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	Bohemia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the ecunemical Council of Constance in summer of 1415, the rector of the University of Prague and prominent reformer and religious thinker Jan Hus was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a heretic.
		In 1458, George of Podebrady (Jiří z Poděbrad) was elected to ascend to the Bohemian throne.
		In 1609, the Bohemian King Rudolph II, who himself was Roman Catholic was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish Maiestas Rudolphina, which confirmed the older Confessio Bohemica of 1575.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bohemia (1554 words)

	Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there).
		This was coupled with a loss of the social-economic power of the nobility, owing to the economic changes of the Renaissance and the growing economic importance of the merchant classes (or bourgeoisie), which increased still further during the Industrial Revolution.
		Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e., legitimate descendants (or all male descendants, in some societies) of nobles are nobles, unless explicitly stripped of the privilege.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobility (1410 words)

	Bohemia - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Bohemians were defeated after a struggle of only a few hours, and on the evening of battle the imperialists already occupied the port of Prague, situated on the left bank of the Vltava (Moldau).
		The new constitution proclaimed the heredity of the Bohemian crown in the house of Habsburg.
		The earliest genuine documents of the Bohemian language comprise several hymns and legends; of the latter the legend of St Catherine and that of St Dorothy have the greatest value.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bohemia (17917 words)

	Bohemian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Bohemian Kingdom ceased to be a fief of the emperor.
		The Bohemian estates decided to levy an army, decreed the expulsion of the Jesuits, and proclaimed the Bohemian throne to be elective.
		Bohemians fought on all sides: most of the rebellious Czech generals joined Protestant armies; Albrecht of Wallenstein was the most prominent Czech defector to the imperial cause.
	pages.zdnet.com /wassman/id14.html (7024 words)

	Philipp Friedrick Von Rieger - LoveToKnow 1911
		PHILIPP FRIEDRICK VON RIEGER (1818-1903), Bohemian politician and publicist, was born on the 18th of December 1818 at Semil in the circle of Jicin, Bohemia.
		He first came into prominence as one of the Czech leaders in the revolution of 1848.
		In 1871 he conducted the negotiations with the Hohenenwarth ministry for a federal constitution of the empire, which broke down owing to his extreme attitude in the matter of Bohemian independence.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Philipp_Friedrick_Von_Rieger (278 words)

	1031. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		His reign was marked by an acceleration of German immigration that was encouraged by the ruler, possibly to counteract the growing power of the nobility.
		Rising of the nobility against the king, possibly in protest against the favor shown the Germans.
		OTTOKAR II (the Great) whose reign marked the widest expansion of Bohemian power and was characterized by great prosperity (opening of the famous silver mines, which made Bohemia one of the wealthiest countries in the later Middle Ages).
	www.bartleby.com /67/484.html (403 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Bohemian War
		The Bohemian Estates, protesting (like all early modern rebels) their undying devotion to the monarch and hatred of his faithless ministers, prepared for war.
		The Bohemians had high hopes that Frederick could bring the support of the Protestant Union, a league of German Protestant princes of which Fredeerick was head, as well as of Frederick’s father-in-law James I of England and brother-in-law the Elector of Brandenburg.
		The Emperor, meanwhile, was attempting to procure mediation of the dispute by the Protestant Electors of Brandenburg and Saxony, the Catholic Archbishop Elector of Mainz and the Catholic Duke of Bavaria, Maximillian.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Bohemian_Phase.htm (2245 words)

	Kautsky: Communism in Central Europe (Chap.3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The nature of the first organisation of the Bohemian Brethren is not at all clear, as the later Brothers were ashamed of their communistic origin, and endeavoured to conceal it in every possible way.
		The word jamnici (from the Bohemian jama, a hole or cave) is a translation of the German Grubenheimer, and perhaps indicates that the Beghard tradition was active among the Bohemian Brethren.
		How largely the nobility was represented among them, may be gathered from a petition, presented in 1575 to the Emperor by the nobles of the Brotherhood, and signed by seventeen barons and one hundred and forty-one knights.
	www.marxists.org /archive/kautsky/1897/europe/ch03.htm (3297 words)

	CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech) - Online Information article about CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech), a name which signifies an inhabitant of Cechy, the native designation of Bohemia.
		nobility, it was their policy to maintain a somewhat conservative attitude.
		After having absented themselves for a considerable time from the parliament of Vienna, the legality of which they denied, the Czech deputies reappeared in Vienna in 1879, and, together with the representatives of the Bohemian nobility, formed there what was known as the Cesky Klub.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /CRE_DAH/CZECH_in_Bohemian_Cech_.html (2524 words)

	Czech Republic - HISTORY
		The Bohemian Kingdom was a major medieval and early modern political, economic, and cultural entity and subsequently was viewed by many Czechs as one of the brightest periods of Czech history.
		Prague, founded in 973 during the reign of Boleslav II (967-99), was subordinated to the German archbishopric of Mainz.
		Although the Bohemian Kingdom evolved neither into a national monarchy nor into a Czech nation-state, the memory of it served as a source of inspiration and pride for modern Czech nationalists.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/czech-republic/HISTORY.html (17442 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - The Hus Paper
		However, the nobility began to form leagues, “with which they brought the king around to their views on how the realm should be governed.” While Wenceslas’ father, Charles IV, had been powerful both as the king of Bohemia and as the emperor, Wenceslas himself had “relatively low capabilities” as king.
		Unlike the nobility, who saw their real income from their lands declining, or Wenceslas, who saw the power of the Bohemian crown waning, the church was increasing both its land and its money.
		The Bohemian nobility, however, quickly capitalized on the controversy surrounding Hus’ death, and began to assert their authority over both the king and the church.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A1057989 (5536 words)

	The Splendors of Versailles--Teachers' Guide Supplement
		With the nobles at Versailles, Louis was able to keep an eye on them as well as develop court rituals that required the nobles to submit to the authority of the king.
		The nobility had been exempt from most taxes and did not want to change the status quo, so the Parlement, which was made up of nobles, refused to register the law.
		His legacy was a nobility that served as opposition to his successor, an opposition which ultimately led to the downfall of the monarchy.
	splendors-versailles.org /TeachersGuide/MonarchHistory/index.middleFrame.html (5288 words)

	II The Bohemian phase
		To retain the support of the Bohemian Estates, who were on the verge of revolt, Rudolph issued (1609) a Letter of Majesty that granted toleration and local control to Bohemian Protestants.
		Unhappy with the restrictions on his power, Rudolph raised an army, but he could not overcome both Matthias and the Bohemian nobility.
		He immediately began to persecute Protestants in his territories.When Ferdinand extended his repressive polices to Bohemia, and the Archbishop of Prague tried to prevent Protestant worship, the Bohemian nobility rebelled.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/351/351-042.htm (604 words)

	Noble Nationalists: The Transformation of the Bohemian Aristocracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Noble Nationalists offers valuable insights on the nationalisation of a conservative political elite, as well as on the national and social revolutions that recast Central Europe in the first half of the 20th Century.
		This excellent study spans a critical period of historical transformation in central Europe from the vantage point of the nobility of Bohemia and, to a lesser extent, Moravia from the 1880s to 1948.
		In the postcommunist era, readers easily forget that the most dramatic shift in central European history and identity was the convulsive change from the multinational Habsburg era to increasingly ethnically and socially homogeneous states, which reached their oppressive peak under communism.
	www.booksmatter.com /b0674018893.htm (302 words)

	The Builder Magazine - September 1929
		Here the discontented members of the Bohemian Estates were assembled in 1618, when they hit upon the bright idea of throwing the two lieutenants, go-betweens, or whatever they were, of the Hapsburg ruler, out of a window.
		It was in 1627 that the victorious Hapsburg abolished the old Bohemian Constitution and proclaimed the Renewed Ordinance, which abolished the old free election of kings; though on the other hand, the Estates retained the right to raise taxes and to administer the law.
		In 1827 began to be published the history of the Bohemian nation, one of the factors which reawakened the nationalistic feeling.
	www.phoenixmasonry.org /the_builder_1929_september.htm (11839 words)

	[No title]
		The Bohemian nobility, who were always indifferent in national matters and who had strong conservative and clerical leanings, concluded this pact with the Czech democrats purely for their own class interests This unnatural alliance had a demoralising influence on the Old Czech Party and finally brought about its downfall.
		In the elections to the Bohemian Diet in 1895, the Young Czechs gained eighty-nine seats out of ninety-five; in the Moravian Diet seventeen seats were held by the _People's Party_, corresponding to the Young Czech Party in Bohemia, thirteen by the Old Czechs and five by the Clericals.
		The metal memorial plate with the names of Bohemian lords executed in 1621 inscribed upon it was removed from the Town Hall, and that part of the square which showed the spot on which they were executed was ordered to be repaved.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext06/7iboh10.txt (18100 words)

	COA
		also reflected are the dual titles of nobility that were granted to the family by this time.
		A copy / drawing of the family crest existed at the time of WWI when the family attempted to reclaim land in Europe but was lost with the passing of time.
		In 1918 with the fall of the Austrian Empire, all titles of nobility were eliminated.
	www.jankovsky.net /Famly_History/COA/coa.html (1119 words)

	Czech history The Luxembourgs dynasti 1310 - 1378
		The fact that be had to face the political aspirations of the self-confident Bohemian nobility contributed to this.
		Still during John's life, the Bohemian prince vigorously entered onto the international scene and in 1346 gained with the pope's supports the crown of the Roman king as Charles IV.
		Charles (Karel) IV (1346-1378) was the first Bohemian ruler to obtain the crown of the Roman king, and following his coronation in Rome in 1355 also the title of Emperor.
	www.czeckitout.com /tjeck_history4.htm (900 words)

	The Battle of White Mountain - 11-06-2003 - Radio Prague
		Much of the largely Protestant nobility was already deeply regretting the election of Habsburg Ferdinand II as king of Bohemia just one year before.
		The Bohemian nobility met in Prague despite a warning from Vienna from Emperor Mathias, to discuss the situation.
		At first the nobles tried to demonstrate that their protest was not direct aggression against their ruler, but Emperor Mathias would have none of it.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/41652 (1485 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Anton Brus
		Had Ferdinand not died at this critical moment, the papal concession would perhaps have produced some salutary effects, but under the weak rule of his son Maximilian, who became emperor in 1564, the gulf that separated the Catholics from the Utraquists was continually widening.
		In order to publish and put into execution the decrees of the Council of Trent, the archbishop intended to convene a provincial synod at Prague; but Maximilian, fearing to offend the Bohemian nobility of whom the majority were Protestants, withheld his consent.
		Hampered on all sides, the archbishop and the small body of Catholic nobles, despite their almost superhuman efforts, could only postpone the impending crisis.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03020a.htm (706 words)

	Amazon.com: Noble Nationalists: The Transformation of the Bohemian Aristocracy: Books: Eagle Glassheim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This illuminating study examines the dramatic transformation of Bohemian noble identity from the rise of mass politics in the late nineteenth century to the descent of the Iron Curtain after World War II.
		Nobles saw little choice but to ally with Czech and German national parties, initially in the hopes of assuaging radical land reform.
		Noble Nationalists offers valuable insights on the nationalization of a conservative political elite, as well as on the national and social revolutions that recast Central Europe in the first half of the twentieth century.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0674018893?v=glance (874 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, 1310-1437
		Under the Luxemburg kings, the immigration of German settlers - townspeople and farmers continued; these settlers settled in communities which preserved their inherited laws and traditions, guaranteed to them in royal privileges, and preserved a German identity, which dominated the mountain ring around Bohemia, in distant future to be known as the Sudetenland.
		In 1344 he achieved the ecclesiastical independence of the Bohemian lands - the ARCHDIOCESIS OF PRAGUE was established.
		Under his rule, PRAGUE grew in size and population; the German and Czech inhabitants lived together in peace and prosperity; the city was referred to as "Golden Prague".
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/bohemialux.html (378 words)

	Meet Brother Gregory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Czech leaders, therefore, were forced to abandon their goals of emancipation and economic advancement as the price of support from the nobles.
		The Bohemian nobility saw Vienna, not Prague, as the center of their universe, and dragged the Czech nationalists, under protest, into the Reichsrat.
		In every way the Czechs lost out; by aligning themselves with the nobility they lost the sympathy of the liberals and the Slovaks, and their invented world of "historic rights and liberties" was so lacking in reality that the rest of the Empire just laughed at them.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/MBG/MBG5/CzechNat.html (373 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Adalbert of Prague
		Opposed by the nobility in Prague and unpopular in the area, he withdrew to Rome and became a Benedictine monk, making his vows on 17 April 990; Pope John XV sent him back to Prague.
		Met more opposition from the nobility, and returned to Rome.
		There being no hope of his working in Prague, he was allowed to (unsuccessfully) evangelize in Pomerania, Poland, Prussia, Hungary, and Russia.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/sainta19.htm (180 words)

	Triumph of the Church - 13th, 14th & 15th Centuries - Catholic Truth Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Hussites taught that the Church consisted of the predestined only; claimed St. Peter never to have been the head of the Church; denied that the clergy received authority from Christ, and held that mortal sin deprives every ruler of jurisdiction.
		BOHEMIAN BRETHREN: Founded by Peter Chelczicky, a layman of the Bohemian nobility.
		They denied the doctrine of Transubstantiation; rejected tradition, and held the Bible to be the only guide to heaven.
	www.cathtruth.com /centuries/13thcent.htm (485 words)

	Austrian Orders & Medals of the Napoleonic Period
		Although the awarding of orders of knighthood in Europe was traditionally only to members of the nobility, the growth of modern states with larger armies and bureaucracies was requiring a relaxation of the ancient restrictions.
		Not only did a recipient have to already be a noble to receive an order, but the grade of the order one received was based on the rank of their nobility.
		Except for Imperial archdukes and foreign nobility it was usually only given late in life as a reward for a lifetime of service to the Imperial family.
	www.antiquesatoz.com /napoleon/ausnapms.htm (5423 words)

	Czech Heads
		Elzbieta married her third husband, Heinrich zur Lippe in 1315 and they continued as leaders of the Bohemian nobility against Queen Elisabeth.
		After the death of her father, Václav II of Bohemia and Poland and the murder of her brother, Václav III she joined her aunt, Abbess Kunigunde (Kuhnuta) in the Convent of the Holy Georg at the Castle of Prague.
		She realized the weaknesses of her brother-in-law King Heinrich, and accepted the offer of the Bohemian nobility of clerics to marry another future ruler.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /czech_heads.htm (846 words)

	[No title]
		After the disastrous defeat of the Czech nobility by the Habsburgs at the battle of White Mountain in 1618, the
		majority of the Czech nobles' land was given to soldiers who had fought for the Habsburgs.
		made the nobility serve in the civil administration or army for life.
	college.hmco.com /cgi-bin/SaCGI.cgi/ace1app.cgi?FNC=AcePresent__Apresent_html___his_mckaywest_17 (396 words)

	The Travels of Joseph Marshall: Bohemia, Moravia, and Vienna
		What at Prague are much the best worth seeing, are the palaces of the nobility; some of which are very noble edifices, that would make a great figure in the best built cities of Italy; several of them are of very great size, with most spacious apartments, and very magnificent furniture.
		Most of the Bohemian nobility, who are a numerous body, keep their residence in winter at Prague, and in summer on their estates.
		All the lower classes here are poor; the burghers are treated by the nobles very contemptuously, to a degree not common elsewhere; if the place was ever so well situated for trade, or manufacture, this would be a sure means of damping their progress.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~habsweb/sourcetexts/marsh9.htm (3551 words)

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