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Topic: Blue Ice (Glacial)

	Glacial Studies in Greenland 1895 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		the layers of ice are cut sharply across,exposing their edges, and the formation of these scarps is attributed to the lower inclination of the sun's rays, which strike vertically and effectively against the edges of the glacier, whereas its back is affected only by rays of low slant.
		Evidence showed that the more solid (blue) bands in the ice are produced by exceptional pressure in moving over rugosities, and that their position in the ice is parallel to the ice movement; while at the same time blue bands may be developed nearly at right angles, after the manner of slaty cleavage.
		It becomes solidified after the fashion of a glacier, and may serve to arrest or deflect the main ice, for it was observed that the basal layers of the ice in places curved upward on encountering the resistance of this wind-drifted accumulation.
	www.arcticwebsite.com /GlacialStudiesGreenland.html (1942 words)

	Glacier - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Outlet glaciers are formed by the movement of ice from a polar ice cap, or an ice cap from mountainous regions, to the sea.
		Glacial erratics are rounded boulders that were left by a melting glacier and are often seen perched precariously on exposed rock faces after glacial retreat.
		The idea that the evidence of middle-latitude glaciations is closely related to the displacement of tectonic plates was confirmed by the absence of glacial traces in the same period for the higher latitudes of North America and Eurasia, which indicates that their locations were very different than today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glacier (4261 words)

	Ice core - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ice cores are collected by driving a hollow tube or by core drilling deep into the ice sheets of Antarctica, Greenland and in glaciers elsewhere.
		Upper layers of ice in a core corresponds to a single year, sometimes even a single season and almost everything that fell in the snow that year remains behind, including wind-blown dust, ash, atmospheric gases, even radioactivity.
		The ice thickness is 3,309+/-22m and the core was drilled to 3,190m.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Ice_core (865 words)

	Glacier Glossary
		Alternating bands of light and dark ice on a glacier usually found down glacier from steep narrow icefalls and considered to be the result of different flow and ablation rates in summer and winter.
		On snowfields and glaciers, if the relative humidity (moisture content) of a packet of air is high enough that the air reaches the dew point as it cools in contact with the snow or ice, condensation occurs, releasing nearly 600 calories/gram of latent heat.
		In glaciers, if the relative humidity of a packet of air is high enough that the air reaches the dew point as it cools in contact with the snow or ice, condensation occurs, releasing +AH4- 680 calories/gram of latent heat.
	www.ebeltz.net /glacier/glacglos.html (5769 words)

	Glacier Summary
		Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth, and second only to oceans as the largest reservoir of total water.
		Outlet glaciers are formed by the movement of ice from a polar ice cap, or an ice cap from mountainous regions, to the sea.
		Glacial ice's distinctive blue tint, though often mistakenly attributed to Rayleigh scattering, is instead simply due to the fact that water itself is blue (owing to an overtone of an OH stretch which absorbs in the far red region of the visible spectrum).
	www.bookrags.com /Glacier (5388 words)

	Glaciers
		Ice is brittle (breaks when under stress) at its surface, but under pressure (under 25 meters of ice) it behaves in a ductile fashion (it flows under stress).
		At the end of a glacier, where it is melting as fast as it is being supplied by ice from upstream, large quantities of unsorted sediments (silt, sand, gravel and boulders) called glacial till are heaped into terminal moraines.
		These glacial cycles are caused by variations of the Earth's orbit around the sun which changes the amount of solar radiation coming into the Earth at high latitudes during the summer.
	www.columbia.edu /~vjd1/glaciers.htm (671 words)

	Blue Ice - Moraines
		Bits of rock, ranging in size from powdery glacier flour to large boulders, are carved from the valley floor and walls by the flowing ice and deposited as moraines along the edges and on top of the glacier.
		Glacial till is the name for this unsorted mix of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and boulders.
		Blue Glacier has deposited most of the debris collected up glacier in a 50-meter high lateral moraine that follows nearly 900 meters of the right flank.
	www.carleton.edu /departments/geol/Links/AlumContributions/blueice/moraine.html (187 words)

	Touring the Inside of a Glacier, Alaska Science Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Glacial ice is created when several seasons of accumulated snowfall compact the underlying layers to a fraction of their former volume.
		Slowly, a network of caverns and tunnels is established, complete with a fairyland of ice crystals growing on exposed surfaces which assume strange and unworldly shapes in the eerie blue light.
		Because glaciers are living and moving things, the caverns do not retain their shapes for long, and a visitor never sees the same cave twice.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF6/672.html (425 words)

	Glaciers and Icefields
		Ice flows down the valleys and slopes of the mountains to the lower elevations, and glaciers are born.
		As glaciers carve U-shaped valleys, rocks plucked from the bedrock and frozen in the ice etch grooves and striations in the bedrock.
		Glacial ice may also appear white because some ice is highly fractured with air pockets and indiscriminately scatters the visible light spectrum.
	www.fs.fed.us /r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geology/icefields.htm (1923 words)

	In Situ Photos of Lake Superior Ice
		One of the first ice types to form on Lake Superior is a shorefast conglomerate of ice balls and wave spray called an ice foot or rampart.
		Much of the Superior shore develops an ice foot where wave and beach prerequisites are met; i.e., a shoreline exposed to powerful winter waves and wind, and a beach to initiate ice accretion.
		The ice foot is generally from 5 to 150 m in width, and from 0.5 to 3 m thick.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /great_lakes/ice/field_photos (848 words)

	Icebergs - Dr. Thomas F. Budinger
		Ice in the waters of the earth's polar regions occurs in two forms, namely, pack ice and icebergs.
		Pack ice forms from seawater and is generally only one or two years old, whereas icebergs are fragments of ice sheets and glaciers that formed on land areas during intervals of thousands of years.
		The speed of the ice sheet spread, or creep, over Greenland and the Antarctic caries from zero near their centres to as much as six miles per year in the ice streams that make up glaciers.
	bioeng.berkeley.edu /budinger/icebergs.html (976 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thickness is measured by comparing the elevation of the surface of the ice and the surface of the underlying rock.
		One can measure the ice surface elevation directly (by several different methods), but until many holes are drilled through the ice at different places, the bedrock elevation has to be estimated by other means.
		ANSWER from Deane Rink on December 23, 1994 The thickest ice is on the polar plateau; it is known as the East Antarctic ice sheet and in some places it is two miles thick.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /antarctica/QA/climate/Ice,Snow,Groundwater (2709 words)

	Stock Photo: Blue Ice Snow in Antarctica
		It is blue because the dense ice of the glacier absorbs every other color of the spectrum except blue--so blue is what is seen by the human eye.
		The ice on a glacier has been there for a very long time and has been compacted so that its structure is different than the ice normally seen.
		Glacial ice is different than the frozen water you get out of the freezer and is not just frozen compacted snow.
	www.dreamstime.com /blueiceandsnowinantarctica-image1799798 (158 words)

	Portage Glacier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The blue color was intensified because of the rainy, overcast day.
		Crystals of glacial ice are so dense that few cracks or air bubbles exist to reflect light.
		Ice crystals in the glacier reflect only the short blue wavelengths of light and absorb other visible colors, therefore the ice appears blue.
	www.frontiernet.net /~vaudeen/glacier.html (238 words)

	LATE GLACIAL ICE MARGINAL FLUCTUATIONS ON CENTRAL KOLA PENINSULA, NW RUSSIA
		During the Younger Dryas, the eastern ice margin of the Fennoscandian ice sheet was positioned north-south across the central Kola Peninsula, depositing end moraines on the lowlands surrounding the mountains, particularly on the northern part of the peninsula.
		A prerequisite for the formation of the Antarctic cirque infills is the presence of blue ice, and hence, high rates of evaporation directly from the ice.
		It is possible that blue ice conditions were also present during the formation of the Kola cirque infills, as no evidence of proglacial lakes is found in these cirques.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_55320.htm (513 words)

	Worldisround - ALASKA - Glacier Bay - Alaska pictures
		I had always visualized a 'glacier to be a big, boring, white chunk of ice.
		These glaciers may be fed by many tributary glaciers, each adding a load of rock to the main glacier, and at times look more like a rock than ice.
		It is usually not as cloudy near the Glaciers as in the lower portions of the Bay.
	www.worldisround.com /articles/11261/text.html (1044 words)

	Glacial Ice Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The ice is very transparent due to the lack of air bubbles.
		As a result, specks of dirt and debris embedded in the ice are easy to see.
		Above: Blue glacial ice that has calved to form an iceberg.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/lemke/images/glacial_geol/ice_blue.html (106 words)

	Scandinavia - Norway - Briksdal Glacier - Ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Briksdal glacier sits in the Oldedalen (Olden valley) at the end of one of the three branches of the Nordfjord.
		It is a tongue of the Jostedalsbre, the largest surviving ice field on the mainland of Europe.
		The Briskdal glacier itself is one of the fastest advancing glaciers since the "Little Ice Age" nearly 300 years ago.
	worldtrip.iwebland.com /Journal/SCAN/960616.html (301 words)

	Glaciation
		Glacial ice sometimes looks blue because it absorbs all colors of the visible light spectrum except blue, which it transmits and hence its blue appearance.
		Glacier ice may also appear white because some ice is fractured with pockets of air that indiscriminately scatters the visible light spectrum.
		Under the weight of accumulating ice, the ice is deformed and begins to move by pseudo-plastic flow.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/glacial_systems/glaciation_causes.html (997 words)

	HOTSPOT: California On The Edge
		This rock was scraped by glacial ice and has a shiny polish and scratches that indicate the direction the ice was moving.
		Glaciers were confined to high mountains, advancing and retreating 4 to 7 times.
		Glacial refugia are like habitat islands, where organisms that were adapted to the colder climate of the ice ages, became isolated and still survive today.
	www.calacademy.org /exhibits/california_hotspot/habitat_sierra_glaciers.htm (3676 words)

	NMBGMR Staff - Nelia W. Dunbar - Geochemical Composition and Stratigraphy of Tephra Layers in Antarctic Blue Ice : ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The lower contact with the ice is invariably sharp, and is interpreted to be the depositional surface, whereas the upper contact is diffuse, apparently due to mixing with later snow.
		Because of their ease of access and sampling, blue ice areas offer an alternative to deep ice cores for the reconstruction of regional and possibly global volcanic records.
		Furthermore, dated layers found in blue ice areas may be geochemically correlated with tephra in deep ice cores, enabling a reliable chronology to be established.
	geoinfo.nmt.edu /staff/dunbar/abstract/dkme95a.html (668 words)

	[No title]
		Glacier debris, poor in nutrients, depends on flowering lupine and alder to fix nitrogen in the soil, and all species add organic matter to the soil as they are overtopped and shaded out by other species.
		As the ice flows towards Mendenhall Lake, the glacier plucks rocks that become imbedded in the ice from the valley floor.
		Glacier ice may also appear white because some ice is highly fractured with air pockets an indiscriminately scatters the visible light spectrum.
	www.fs.fed.us /r10/tongass/districts/mendenhall/faq.html (524 words)

	JASON XIII Expedition Journal
		Glaciers are towering walls of ice that can be miles long and thousands of feet thick.
		We've also learned that glacier ice is blue because the glacier ice crystals absorb all the colors of the visible spectrum except blue, while blue is reflected giving it its blue color.
		A glacier isn't bendable, so when the glacier moves across the ground and comes to a obstacle, it cracks and a crevasse is created.
	jasonproject.org /jason13/updates/portage/portage_1febgeoscijoann.html (522 words)

	Larsen-B Collapse - Research on the Collapse
		Unlike the ice shelves of the lower Antarctic, such as the Ross, the ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula owe a substantial portion of their 250 meter thickness to fresh snowfall every season which compacts on top of the glacial ice which descends off the Peninsula.
		This causes the top 50 meters of the ice shelf to be structurally weak, while the glacial ice underneath is the load-bearing structure that holds the shelf together.
		This explains the blue color and rapid outward expansion of the ice debris seen from satellite images after Larsen-B collapsed: the pieces falling on their side would have exposed tons of blue, glacial ice usually covered by snow to the sky as they fell sideways (5).
	www.uweb.ucsb.edu /~christowilson/science.htm (434 words)

	William Neill Photography
		The assignment was to photograph turquoise glacial lakes, and glacial crevasses and caves to show the ice-filtered, blue light from inside.
		I was told about an ice cave that I hoped would show the glowing blue I had seen in other photographs, but when I walked inside the cave, the light did not seem very blue.
		My blue ice images were not so blue, and so were not used in the book.
	www.williamneill.com /articles/6practicework.html (817 words)

	Documentation: Blue Ice Tephra II - Brimstone Peak (N. Dunbar) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Antarctic ice sheets preserve a record of the volcanic ash layers and chemical aerosol signatures of local and distant volcanic eruptions.
		Blue ice tephra samples were collected from Brimstone Peak, Antarctica (75.9°S, 158.5°E).
		Because of their ease of access and sampling, blue ice areas offer an alternative to deep ice cores in the reconstruction of regional and possible global volcanic records.
	nsidc.org /data/docs/agdc/nsidc0114_dunbar (819 words)

	Lake Clark National Park & Preserve - Nature & Science
		A glacier is a complex and dynamic system, continuously changing in response to fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, and other geologic processes.
		For a glacier to exist, there has to be the right combination of temperature, elevation, moisture source, and area for accumulation of snow pack.
		Glacial ice appears blue because the crystal structure and physical characteristics of the water molecules absorb all of the light spectrum except blue.
	www.nps.gov /lacl/pphtml/subnaturalfeatures13.html (683 words)

	Lake Clark Geology
		Although glaciers in the park are now retreating, their ice movement is still down the mountain.
		A glacier is said to be retreating if the rate at which it melts is greater than the rate at which it moves down slope.
		The future of glaciers and glaciation is, of course, unknown, but we do know that it takes only minor increases in precipitation and changes in temperature to cause significant build-up in the snow packs of existing glaciers.
	www.nps.gov /lacl/geology.htm (1564 words)

	Blue Ice Vodka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Blue Ice Vodka is made in small batch productions, and has a five-stage filtration process, and a four-column fractional distillation, and is also all natural and is additive free.
		Hal, Blue Ice Vodka could become your new beverage of choice, since only 1 percent of all vodkas are made from potatoes.
		I first tried Blue Ice Vodka at Vodka Fest held in New York on October 27, 2003, where I had the opportunity to sample vodkas from some of the major and some newer distilleries.
	www.luxuryweb.com /html/blue_ice_vodka.html (469 words)

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