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	JNL 5: Boehm-System Bassoons in the 19th Century
		In view of the worldwide success of the Boehm flute and the ever-increasing spread throughout the world of the clarinet built according to the Boehm system, one is perfectly justified in wondering about an equally advantageous application of Boehm's construction principles to the bassoon.
		Boehm committed himself to "drawing up plans for a new bassoon using his system" (16) for this workshop, and with these plans, Boehm's contributions to the improvement of the bassoon were at an end.
		One totally independent application of the Boehm system to the bassoon is presented not in writing but in the form of a surviving instrument: this is the work of the instrument-maker Heinrich Joseph Haseneier (1798 - 1890) of Coblenz.
	idrs.colorado.edu /Publications/Journal/JNL5/boehm.html (2085 words)

	Boehm System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Boehm System is a system of fingerings, created by inventor and flautist Theobald Boehm in the 1830s which was originally used on the flute and then on a variety of woodwind instruments, including the clarinet, bass clarinet and saxophone.
		It replaces the older Albert system, and is known predominantly for simplifying the progression of fingerings as one moves up and down the scale.
		The bassoon (and contra-bassoon) are unique members of the woodwind family in that they are both fingered with Heckel-system keywork, a descendant of the original Baroque fingering system, as opposed to the otherwise ubiquitous Boehm system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Boehm_System (203 words)

	SaxTalk.com - Saxophone News and Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Boehm was a musician, primarily a flutist, and an instrument designer/builder.
		The dominance of the Boehm System made it the clear system of choice for Adolphe Sax as he was designing the saxophone in late 1841 and early 1842.
		The only weakness of the Boehm system, one that continues to be a weakness of the modern saxophone, is that it is somewhat counter-intuitive.
	www.saxtalk.com /index.php?article=34 (575 words)

	The Boehm System
		Boehm then replaced the key-holes with larger holes, which meant that the keys needed to be enlarged as well.
		Boehm decided that silver was the best metal for his flutes to be made of, and insisted that his design have an open G#.
		Boehm claimed that the closed caused tonal problems, but these problems were eliminated after the invention of the open E key years later.
	www.geocities.com /riverdanceflutist/flutehistoryboehm.html (446 words)

	Boehm flutes
		By 1832, Boehm had come to believe in, and chose to implement (insofar as possible), a complete 'open(-standing) key system': all keys were to be off their holes until made to close by the player, and all holes beneath the sounding hole were to be open for the notes of the first two octaves.
		Boehm's prescription was to taper the head from 19 mm (the diameter of the body) to 17 mm at the cork stopper on the left of the embouchure hole.
		Boehm used one C hole (for c'' and c''') under the flute, but for some reason not really understood, the French makers began to use two smaller holes, both controlled by the same key.
	www.oldflutes.com /boehm.htm (6502 words)

	Graham's Music! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He dreamed of creating a new clarinet system, and with inspiration from the revolutionary designs of Theobald Boehm, the musical genius of Klose and the technical wit of Buffet led to the creation of the world's most admired and widely used key system not only on clarinets, but throughout the woodwind family.
		The ideals of Theobald Boehm used on the clarinet combined with the popularity of the flute mechanics may have lead to the naming of the key system.
		Although the system initially perused by Buffet and Klose is still by far the most popular key system used for clarinets throughout most of the world, some felt it could be improved.
	www.grahams-music.com /clarinets/boehm.htm (897 words)

	flutehistory.com: Boehm-system flutes
		Theobald Boehm (1794-1881), a Bavarian Court musician and industrial innovator designed completely new types of flute in 1832 and 1847.
		This ring-key or 'conical Boehm' flute began to attract notice when a few prominent players in Paris (1838) and London (1840) took it up, but it was also criticised because, with its new and unfamiliar construction, it sounded to some people more like a trumpet than a flute.
		In 1847 Boehm devised a second model, that replaced the flute's conical bore with a cylindrical one, and its wooden tube with one of metal.
	www.flutehistory.com /Instrument/Boehm.php3 (288 words)

	Developing Multimedia applications with the WinWin Spiral Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A memo from Boehm to Charlotte Crockett, Director of the Leavey Library, summarized the proposed set of projects, the potential Library costs and risks and how they would be addressed, and the envisioned Library benefits in terms of their win conditions.
		The system boundary focuses on the automated applications portion of the operation, and includes such entities as users, operators, maintainers, assets, and infrastructure (campus networks, etc.) as part of the system environment.
		Major system requirements had already been negotiated, but there were typically a few new requirements when the project was taken on by newly reconstituted project teams whose views added subtle differences to the original concepts.
	sunset.usc.edu /TechRpts/Papers/usccse97-504/usccse97-504.html (6864 words)

	Mühlfeld’s Clarinet
		A further legacy of Carl Baermann was the design of the Baermann system clarinet, which was the dominant clarinet in the German musical world in the second half of the 19th century, and is the direct ancestor of the instruments used in Germany and Austria today.
		One of Baermann’s colleagues in the Munich orchestra was the flautist Theobald Boehm (1794-1881).
		Compared with the clarinets of the Classical and early Romantic periods, the “Boehm” clarinet was virtually unrecognizable, with its fundamentally different fingering pattern, “French” bore shape (with a long, flaring expansion in the lower joint), wider mouthpiece and reed and, within a few years of its introduction, use of tropical flwood as the body material.
	www.sfoxclarinets.com /basycl_art.htm (2596 words)

	Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection
		Meyer-Boehm poses an entertaining oxymoron in that the progressive Boehm establishment had ceased to manufacture or encourage the use of conical bore flutes of any key system by the mid-point of the century.
		Currently, the simple system conical bore flute is still favored by Irish folk and dance band musicians, particularly nineteenth-century English instruments, originals or replicas, which usually produce more sound in the low register than the Meyer and similar German models of the late nineteenth century.
		The only mention of a full fingering system for clarinets is the "système Boehm," and the only mention of a "système E. Albert" in the catalog pertains to a patented octave key mechanism for saxophones.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/dcmhtml/dmpref6.html (1039 words)

	Untitled
		Theobald Boehm was a Bavarian flute virtuoso born in 1794.
		Well, the Boehm system sort of compromised the tuning of the instrument a little, and added a lot of new keys and key actions, to make the flute easier to play.
		Boehm himself worked on the bassoon (in fact, Boehm had the desire for his revolutionary system of fingering to spread to and improve all woodwinds), but it didn’t go over well with critics.
	www.suite101.com /print_article.cfm/3846/85877 (481 words)

	JIM SCHMIDT'S FINGERING INFO
		Suppose you are playing G with the conventional Boehm system, holding down the Thumb, 2nd, 3rd and 4th digits of the left hand.
		Even if a Boehm system sax were made similar to one of my horns by reducing the number of posts, it would not sound as good because of the intonational compromises and misplaced toneholes inherent with the Boehm design.
		The Boehm system sax has some palm keys which are awkward because they are not operated by the fingers but are sort of bumped into by the hand.
	cvip.fresno.com /~js210/finger.html (1971 words)

	VISTA'97 Paper
		However, by focusing effort to enable such preliminary system capabilities to move through a fast acquisition life cycle, the goal is to establish and validate consensus on whether current models and simulations of the software system's components/architecture address specific system requirements.
		The third class is needed to represent the "system of systems", sensors, and environmental context in which the embedded man-machine systems operate.
		Alternatively, in response to different scenarios for total system engagement, the EEMs may be used to model the ebb and flow of information across the system of systems.
	www.usc.edu /dept/ATRIUM/Papers/ARQ/VISTA.html (9917 words)

	Environment News Service ENS Latest Environmental Information Education Current Issues RSS
		Today, Boehm and his team shared their experience in designing the new protocol at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in New York City.
		The BDRD team trained Navy personnel, and this spring the Navy adopted the new system as standard operating procedure for detecting the presence of biowarfare agents.
		Before the current testing system was in place, ship-bound Navy personnel had to wait 24 to 96 hours before getting a definitive answer on whether or not a suspected pathogen had infiltrated a ship, said Boehm.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/sep2003/2003-09-09-02.asp (802 words)

	Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection: Meyer-Albert: Systematic Misnomers
		Meyer-Boehm poses an entertaining oxymoron in that the progressive Boehm establishment had ceased to manufacture or encourage the use of conical bore flutes of any key system by the middle of the century.
		Non-Boehm system clarinets having thirteen or more keys including two or four finger rings were made in the thousands by many factories in Europe and America, including Eugène Albert of Brussels.
		The catalog's only reference to a full fingering system for clarinets is the "système Boehm," and its only reference to a "système E. Albert" pertains to a patented octave key mechanism for saxophones.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/dcmhtml/meyer.html (960 words)

	JS FLUTE
		The Boehm method is built around the C major scale with the sharps and flats of other scales inserted where they can fit.
		The limitations of the Boehm system have made it necessary to invent the Bb lever, split E, 3rd octave E facilitator (restrictor), duplicate G#, C# trill key, 3rd octave F# button, low B gizmo and the Bb thumb key.
		With the new system, scales and tones are cleaner and quicker due to the fact that each hole is independent (except for the lowest notes) and is not loaded down by interlinkage mechanisms as are, for instance, Bb and F# in the Boehm method.
	cvip.fresno.com /~js210/flute.htm (1346 words)

	A Guide to the Irish Flute : Choosing a Flute
		The renowned German flutemaker and player Theobald Boehm developed this instrument in the mid-1800s because he believed it would make the flute louder and improve its internal tuning, especially in the third octave.
		The fingering of the Boehm system flute is more complex than that of the simple system, making it less popular for traditional Irish music.
		The simple system, conical-bore flute is what people played before Boehm introduced his cylindrical-bore design in the mid-1800s.
	www.firescribble.net /flute/choosing.html (580 words)

	Telecooperation Experience with the WinWin System - Egyed, Boehm (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: WinWin is a telecooperation system supporting the definition of software-based applications as negotiated stakeholder win conditions.
		Our experience in using WinWin in defining over 30 digital library applications, including several telecooperation systems, is that it is important to supplement negotiation support systems such as WinWin with such capabilities as prototyping, tradeoff analysis tools, email, and videoconferencing.
		A.F. Egyed and B.W. Boehm, Telecooperation experience with the win-win system, Proceedings of the IFIP World Computer Conference, September 1998.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /egyed98telecooperation.html (482 words)

	Articles at Cherry Valley Music
		Proponents of the Reform-Boehm system cite the improved bore design of the Oehler system coupled with the more facile Boehm technique as reasons for their preference.
		Germany, the Schmidt Reform Boehm clarinets which has been acoustically improved in a smaller bore by Herbert Wurlitzer and is now accepted in the Netherlands and elsewhere as the standard bearer for the Boehm system." "Claranalysis" by Lee Gibson from "The Clarineto, Vol.12, No.2, Winter 1985, p.40.
		This is a valid departure from the tradition of either side, and is in fact an instrument capable of the sort of catholicity of approach which players of the future, must, logically, have as their aim.
	www.cherryvalleymusic.com /articles/wurlitzer3.htm (2408 words)

	Brannen Brothers Flutemakers, Inc. - The Kingma System Flute
		The Kingma System flute is, in all respects, a Boehm system flute with a C
		KingmaÌs patented key-on-key system that she has used successfully on her alto and bass flutes for many years.
		Perhaps the biggest advantage of the French model flute is that it allows the flutist to close a ring on a key in order to shade the pitch down, or to pull the finger slightly off a hole in order to shade a pitch upward.
	www.brannenflutes.com /kingma.html (784 words)

	Software Crisis or Hardware Success (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Figure 1, however, is derived from a mathematical model yielding this curve, not Boehm's paper.
		This trend is not a manifestation of a software crisis, but the inevitable result of trends in hardware which are unlikely to be duplicated in software or almost any other industry.
		Suppose hardware and software can each be measured in a standard unit, and that a computer system consists of a unit of hardware and a unit of software.
	www.dacs.dtic.mil /awareness/newsletters/summer96/crisis.success.html (424 words)

	FluteHistory
		The Boehm flute is the accepted standard today and Boehm's discoveries were truly revolutionary.
		His key system was adapted to all other woodwind instruments as well.
		It has gold springs, a B foot, and is unsurpassed by any of Boehm's creations.
	www.jlpublishing.com /FluteHistory.htm (1132 words)

	Articles at Cherry Valley Music
		The answer always lies in the combination of the tonal character of the instrument itself, the technical adjustment of the mechanism, and the subsequent matching of the mouthpiece and reed to the system.
		As we all know, the generally accepted understanding of how a clarinet was supposed to play and sound was changed drastically at the end of the 19th century.
		However, it would initially seem to be a problem in the clarinet section of an orchestra unless all of the players converted simultaneously to the Wurlitzer.
	www.cherryvalleymusic.com /articles/wurlitzer1.htm (1860 words)

	flutehistory.com: French Boehm flutes
		Unlike his conical flute of 1832, Boehm did patent the cylindrical flute of 1847 in France and England, licensing its production to Godfroy and Lot in Paris and Rudall and Rose in London.
		French makers modified the mechanism and tone of the the new flute, which became the Paris Conservatoire's official flute when Louis Dorus succeeded Jean-Louis Tulou in 1860.
		Thus the metal cylindrical Boehm flute as modified by the French makers became the standard flute of the French Flute School, which became highly influential in the early 20th century.
	www.flutehistory.com /Instrument/FrenchBoehm.php3 (169 words)

	JNL11: The Boehm-system bassoon and the Wilhelm Heckel firm
		Except for these changes, the rest of the instrument was the normal Almenrader/Heckel system in the position and size of all the tone holes.
		As on the Boehm clarinet the same notes could be played with the little finger of either hand, in this case the notes are low E, F, and F# (adding low Ab to the right hand little finger and middle register C# to the left hand little finger).
		The system of connecting rods between the joints is so complex that a holding together that swings out had to be designed between the tenor and long joints so that all the rods could be carefully assembled and disassembled.
	idrs.colorado.edu /www.idrs/publications2/journal2/jnl11/heckel.html (1823 words)

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