3-dimensional model re-creating the high-speed electro-chemical interactions of the brain's interior.
		Another team will use Blue Gene to research the folding of proteins and their role in the development of Creutzfeldt-Jakob (mad cow) and other diseases.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=88082 (1097 words)

	IBM Blue Brain Project
		Blue Gene style, Linux-powered super computer that will be used to simulate the human brain.
		neurocortical column, which has only 60,000 neurons compared to the human brain's 10 billion.
		That's no guarantee that they are an accurate model of a real neuron, anymore than a robot arm has to be an accurate model of a human arm.
	robots.net /article/1519.html (333 words)

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