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Topic: Bolivian haemorrhagic fever

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	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lassa fever is by far the most prevalent of the haemorrhagic fever viruses associated with person-to-person and nosocomial transmission, and the incubation period allows ample time for displacement of infected persons by modern transportation before onset.
		Bolivian haemorrhagic fever is caused by Machupo virus isolated in 1965, limited to a portion of the department of Beni in Bolivia.
		Haemorrhage is manifest as epistaxis, bleeding gums, menorrhagia, and melaena.
	www.eamg-med.com /members/encyclopedia/7/7_10/7_10_22.shtml (8682 words)

	Bolivian haemorrhagic fever -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bolivian (A group of illnesses caused by a viral infection (usually restricted to a specific geographic area); fever and gastrointestinal symptoms are followed by capillary hemorrhage) Haemorrhagic Fever (Machupo), more commonly known as Black Typhus, was first identified in 1959.
		BHF is a (additional info and facts about zoonotic) zoonotic infectious disease occurring in (A landlocked Republic in central South America; Simon Bolivar founded Bolivia in 1825 after winning independence from Spain) Bolivia.
		It is caused by infection with Machupo virus, a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the (A family of arborviruses carried by arthropods) Arenaviridae family.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/bolivian_haemorrhagic_fever.htm (312 words)

	Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever
		Bolivian Haemorrhagic Fever was first observed around San Joaquin, in Agua Clara, in September of 1959, in Yutiole in July 1960, in Yoatre in August and in Las Moscas in December.
		Machupo virus is the etiologic agent of Bolivian Haemorrhagic Fever and the initial isolation was on May 19, 1963, in a typical clinical human case by Johnson (4).
		Bolivian haemorrhagic fever occurred from 1959 through 1962, on the island of Orobayaya, Province of Itenez, and in the communities surrounding San Joaquin.
	www.enivd.de /EBOLA/ebola-50.htm (2209 words)

	HaemorrhagicFever
		Lassa fever is a well-recognized nosocomial infection e.g.
		In 1967, a unique viral haemorrhagic fever appeared in laboratory workers in Marburg in West Germany, which was traced to contact with the blood and tissues of a group of African Green or vervet monkeys imported from Uganda.
		Haemorrhagic phenomena develop at the height of the illness, with GI bleeding being most commonly recognized, but petechiae and mucosal haemorrhages are also seen.
	virology-online.com /viruses/HaemorrhagicFever.htm (1870 words)

	Bolivian haemorrhagic fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bolivian Haemorrhagic Fever (Machupo), more commonly known as Black Typhus, was first identified in 1959.
		BHF is a zoonotic infectious disease occurring in Bolivia.
		It is caused by infection with Machupo virus, a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the Arenaviridae family.
	bolivian-haemorrhagic-fever.clonewars.ipupdater.com (256 words)

	Ebola - Wikipedia
		Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF -- alternatively Ebola hemorrhagic fever; commonly referred to as simply Ebola) is a recently identified, severe, often fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and some primates caused by the Ebola virus.
		Symptoms are variable too, but the onset is usually sudden and characterised by high fever, prostration[?], myalgia, arthralgia[?], abdominal pains[?] and headache.
		These symptoms progress to vomiting, diarrhea, oropharyngeal lesions[?], conjunctivitis, organ damage (notably the kidney and liver) by co-localized necrosis, proteinuria, and bleeding both internal and external, commonly through the gastrointestinal tract.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /eb/Ebola.html (354 words)

	Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever
		Similarly, O'nyong nyong fever, except perhaps for the scale of the epidemic, might well have been dismissed as yet another outbreak of dengue-like disease without serious consequences, had not the Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, been ready and able to investigate it.
		The original Bolivian haemorrhagic fever outbreak was brought to notice (and to investigation by the Middle America Research Unit) because of its severity.
		Clearly the first priority for early recognition of potentially dangerous outbreaks must be to educate the health and administrative authorities, particularly in the tropics, of the need for some form of surveillance and reporting of outbreaks of acute febrile disease (particularly in hospital personnel) in all new agricultural ventures involving intrusion into underdeveloped territory.
	www.itg.be /ebola/ebola-08.htm (951 words)

	ipedia.com: Pandemic Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The epidemic disease of wartime was typhus, sometimes called "camp fever" because of its pattern of flaring up in times of strife.
		(It is also known as "gaol fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreading wildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the Crusades, it had its first impact in Europe in 1489 in Spain.
		As of 2002, however, the recent emergence of these diseases into the human population has shown their virulence is high, such that they tend to 'burn out' in geographically confined areas or that their effect on humans is currently limited.
	www.ipedia.com /pandemic.html (1121 words)

	Travel Health Service Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
		The term "viral haemorrhagic fever" (VHF) is often used to describe a severe syndrome often accompanied by haemorrhage (bleeding).
		As many of the hosts that carry haemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts focus on their control.
		For those haemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from one person to another, close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids should be avoided.
	sc.info.gov.hk /gb/www.travelhealth.gov.hk/english/travel_related_diseases/viral_haemorrhagic.html (490 words)

	Ebola - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever (alternatively Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, EHF, or just Ebola) is a very rare, but severe, mostly fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and other primates, caused by the Ebola virus.
		Initial symptoms include: high fever (at least 38.8° C, 101° F), severe headache, muscle/joint/abdominal pain, severe weakness and exhaustion, sore throat, nausea, and dizziness.
		The general concept of a highly infectious blood-borne haemorrhagic virus was used to horrifying effect in the 2002 movie 28 Days Later, directed by Danny Boyle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ebola (2929 words)

	Wikipedia: Ebola
		The incubation period of Ebola haemorrhagic fever varies from two days to four weeks.
		Although there is no specific treatment for patients with Ebola, there have been entire books written about how to prevent it from spreading from the patient to health care workers or other patients.
		Symptoms that are common to many VHFs are severe weakness and fatigue, and a fever for more than 72 hours and less than three weeks.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/e/eb/ebola.html (2053 words)

	HPA - Infections \| Topics A-Z \| Deliberate Release \| Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers
		Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses.
		For haemorrhagic fever viruses spread by vectors, prevention measures also include controlling the population of ticks and mosquitoes, and preventing bites by using screens, wearing proper clothing and using repellent spray.
		For haemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from person to person, great care needs to be taken when nursing patients, including isolation and the wearing of gloves, gowns and masks, in order to prevent the spread of infection.
	www.camr.org.uk /infections/topics_az/deliberate_release/MatrixRedirect.asp?Source=Professional&Agent=VHF&Document=GeneralInformation (780 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected).
		For those hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from one person to another, avoiding close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids is the most important way of controlling the spread of disease.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/vhf.htm (1475 words)

	Ebola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Zaire virus {{1}} Ebola hæmorrhagic fever (EHF — alternatively Ebola hemorrhagic fever; commonly referred to as simply Ebola) is a recently identified, severe, often fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and some primates caused by the Ebola virus.
		Ebola was first discovered in 1976, and since its discovery, different strains of Ebola have caused epidemics with 50 to 90 percent mortality in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Uganda and Sudan.
		Symptoms are variable too, but the onset is usually sudden and characterised by high fever, prostration, myalgia (muscle pains), arthralgia (pain in the joints), abdominal pains and headache.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Ebola (2692 words)

	Lassa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Apart from fever, myalgia and prostration, there may be cough, sore throat, abdominal discomfort, loose stools and headache.
		In established disease, non-putting oedema of the neck and lower face, encephalopathy and varying degrees of haemorrhagic features are often seen.
		Lassa fever is a notifiable (or reportable) disease in most countries and is Internationally reportable.
	www.coppettswood.demon.co.uk /lassa.htm (490 words)

	Machupo Virus
		Description: BHF is a viral hemorrhagic fever known to be endemic only in Bolivia; first described in 1959, it caused outbreaks in small communities in eastern Bolivia throughout the 1960s.
		During the BHF epidemics of the 1960s, convalescent-phase immune plasma from survivors of BHF was administered to selected patients infected with Machupo virus.
		Haemorrhagic signs and many of the pathological changes recorded for Bolivian haemorrhagic fever were observed.
	staff.vbi.vt.edu /pathport/pathinfo/pathogens/Machupo_virus.html (4871 words)

	Filoviridae: Ebola and Marburg viruses
		One is the Rift Valley Fever Virus, isolated in the 1930s and geographically distributed in Africa, having mammals and mosquitoes as reservoir/vector and body fluids and insect bites as modes of transmission.
		Treatment studies of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever have shown that the antiviral Ribavirin is effective in combating the virus in vitro, but for the same action to be achieved in vivo toxic doses of the antiviral would be required.
		With Dengue it is reasonable to expect higher incidence during the rainy seasons due to increased grounds of breeding for the mosquito-vectors, which in turn enables the population to be prepared to fight the carriers of the virus, hence reducing the transmissibility and preventing the spread of the disease.
	members.tripod.com /~hugocaldas/dissertacao.htm (6530 words)

	Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers (ND) - Patient UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is the commonest haemorrhagic fever to be found in travellers, with ten cases reported in the UK in the last twenty years.
		Cause of the South American haemorrhagic fevers of the "New World": Argentinian (junin virus), Bolivian (muchupo virus), Venezualan (guanarito virus), and Brazilian (sabia virus), though new related viruses continue to emerge, including Whitewater Arroyo (New Mexico and California - 3 fatal cases from a Whitewater Arroyo-like virus), Tacaribe (Trinidad), Amapari (Brazil), and Tamiami (Florida).
		Flaviviruses Several of the flaviviruses may exhibit haemorrhagic fever as one of their manifestations, including the mosquito-borne Dengue, and Yellow fever, the tick-borne Louping-ill (UK), Kysanur-Forest disease (India and Saudi Arabia), and Omsk haemorrhagic fever, but will not be considered here.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000448 (1534 words)

	Dictionary definition of BOUQUET FEVER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A tropical disease caused by dengue virus (Arbovirus), that is transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito of the genus Aedes).
		Four severity grades of the illness are seen: grade I (fever and constitutional symptoms), grade II (grade I plus spontaneous bleeding of skin, gums or gastrointestinal tract), grade III (grade II plus agitation and circulatory failure) and grade IV (profound shock).
		Dengue haemorrhagic fever appears to be an infection by one of the other dengue viruses.
	www.dictionarybarn.com /BOUQUET-FEVER.php (222 words)

	Pandemic Article, Pandemic Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The epidemic disease of wartime was typhus, sometimes called "camp fever" because ofits pattern of flaring up in times of strife.
		(It is also known as "gaol fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreadingwildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the Crusades,it had its first impact in Europe in 1489 in Spain.
		As of 2002, however, the recent emergence of these diseases into the human population has shown theirvirulence is high, such that they tend to 'burn out' in geographically confined areas or that their effect on humans is currentlylimited.
	www.anoca.org /disease/killed/pandemic.html (1096 words)

	Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever
		In this instance, there were few primary cases which resembled the situations observed in the case of Lassa virus and other known rodent-borne viral haemorrhagic diseases, or even for that matter bacterial diseases such as plague and tularemia, so that an arthropod such as a tick or a mite is not excluded.
		Initial studies on other unknown virus reservoirs were, in a sense, rather easy to conceive as in the case of Lassa, once recognized as an arenavirus, it was expected to be associated with rodents because of its similarities to Argentinian and Bolivian haemorrhagic fevers (1,2,3,4,5,6).
		We are in fact mainly a diagnostic laboratory and we get requests for Lassa fever studies, Marburg studies, Ebola studies, so we have to fit all this in.
	www.itg.be /ebola/ebola-33.htm (2718 words)

	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of arenaviruses
		BHF is a viral hemorrhagic fever known to be endemic only in Bolivia; first described in 1959, it caused outbreaks in small communities in eastern Bolivia throughout the 1960s.
		Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) is caused by Machupo virus.
		Machupo virus was clearly responsible for a severe nosocomical outbreak of BHF in which all cases were associated with a single index case who had returned from the endemic region.
	staff.vbi.vt.edu /pathport/pathinfo/xmlfiles/Machupo_Virus_Info.xml (4251 words)

	Ebola : QuicklyFind Info
		Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF—alternatively Ebola hemorrhagic fever; commonly referred to as simply Ebola) is a recently identified, severe, often fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and some primates caused by the Ebola virus.
		Ebola was first discovered in 1976, and since its discovery, different strands of Ebola have caused epidemics with 50 to 90 percent mortality in Zaïre, Gabon, Uganda and Sudan.
		The neighboring countries of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo have increased surveillance in bordering areas, and other similar measures have been taken to control the outbreak.
	www.quicklyfind.com /info/Ebola.htm (2043 words)

	Infection Control: Section 9 \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Africa: Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg and Ebola haemorrhagic fevers, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever.
		South America: Argentine haemorrhagic fever, Bolivian haemorrhagic fever, Venezuelan haemorrhagic fever, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (rare), yellow fever, and dengue haemorrhagic fever.
		Asia: Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and dengue haemorrhagic fever.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/Spb/mnpages/vhfmanual/section9.htm (2301 words)

	Ebola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever (alternatively Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, EHF, or just Ebola) is a very rare, but severe, often fatal infectious disease occurring in humans and other primates, caused by the Ebola virus.
		There was a high rate of co-infection with Simian Hemorrhagic Fever (SHF) in all of these EBO-R infected monkeys.
		Initial symptoms include: high fever (at least 101°F), severe headache, muscle/joint/abdominal pain, severe weakness and exhuastion, sore throat, nausea, and dizziness.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Ebola (2893 words)

	Ebola hemorrhagic fever-- Ebola Virus - Biotechnology Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Among humans, the virus is transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids such as blood.
		Infection for Health Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual/entire.pdf).
		Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Table Showing Known Cases and Outbreaks, in Chronological Order (http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebotabl.htm).
	www.biotech100.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/ebola.htm (1957 words)

	Read about Ebola at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Ebola and learn about Ebola here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		hemorrhagic fever; commonly referred to as simply Ebola) is a recently identified, severe, often fatal
		Infection for Health Control of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual/entire.pdf).
		Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Table Showing Known Cases and Outbreaks, in Chronological Order (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebotabl.htm).
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Ebola (2271 words)

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