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	Body surface area - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physiology and medicine, the body surface area (BSA) is the measured or calculated surface of a human body.
		For many clinical purposes BSA is a better indicator of metabolic mass than body weight because it is less affected by abnormal adipose mass.
		Glucocorticoid dosing is also expressed in terms of BSA for calculating maintenance doses or to compare high dose use with maintenance requirement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Body_surface_area (302 words)

	Estimating Body Surface Area in Infants and Children
		Examination of published human body surface area (BSA) data discloses a linear relationship between BSA and weight in infants and children weighing between 3 and 30 kg.
		The BSA may be estimated with a nomogram, which is a graphical rendering of a formula, or calculated by scientific calculator or computer.
		The units are different, weight being in kilograms and BSA being in square meters, and this equation is only valid for well-proportioned infants and children between the weights of 3 and 30 kg, as is the linear regression formula.
	www.uam.es /departamentos/medicina/anesnet/journals/ija/vol2n2/articles/bsa.htm (1384 words)

	Emergency Management of Burnsi n the Pediatric Population (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Since infants' and children's body proportions are different from those of adults, a correct estimation of the percentage of body surface area involved should be made before fluid resuscitation is performed.
		A quick assessment may also be obtained by using the area of the palm (minus the fingers and thumb) as l % of the body surface area involved in an infant or child.
		This division is used to estimate the percentage of body surface damage sustained in a burn.
	www.doctorniruprasad.com /Emergmanburn.html (3563 words)

	Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body - Surface Markings of the Abdomen - Yahoo! Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The junction between the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process is on the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra.
		Its body extends along the transpyloric line, the bulk of it lying above this line to the tail which is in the left hypochondriac region slightly to the left of the lateral line and above the transpyloric.
		On the front of the abdomen the upper pole lies midway between the plane of the lower end of the body of the sternum and the transpyloric plane, 5 cm.
	messenger.yahooligans.com /reference/gray/subjects/subject?id=286 (2210 words)

	Soriatane® (acitretin) - About Psoriasis
		BSA refers to the percentage of body surface area affected by psoriasis.
		For example, if a person has a BSA of 10% or more, their psoriasis is classified as "severe." BSA is usually measured before and after treatment to determine the effectiveness of the therapy.
		PASI includes the amount of body surface area that is affected by psoriasis in addition to three major symptoms: redness, inflammation, and the thickness of the scale on the skin.
	www.soriatane.com /psoriasis/about_psoriasis.asp (1788 words)

	Volume Surface Area -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In mathematics (topology), a surface is a two-dimensional manifold.
		The surface of a fluid object, such as a rain drop or soap bubble, is an idealisation.
		In mathematics, a surface is a two-dimensional manifold.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/163/volume-surface-area.html (683 words)

	The Body: Pediatric Antiviral Glossary
		Body surface area is expressed as meter squared or m
		body surface and a child's body surface area is 0.5 m
		The Body and its logos are trademarks of Body Health Resources Corporation, which owns the copyright of The Body's homepage, topic pages, page designs and HTML code.
	www.thebody.com /pwa/wtn/winter99/ped_antiviral.html (527 words)

	[No title]
		BSA has been chosen rather than body weight as the basis for calculation for two reasons.
		Another clinical situation would be the use of ideal body weight to calculate the BSA of an individual with an abnormal accumulation of fluids.
		Separate nomograms for the determination of the BSA of adults and of children are available in the Patient Monitoring section of the blue pages of the CPS.
	www.cancercare.on.ca /index_drugFormularyappendix4.htm (546 words)

	3dMD
		The total body surface area of a burn is critical to estimate the amount of fluid needed to resuscitate a burn patient per the parkland formula.
		To estimate the total body surface area the physician relies on a clinical estimation per rule of nine’s or assuming that the palm represents 1% of the total body surface area and guessing the approximate number of palm’s that it would take to cover the burn.
		The burn surfaces were measured directly and the patients total body surface area were measured directly and compared to the Lund and Browder diagram and the 3D imager.
	www.3dmd.com /NewsEvents/news_article.asp?ID=96 (356 words)

	Guidance for Industry: Estimating the Maximum Safe Starting Dose in Initial Clinical Trials for Therapeutics in Adult ...
		Although body surface area conversion is the standard way to approximate equivalent exposure if no further information is available, in some cases extrapolating doses based on other parameters may be more appropriate.
		The body surface area normalization and the extrapolation of the animal dose to human dose should be done in one step by dividing the NOAEL in each of the animal species studied by the appropriate body surface area conversion factor (BSA-CF).
		Body surface area conversion factor (BSA-CF): A factor that converts a dose (mg/kg) in an animal species to the equivalent dose in humans (also known as the human equivalent dose), based on differences in body surface area.
	www.fda.gov /cder/guidance/5541fnl.htm (5749 words)

	Allergan :: TAZORAC Cream Safety
		Rabbits dosed topically with 0.25 mg/kg/day (2.75 mg/m2 total body surface area/day) tazarotene gel during gestation days 6 through 18 were noted with single incidences of known retinoid malformations, including spina bifida, hydrocephaly, and heart anomalies.
		System exposure to tazarotenic acid is dependent upon the extent of the body surface area treated.
		Although there may be less systemic exposure in the treatment of acne of the face alone due to less surface area for application, tazarotene is a teratogenic substance, and it is not know what level of exposure is required for teratogenicity in humans.
	www.allergan.com /site/products/consumers/safety.asp?id=tazorac_cream&largeText=no (1549 words)

	Formulas for Calculating Body Surface Area (BSA)
		References and formulas used by the Body Surface Area Calculator.
		These numbers are used in the BSA calculator.
		Boyd E, The growth of the surface area of the human body.
	www.halls.md /body-surface-area/refs.htm (656 words)

	Body surface area prediction in normal-weight and obese patients -- Livingston and Lee 281 (3): E586 -- AJP - ...
		Body surface area prediction in normal-weight and obese patients -- Livingston and Lee 281 (3): E586 -- AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism
		Body surface area prediction in normal-weight and obese patients
		BSA and the BSA estimated by the geometric method
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/281/3/E586 (2696 words)

	A Linear Equation For Estimating The Body Surface Area In Infants And Children
		Application of linear regression analysis to published data results in a formula relating BSA in square centimeters and weight in grams: BSA = 1321 + 0.3433* Wt.
		) This high correlation of BSA estimation from the linear regression formula with actual BSA measurements is justification enough for use when ease of computation is important.
		In fact, at least one study of BSA in fl Nigerians suggests that they overestimate the body surface area by 6-22% in this population (
	www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ija/vol2n2/bsa.xml (1370 words)

	Estimating the size of a burn, SVCMC, New York, NY
		The chest equals 9% and the stomach equals 9% of the body's surface area.
		The groin area equals 1% of the body's surface area.
		The chest and stomach are 13% of the body's surface area.
	www.svcmc.org /16588.cfm (370 words)

	ERA-EDTA: Body Surface Area Must be Considered When Measuring Transport Characteristics of Peritoneal Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Researchers previously reported that differences in D/PCr ratio or mass transfer area coefficients of creatinine (MTACcr) could be related to differences in peritoneal surface area, which is closely related to body surface area.
		To determine if these differences might be related to body surface area, Dr. M.F. Lam and colleagues from the department of medicine, Tung Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, Hksar, China, conducted a retrospective study of dialysis patients.
		Although MTACcr was higher among the men, the researchers found that this difference disappeared after correcting for differences in body surface area.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/218d36.htm (428 words)

	Surface Area of Human Skin
		"The surface area may be calculated by multiplying 0.007184 times the weight in kilograms raised to the 0.425 power and the height in centimeters raised to the 0.725 power." [Assume a height of 5'8" (170 cm) and a mass of 150 lb (68 kg).]
		The surface area of skin, or body surface area, can be measured in several different ways, the simplest is probably the Mosteller formula.
		The measurement of the surface area is commonly used by doctors to calculate drug dosages, ventilation, fluid requirements, and extracorporeal circulation.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2001/IgorFridman.shtml (453 words)

	Inverse-square law and body surface area. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		With regard to your second question, I'm assuming the question refers to small or localized areas of the body being subjected to gamma radiation.
		Typical whole body dose calculations are based on the fact that the entire body is exposed to the same gamma fluence.
		If a small area of the body is exposed, such as in a directional source, then a "weighting factor" can be used to determine the committed effective dose equivalent.
	hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q382.html (439 words)

	Appendix -- Characteristics of Available Antiretroviral Drugs
		Pediatric dosage range: 90 mg per m2 of body surface area to 180 mg per m2 of body surface area every 6-8 hours.
		Some experts in pediatric HIV infection use a dose of 180 mg per m2 of body surface area every 12 hours when using in drug combinations with other antiretroviral compounds, but data on this dosing in children is limited.
		To minimize nausea/vomiting, initiate therapy starting at 250 mg per m2 of body surface area every 12 hours and increase stepwise to full dose over 5 days as tolerated.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0052176/m0052176.asp (3163 words)

	Cancer Spectrum: Miller, pp. 1822-1831.
		surface area in phase I trials should be abandoned.
		Body surface area is equivalent to the two-dimensional surface
		Role of body-surface area in dosing of investigational anticancer agents in adults: 1991–2001.
	jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/jnci;94/24/1822 (1189 words)

	Body Surface Area = 0
		BMI is one of the better methods to determine who is potentially overweight or obese (Kuczmarski, Carroll, Flegal, and Troiano, 1997).
		BMI does not take into account more muscular frames at different heights, as is the case with measuring crude weight (mentioned later in the article).
		Thus, a patient who lifts weights or engages in resistance exercises may actually experience a slight increase in BMI due to an increase in lean body mass which weighs more than fat tissue.
	www.delmar.edu /nsci/cgambill/bmi.htm (1356 words)

	Body Surface Area BSA calculator medication doses
		Calculates Body Surface Area for medication doses and includes descriptive statistics.
		BSA is a measurement used in many medical tasks.
		Various Body Surface Area formulas have been developed over the years, originally by Dr.s Du Bois and Du Bois, followed by Gehan and George, Haycock, Boyd and Mosteller.
	www.halls.md /body-surface-area/bsa.htm (109 words)

	Nutrition for Soccer and Athletics
		Factors, such as, age, gender, body surface area, and environment influence daily caloric output.
		Very low calorie diets, that are not medically supervised, may cause the body to use up to 50% of its energy from muscle protein sources.
		In addition, a significant loss of lean body mass, a notable slowing of the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) as well as, malnutrition, that in extreme cases may result in death, are typical side effects of such drastic dieting practices.
	www.kidsfirstsoccer.com /nutrfit.htm (3126 words)

	The Body: Pediatric Dosing Schedule
		) of body surface area every 12 hours but this is experimental.
		Blood levels seem to vary a lot between children and kidney stones may be more common than in adults.
		) area every 12 hours if there is no rash and it is tolerated.
	www.thebody.com /pwa/wtn/winter99/ped_dosing.html (1177 words)

	Cancer Spectrum: Baker et al., pp. 1883-1888.
		Role of Body Surface Area in Dosing of Investigational Anticancer Agents in Adults, 1991–2001
		Body surface area as a determinant of pharmacokinetics and drug dosing.
		The use of surface area for establishing normal blood volume.
	jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/jnci;94/24/1883 (4530 words)

	Body Surface Area Calculator
		Body Surface Area Calculator - (Kg / cm to m
		There are various different ways to calculate the Body Surface Area.
		Mosteller RD: Simplified Calculation of Body Surface Area.
	www.ukmicentral.nhs.uk /resource/calcs/bsa.htm (83 words)

	WebHealthCentre.com - Health Calculators
		The skin is the largest organ in your body.
		Just how big it is depends on your body surface area.
		In no event shall www.webhealthcentre.com, its suppliers, affiliates or any third parties be liable in any manner whatsoever for any damages arising upon use of any information given in this section in any manner whatsoever.
	www.webhealthcentre.com /calculators/calc_area.asp (135 words)

	Body Surface Area Calculator
		Body surface area (BSA) is often used to determine drug dosages to be given during treatment.
		This is commonly referred to in SWOG protocols as M2 (meters squared).
		Unless stated otherwise in a SWOG protocol, BSA calculations must be determined using the following DuBois and DuBois formula.
	www.crab.org /crab/Calculators/BSA.htm (77 words)

	Prediction of Body Surface Area Based on 3-Dimensional Laser Scans - Storming Media
		Abstract: Treatment of many military-relevant diseases depends on knowledge of body surface area (BSA).
		BSA is typically estimated using predictive formulae that were developed using a variety of measurement techniques.
		These techniques range from applying paper to the surface of the body and measuring the contact area to measuring the reflectance area of the skin with bright light.
	www.stormingmedia.us /73/7329/A732924.html (157 words)

	Body Mass Index Calculator: Calculate your Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Surface Area, Ideal Body Weight, and Lean Body ...
		Body Mass Index Calculator: Calculate your Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Surface Area, Ideal Body Weight, and Lean Body Weight
		In addition to Body Mass Index, you can calculate your Body Surface Area, Ideal Body Weight, and Lean Body Weight.
		Body Mass Index (BMI) provides a simple and useful estimate of overweight, obesity, and body fat distribution by determining your weight relative to your height.
	allnutritionals.com /calculators/body_mass_index_calculator.htm (138 words)

	Influence of Body Surface Area on Serum Peak Thyrotropin (TSH) Levels after Recombinant Human TSH Administration -- ...
		Influence of Body Surface Area on Serum Peak Thyrotropin (TSH) Levels after Recombinant Human TSH Administration -- Vitale et al.
		Influence of Body Surface Area on Serum Peak Thyrotropin (TSH) Levels after Recombinant Human TSH Administration
		Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH 1978 Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a weight formula validated in infants, children and adults.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/88/3/1319 (2607 words)

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