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Topic: Bolivian Gas War

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Bolivian gas referendum, 2004

Carlos Mesa Gisbert

War of the Pacific

Bolivia

Foreign relations of Bolivia

Evo Morales

History of Bolivia

Atacama border dispute

Jorge Quiroga

Chaco War

Hugo Banzer Suarez

President

Politics of Bolivia

Arica

Referendum

In the News (Thu 26 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

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Hugh Jackman

	Uprising in Bolivia
		Bolinter was contracted by Gas Oriente Boliviano (GOB), a local consortium of the transnationals Enron and Shell, to build the gas pipeline, which is eventually to run from Bolivia to an electricity generating plant in Cuiaba, Brazil.
		Bolivian governments and the private sector have studied alternatives to increase water supply and expand water service in Cochabamba for more than 20 years.
		The robberies of three Bolivian families living in Argentina have shaken local rights groups and the immigrant community due to the particularly brutal nature of the attacks, in which the victims -- men, women and children -- were bound, tortured and beaten for two hours.
	www.1worldcommunication.org /bolivia.htm (15087 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| Q&A: Bolivian gas protests
		The idea of selling off Bolivia's gas to the US was always certain to anger the president's left-wing opponents, fearful of being exploited by the "gringos" to the north.
		Bolivian pride was further dented by the idea of exporting the gas by way of a Chilean port - an outlet that was in fact part of Bolivian territory until Chile seized Bolivia's coastline in their 1879-83 war.
		As far as Bolivia's gas reserves are concerned, the protesters are calling for them to be nationalised and made available exclusively to the Bolivian people.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/americas/3196926.stm (526 words)

	Bolivian gas referendum, 2004 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The referendum was one of the first promises made by President Carlos Mesa upon assuming the presidency in the aftermath of the Bolivian Gas War of October 2003 that saw his predecessor, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, forced to resign and to flee the country.
		The referendum was largely intended to quell the political unrest seen during the Gas War in 2003.
		Some have pointed out that the complete nationalization of gas resources – the main demand of the protesters and, indeed, of the majority of the Bolivian population – was not a potential outcome of the referendum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bolivian_gas_referendum,_2004 (485 words)

	Bolivian Gas War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bolivian Gas War was a social conflict in Bolivia centering around the exploitation of the country's vast natural gas reserves.
		The 2003 Lozada deal was heavily opposed by Bolivian society, in part because of nationalism (Bolivia still feel resentment after the territorial losses of the War of the Pacific in the late 19th century, which deprived it of the Litoral province and hence of an access to the sea).
		Bolivians began campaigning against the Chilean option, arguing instead that the pipeline should be routed north through the Peruvian port of Ilo, 260 km further from the gas fields than Mejillones, or, better yet, first industrialised in Bolivia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bolivian_Gas_War (4024 words)

	ipedia.com: Bolivian Gas War Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The gas reserves were discovered in the mid-1990s and are located in the south-eastern province of Tarija, and are the second-largest in South America.
		They further argue that exporting the gas will simply be the latest case of many centuries of exploitation of Bolivia's natural resources by foreigners, starting with silver and gold from the 17th century onward and tin in the 20th century.
		Bolivians began vociferously campaigning against the Chilean option, arguing instead that the pipeline should be routed north through the Peruvian port of Ilo, 260 km further from the gas fields than Mejillones.
	www.ipedia.com /bolivian_gas_war.html (1447 words)

	Bolivia
		A civil war was averted when, on June 9, 157 members of congress converged on the Casa de La Libertad in Sucre and nominated Eduardo Rodríguez, then serving as President of the Supreme Court, to the Presidency of the Republic.
		The 2005 Bolivian presidential election was held on December 18, 2005.
		Bolivian culture has many Inca, Aymara and other indigenous influences in religion, music and clothing, depending upon the region of the country, isolation of the cultures and contact with European (Spanish) culture.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/bolivia.html (5056 words)

	Bolivia's Gas War
		From its start, the Gas War included demands for clarity in coca laws, the resignation of then president, Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, the release of jailed political leaders and justice regarding the atrocities that took place in La Paz last February.
		Among his promises were plans for a national referendum on the gas exportation issue and justice for the victims of the 2003 Gas War.
		Jamie Solares from the Bolivian Worker’s Union and Felipe Quispe, the director of the Bolivian Farm Workers Federation, led blockades and protests against the referendum, but were not able to generate enough grassroots support to stop or impede the voting.
	upsidedownworld.org /gaswar.htm (2298 words)

	Bolivia in Crisis over Plan to Export Natural Gas to US
		Since then, the gas war has pushed Bolivia one of Latin Americas poorest countries, into a violent confrontation between marginalized classes and the right-wing government that hopes to sell natural gas to the United States.
		Bolivians see this problem as the main reason for the country's poverty and lack of economic progress.
		Meanwhile, in the west of the country and in Cochabamba, a city that three years ago saw a "water war" against the privatization of the water company, a movement was emerging to block the gas project.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines03/1014-05.htm (1066 words)

	Seven Dead in Bolivia’s Gas War Protests : Thunderbay IMC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bolivians have long felt frustrations that they pay a higher price for natural gas than is charged to Brazil for the same product.
		From its start, The Gas War included demands for clarity in coca laws, the release of jailed political leaders and an end to impunity in the death of 32 civilians and police and military officers in La Paz last February.
		Ironically, after the Bolivian government’s repression of protests and townspeople in Warisata, U.S. gas companies are becoming hesitant to invest in a country with recurring cycles of intense protest.
	thunderbay.indymedia.org /news/2003/09/8913.php (1751 words)

	ZNet \|Bolivia \| Bolivia's Gas War Moves Inside
		On residential streets, rusted yellow gas cisterns snake along the pavement while neighbors visit, waiting to refill their supply of liquid cooking gas that had run out the week before.
		A few blocks away, a gas station owner crosses his arms across his chest, nods and smiles, watching the line of thirsty cars grow as word spreads that he has gotten his shipment of fuel.
		As renowned Bolivian activist Oscar Olivera stated in his June 10th communique, the past four weeks were not in vain, even though neither the major demand of nationalization of the gas industry nor of a Constituent Assembly was met.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=8090 (1919 words)

	portland imc - 2003.10.11 - 2 Protesters Killed in Bolivian "Gas War" Uprising (english)
		At the center of this conflict is the multinational corporate giant, Pacific LNG, which plans extract the gas to the coast, via a pipeline through Chile, and sell primarily to the United States.
		Most Bolivians believe the resource should be preserved and committed to developing industrial infrastructure in their own country.
		On October 6, the IMF released $15 million in loans to Bolivian authorities, ratcheting the total IMF debt of the nation to $92 million.
	portland.indymedia.org /en/2003/10/273115.shtml (465 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Bolivia leans toward Chile on gas export project
		31-03-03 The Bolivian government appeared to tip its hand toward Chile as a maritime outlet for Bolivian gas when President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada said that option was the "viable" one, despite long-standing differences between the countries.
		The LNG project came about in 2001 after an enormous quantity of natural gas was found in the southern part of the country, which currently has 52.3 tcf of gas reserves.
		Bolivian authorities, meanwhile, opened talks with Chile and Peru, the two countries offering port terminals on the Pacific Ocean for exporting LNG to North America.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntl31692.htm (319 words)

	Bolivian `Gas War' Movement Resumes - Global News on the World Crisis Web (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This was despite the fact that Mesa refused to allow the demand for the nationalisation of the gas industry, which polls show is supported by 81% of the population, to appear in the referendum questions.
		The demand for the nationalisation of Bolivia’s natural gas, the second largest reserves in Latin America, was central to a mass popular uprising, dubbed the “gas war”, that frustrated the Bolivian government’s plans to export natural gas through Chile and led to the overthrow of President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada last October.
		In Cochabamba, Bolivia’s third-largest city, thousands marched on August 25 under the banner of the COB and the Coalition for the Defence of Gas (its forerunner, the Coalition for the Defence of Water, successfully stopped water privatisation in Cochabamba, with a popular revolt in April 2000).
	www.world-crisis.com /news/689_0_1_0_C (682 words)

	Bolivia: Popular victory! Road blocks suspended as Congress approves gas tax law (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Reactions from the gas multinationals which include Spanish Repsol-YPF, Petrobras from Brazil and Shell (Netherlands) were muted, but one spokesman from the Hydrocarbon Chamber said that the new law was the same as Morales had demanded and that effectively, "they were being confiscated".
		In effect, the pressure of the blockades and social protests paid off handsomely for the Bolivian people under Morales’ leadership and determination, and could be a major setback for the unbridled greed of the global corporate empire.
		We Bolivarians, congratulate the Bolivian people on this victory, which is just one battle won, as the war for control of their country and South America continues.
	www.axisoflogic.com /cgi-bin/exec/view.pl?archive=93&num=16311&printer=1 (747 words)

	Monthly Review September 2005 Jeffrey R. Webber \| The Bolivian Left
		El Alto was the epicenter of the Gas War of September–October 2003 that rocked the Bolivian political landscape with a force not seen since the national revolution of 1952.
		Inheriting the extraordinary debt accrued during the dictatorship of Hugo Bánzer (1971–1978), suffering from innumerable internal divisions, battling extraordinary levels of hyperinflation, and being paralyzed by right-wing obstructionist efforts on a number of fronts, the UDP government was forced to call early elections (1985), and a period of neoliberal hegemony (1985–2000) was installed.
		The Water War signaled the first rupture in the fifteen-year-old neoliberal fabric exposing the failure of the economic model to produce the wonders promised by a series of governments, and it breathed life and organization into existing societal discontent.
	www.monthlyreview.org /0905webber.htm (5126 words)

	Carlos Mesa - (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After a resurgence of Gas protests in 2005, he attempted to resign in January 2005, but his offer was refused by Congress.
		He also promised to hold a binding referendum on the gas export plan, which he did with uncertain results; the referendum posed what were widely perceived to be vague and overly complicated questions.
		(See: Bolivian gas referendum, 2004.) In addition, in March 2004 he announced that his government would hold a series of rallies around the country, and at its embassies abroad, demanding that Chile return to Bolivia a stretch of seacoast that the country lost in 1884 after the end of the War of the Pacific.
	psychcentral.com /wiki/Carlos_Mesa (934 words)

	ZNet \|Bolivia \| Bolivia's Gas War
		In a country whose economic identity has been strongly shaped by U.S. pressure in the war on drugs and IMF structural adjustments, The Gas War is the most recent case where the Bolivian public has vehemently protested against foreign interests taking priority over the country's economic well being.
		Rather than having their desperate government sell the gas to foreign investors, many Bolivians want it to be industrialized nationally for much needed employment and income.
		The results of a recent survey conducted by Equipos Mori for the Bolivian TV network, Unitel, shows that 70 percent of western Bolivia, mainly located in the cities of La Paz, El Alto and Cochabamba, reject the proposal to export the gas.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=52&ItemID=4245 (1150 words)

	petropulse.com » Russia
		Short of gas, and caught in the heavily defended Caucasus mountains, the armored divisions had to be refueled by camel trains as their own trucks had run out of gas.
		The United States may never have entered the war were it not for Japan’s desperation to capture the oil fields of Indochina.
		Seems that the frigid cold spell in Russia may be to blame for a shortfall in natural gas deliveries to Italy.
	petropulse.com /category/russia (2421 words)

	Encyclopedia :: Bolivia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bolivia's weakness was demonstrated during the War of the Pacific (1879–83), when it lost its seacoast, and the adjoining rich nitrate fields, together with the port of Antofagasta, to Chile.
		A civil war was averted when, on June 9th, 157 members of the congress and senate converged on the Casa de La Libertad in Sucre, Bolivia and nominated Eduardo Rodriguez, the current President of the Supreme Court, to the Presidency at the eleventh hour.
		Finance - Bolivian President Evo Morales was to arrive Sunday at an important economic forum with a debt-relief proposal to forgive some or all of the US$3.5 billion owed by the Andean nation and four other poor Latin American countries to the Inter-American Development Bank.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Bolivia (5998 words)

	The Indypendent : Bolivian Gas War Heats Up
		Mesa’s supporters took to the streets, and Congress, which was in the midst of lengthy debates over a new gas bill, refused to accept his resignation or call for early elections.
		(They argue that the gas belongs to them the moment it emerges from underground.) Some members of the People’s General Staff have sworn to shut down Parliament if the Senate doesn’t pass the bill, and the Movement Towards Socialism will be sending people into the streets to maintain pressure, beginning in mid-April.
		As Jaime Solares of the Federation of Bolivian Workers put it, “Faced with the moment the country is going through, we are fighting to make the 50 percent royalty paid by the oil companies a reality.
	www.indypendent.org /?p=358 (831 words)

	The Next Chapter in the Bolivian Gas War Begins! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Little attention is being paid to the decision in Congress which passed the Hydrocarbon Law, and an all out campaign is being waged to diminish the tax and royalty burden due to be levied on the multinationals operating in Bolivia.
		President Mesa has submitted 18 observations on the text of the law which are to be considered by the Senate, once again marking him as one of the most influential defenders of multinational interests in the country, since all the observations favor the foreign companies.
		This tactic would explain, in hindsight, why he did not resign and is still participating in the struggle to defraud his own people of their legitimate rights over the gas reserves.
	www.axisoflogic.com /cgi-bin/exec/view.pl?archive=93&num=16551&printer=1 (570 words)

	Bolivia's Gas War (October 22, 2003)
		As opposition grew and spread, the government responded with tear gas and deadly force.
		Making the connection between gas pipelines, neoliberalism, and the drug war, he said, "the defense of our natural resources is an issue that affects the entire Bolivian people.
		The new president, Carlos Mesa, said almost immediately upon taking office that the gas deal will be subject to a "binding referendum." He says he is running an "interim" government that will call a constitutional convention and early elections to democratically elect a successor.
	eatthestate.org /08-04/BoliviasGasWar.htm (919 words)

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