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Topic: Bog iron

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	Bog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bogs are widely distributed in cold, temperate climates, mostly in the northern hemisphere (Boreal).
		Crops of blueberries, cranberries and lingonberries are grown in bogs.
		Bog snorkelling is popular in England and Wales and has even produced the associated sport of mountain bike bog snorkelling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bog (1000 words)

	Formation of Bog Iron: Science: Allaire Village (HTHS Geology Project) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The iron oxide combines with sand and gravel to form a low-grade iron ore that is deposited along stream banks.
		These ore masses are composed of siderite, which is an iron carbonate ("white ore"), and various iron oxides ("brown ore").
		By this time though, the iron of the Pines had already made its mark on the region and on the country as a whole.
	www.mcvsd.org /mccs/geo-hths/bogiron.htm (366 words)

	MSN Encarta - Iron
		Metallic iron was known and used for ornamental purposes and weapons in prehistoric ages; the earliest specimen still extant, a group of oxidized iron beads found in Egypt, dates from about 4000 bc.
		The principal ore of iron is hematite, which is mined in the United States in Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
		Iron compounds are employed for medicinal purposes in the treatment of anemia, when the amount of hemoglobin or the number of red blood corpuscles in the blood is lowered.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567901/Iron.html (699 words)

	BOG IRON ORE
		myremalm (bog iron, bog ore, ironstone, lake ore, limnite, limonite, marsh ore, meadow ore, morass, ortstein, swamp ore).
		moerasijzer (bog ore, lake ore), moeraserts (bog iron, bog ore, ironstone, lake ore, limnite, limonite, marsh ore, meadow ore, morass, ortstein, swamp ore).
		Wiesenerz (bog ore, lake ore), Sumpferz (bog iron, bog ore, ironstone, lake ore, limonite, ortstein), Raseneisenstein (bog iron, bog ore, ironstone, lake ore, limonite, ortstein), Raseneisenerz (bog iron, bog ore, ironstone, lake ore, limnite, limonite, marsh ore, meadow ore, morass, ortstein, swamp ore).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /bo/bog+iron+ore.html (297 words)

	Information on Bog iron
		It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace).
		Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite.
		Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also, specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable.
	www.wkonline.com /d/Bog_iron.html (601 words)

	USGS Open-File Report 03-346
		Bog iron deposits occur at a number of localities in the Pocomoke River basin (Figure 1) (Singewald, 1911).
		The iron is oxidized to ferric hydroxide upon encountering the oxic environment of the surface.
		This is particularly true in the Nassawango sub-basin where bog iron deposits along the flood plain of Nassawango Creek were dug in the mid-1800's to supply an iron smelter near the town of Snow Hill.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2003/of03-346 (1317 words)

	The Iron Industry in New Jersey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Iron production existed in areas where there was iron-rich water in bogs, huge forests for making charcoal which acted as fuel, and clam and oyster shells that provided lime.
		Bog iron deposits are created from the interaction of decaying vegetation and iron rich clays found in the streams and bogs of the Pinelands Bog iron takes about 20 years to form through the chemical process and therefore is a renewable resource.
		Bog iron was removed from streams and rivers after the chemical process naturally draws it up to the surface.
	www.scc.rutgers.edu /njh/SciANDTech/NJIron/HomePage.htm (481 words)

	National Park Service: Southern New Jersey and the Delaware Bay (Chapter 5)
		In 1750, the duty on American iron was repealed, but owners of slitting or rolling mills, plating forges, and steel furnaces built before that year had to submit an inventory of its buildings and equipment to the county sheriff and the secretary's office in Burlington.
		Bog, or meadow, ore is found throughout New Jersey and is most prominent in the southern counties.
		Bog ore is a variety of limonite ore and is present in low lands and meadows where there are beds of marl and strata of a distinctly ferruginous nature.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/nj2/chap5b.htm (1740 words)

	Chapter Ionidium <i>to</i> Iron of I by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace).
		an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite.
		iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also, specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1200/23060/5.html (530 words)

	Hurstwic: Iron Production in the Norse Era
		At the Norse settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, Canada, there is clear evidence that Norsemen harvested and smelted bog iron to use as the raw material for the iron rivets they fabricated to repair their ships there 1000 years ago.
		When a layer of peat in the bog is cut and pulled back using turf knives (right), pea sized nodules of bog iron can be found and harvested.
		The wrought iron was rich in silicate impurities, which formed a glassy surface on the iron.
	www.hurstwic.org /history/articles/manufacturing/text/bog_iron.htm (1237 words)

	Bog iron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bog iron refers to impure iron deposits that develop in bogs or swamps by the chemical or biochemical oxidation of iron carried in the solutions.
		It was discovered during the Pre-Roman Iron Age, and most Viking era iron was smelted from bog iron.
		Bog Iron Formation in the Nassawango Watershed, Maryland U.S. Geological Survey: Open-File Report 03-346
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bog_iron (83 words)

	Iron
		Iron is the most freqently encountered metal in daily life, always in the form of manufactured objects, and usually covered with a protective coating or buried deep within the object.
		Iron is the fourth most plentiful element in the earth's crust (4.6%), but is so widely disseminated that it can be obtained only from ores in which iron has been specially concentrated.
		When the iron moves in and out slightly from its position, the motion is transmitted to the histidine bound to it, which moves a section of the protein that interacts with the other proteins of the hemoglobin to make the bonding of oxygen more or less favorable.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/iron.htm (8748 words)

	bog - definition by dict.die.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bogging.] To sink, as into a bog; to submerge in a bog; to cause to sink and stick, as in mud and mire.
		Bog bumper (bump, to make a loud noise), Bog blitter, Bog bluiter, Bog jumper, the bittern.
		Bog earth (Min.), a soil composed for the most part of silex and partially decomposed vegetable fiber.
	dict.die.net /bog (180 words)

	Berkshire Taconic :: Human history :: The Colonial Iron Ore Industry
		The four ingredients that are essential for iron production were plentiful in the Berkshire Taconic Landscape, so the region became a center of the colonial iron industry during the 19th century.
		Iron ore is the first ingredient needed for making iron and this region was particularly rich in hematite.
		Workers excavated iron ore in chunks from both open pits, such as Ore Hill in Salisbury, Connecticut and shaft mines, such as the Klondike in Richmond.
	www.lastgreatplaces.org /berkshire/history/art6162.html (586 words)

	Historic Mill and Iron Bog Sites
		Iron became so important to the early settlers that not only shareholders and workers were paid in iron of various manufacture, but it served as a medium of exchange well into the 18
		As Taunton grew and iron works occupied main rivers and surrounding bogs, the search for suitable conditions expanded outward to where damnable streams with nearby bogs and timber stands began to be utilized.
		There was the nearby Taunton River for transportation, the annual spring run of herring (alewives) for food and fertilizer, clay from the river banks for brick-making, stands of timber for building and fuel, a fertile plain for cultivation of corn and beans and meadows for the keeping of cattle.
	www.tauntonriver.org /mills.htm (1398 words)

	What is bog iron? - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bog iron is thought the first iron ore mined by humans.
		The bog iron mining damages wetland habitats, but as long as the peat soils are left and water continues to enter the wetland, the ores replenish.
		Readers see the bogs being planted, the plants blossoming and fruiting, and the harvest, as well as learn about the labor and technology that is necessary to insure that large numbers of plump, deep-crimson berries are produced for the expanding market.
	www.killerplants.com /plants-that-changed-history/20021126.asp (918 words)

	LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE - Online Information article about LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Deposits of brown iron ore of greateconomic value occur in many sedimentary rocks, such as the.
		present, and the ores are generally phosphatic, and may contain perhaps 30% of iron.
		It probably represents the partial dehydration of limonite, and by further loss of water may pass into haematite or red iron ore. When limonite is dehydrated and deoxidized in the presence of carbonic acid, it may give rise to chalybite.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LEO_LOB/LIMONITE_or_BROWN_IRON_ORE.html (979 words)

	[No title]
		Limonite is a hydrated iron oxide mineral and it is sometimes use as a source of ocher and umber pigments.
		Bog Iron forms concretions that can range in size from less than one inch to several feet in diameter.
		To produce Iron the early settlers first had to collect the Bog Iron and bring it to a central location for processing.
	www.geocities.com /fossilking/Rocks-and-more/Rocks-and-more.html (727 words)

	Ferricrete, manganocrete, and bog iron occurrences with selected sedge bogs and active iron bogs and springs in the ...
		Ferricrete, manganocrete, and bog iron occurrences with selected sedge bogs and active iron bogs and springs in the upper Animas River watershed, San Juan County, Colorado
		Ferricretes (stratified iron and manganese oxyhydroxide-cemented sedimentary deposits) are one indicator of the geochemical baseline conditions as well as the effect that weathering of mineralized rocks had on water quality in the Animas River watershed prior to mining.
		100 percent of ferricrete and iron bog and spring occurrences and unit attributes were compared to paper maps for accuracy when compiled and digitized.
	geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov /metadata/map-mf/2406/metadata.faq.html (1831 words)

	Re: How is 'bog iron' formed?
		Bog iron is a mineral iron ore also known as limonite.
		It forms under oxidizing conditions, because reduced iron (ferrous iron or Fe(II)) is soluble, whereas oxidized iron (ferric iron or Fe(III)) is insoluble.
		When water accumulates in bogs and marshes, evaporation causes loss of the carbonate as CO and the hydrated oxide, limonite forms.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/nov99/942857362.Gb.r.html (265 words)

	Department of Archaeological Sciences
		Bog iron ore used in some recent laboratory smelting experiments.
		Fifty grams of this bog iron ore (roasted) and an equal weight of charcoal were heated in a 7 cm diameter crucible, for 4hrs at 1200
		A bloomery shaft furnace was constructed from clay, and local bog iron ore was smelted.
	www.bradford.ac.uk /archsci/depart/resgrp/amrg/Smelt.htm (291 words)

	Bookslut \| The Bog People: Iron-Age Man Preserved by P.V. Glob
		He suggests implications of these details, offering explanations for everything from worn down teeth -- the Iron Age “diet consisted of vegetable foods ground on stone querns, and particles of stone became mixed with food”-- to wooden crutches found pinning down the bodies -– they were designed to hold restless spirits within the bog.
		He suggests that most of the bog people appear to have died in ritual practice, specifically noting sacrifices to a fertility deity.
		Although occasionally boring and certainly not the scientific thriller it’s made out to be, The Bog People capitalizes on the strange preserving qualities of peat bogs to bring ancient history to life, showing the persevering reader a different view of the past that may change his/her perspective of the evolution of human civilization.
	www.bookslut.com /nonfiction/2005_03_004673.php (713 words)

	Talzhemir's Bog Iron Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bog iron is formed under anaerobic conditions by bacteria that "fix" the pure iron in acidic water.
		I think that bog iron and flax-growing drew the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons to the swampiest places when they could have chosen sweeter fields and riverbanks on which to settle.
		Cast iron is made from ore that is heated until it is liquid, mixing it with things that chemically separate out the impurities.
	www.realtime.net /~pixel/bogiron (1481 words)

	GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING STORAGE OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN IRON BOG AND WETLAND SEDIMENTS, UPPER ANIMAS ...
		Iron bogs are dominated by ground water input with elevated dissolved element concentrations, acidic pH (<4.0), and low organic matter content (<1 wt.%).
		However, As was an exception in one iron bog, having a maximum solid-phase concentration of 5000 ppm.
		Formation of surficial metal-bearing iron oxyhydroxides, sorption onto organic matter or detrital minerals, and incorporation into diagenetic sulfide minerals are major controls on element concentrations in organic-rich sediments.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003RM/finalprogram/abstract_53284.htm (527 words)

	Saugus Iron Works--Reading 1
		Charcoal, bog ore, and flux were dumped into the top of the stone furnace by workers called "fillers." The furnace was fired up, or "blown in" as the ironworkers called it.
		Workers ladled liquid iron into these molds, which were buried in the sand floor of the casting shed.
		The bulk of the iron at the forge was made into "merchant bars," three inches wide, one-and-a-half inches thick, and four to five feet long, which could be made into tools and used for building materials.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/30saugus/30facts1.htm (929 words)

	Whitesbog Preservation Trust Browns Mills, New Jersey
		Ironically, it was the physical conditions produced by the iron industry that set the stage for cranberry cultivation.
		The action was so novice that while he was developing the bogs his friends referred to the venture as "White's Folly." On the contrary, by 1912, "White's Folly" was the largest cranberry operation in New Jersey.
		Seasonal workers lived on the bogs during their employment and were housed in neighboring villages called Florence and Rome.
	www.whitesbog.org /history.html (1195 words)

	The bog people: Iron-age man preserved (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Their shovels struck the head of a dead man, his face flattened by the weight of the peat and his skin as brown as the earth in which he lay.
		He identified the body as that of a 2,000-year-old man, ritually murdered and thrown in the bog as a sacrifice to the goddess of fertility.
		Glob's BOG PEOPLE is a concise and illuminating study of several exquisitly preserved bodies of Iron Age inhabitant discovered northern Denmark by peat diggers in the early 1950s.
	enotalone.com /books/0760703612.html (645 words)

	[Simegen-L] Re:Bog Iron?
		The coke burns (to CO, not CO2) and reduces the iron, and all the rest of the crap mixes in with the liquid limestone to form slag.
		If you're smart you're on a navigable river, founded on limestone, and have ships deliver the coal and iron ore. You dig the limestone in your front yard, and fill the hole with slag when the RR isn't laying track near by.
		Cast iron however makes some things better so you just cast it as it pours (into lathe bases and other things which have vibration problems), or add alloying elements to make the results more machineable, and ductile (Cast Iron is many things, but ductile isn't one of them).
	www.simegen.com /pipermail/simegen-l/Week-of-Mon-20020506/004777.html (534 words)

	Bog People, P.V. Glob (photos) - Van R. C. Wisner site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The "Bog People" of Glob's book are examples of victims/participants of prehistoric and historical events, variously thought by archaeologists to be sacrificial rituals, murders or executions.
		Their bodies, sometimes bound in rope or blindfolded and even with the rope that strangled them still around their neck, were left in the marshy peat bogs of Denmark and were thereby preserved over a period of hundreds to thousands of years, until discovered by modern peat cutters.
		The way of life (and death) of these people is made all the more intelligible to the modern observer by the fortuitous preservation of their bodies as they were the day they died, with soft tissue and even their clothing surviving intact.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~vanrcwisner/histglob.html (209 words)

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