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	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
		Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), also known as fl typhus or Machupo virus, is a hemorrhagic fever and zoonotic infectious disease occurring in Bolivia.
		Petechiae (blood spots) on the upper body and bleeding from the nose and gums are observed when the disease progresses to the hemorrhagic phase, usually within seven days of onset.
		A vaccine being developed for the genetically related Junin virus which causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever has shown evidence of cross-reactivity with Machupo virus and may be an effective prophylactic measure for people at high risk of infection.
	www.mrsci.com /Infectious-Diseases/Bolivian_hemorrhagic_fever.php (230 words)

	Prospects for the Control of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever
		Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) was first identified in 1959 as a sporadic hemorrhagic illness in rural areas of Beni department, Bolivia.
		During the BHF epidemics in the 1960s, rodent control was recognized as the primary method for the prevention of Machupo virus transmission (9).
		After the familial cluster of BHF in 1994, results of rodent trapping confirmed the absence of reinfestation in towns and indicated that the density of rodent reservoirs was not unusually high in areas of probable exposure for the index patient.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol1no3/kilgore.htm (1690 words)

	International Notes Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever -- El Beni Department, Bolivia, 1994
		Laboratory studies performed on serum and tissue specimens from decedents confirmed the diagnosis of BHF by isolation of Machupo virus and detection of viral antigen in all five patients for whom specimens were available; the survivor developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Machupo virus.
		The diagnosis of BHF was confirmed by detection of viral antigen and virus isolation from the patient's serum.
		Editorial Note: BHF is a viral hemorrhagic fever known to be endemic only in Bolivia; first described in 1959, it caused outbreaks in small communities in eastern Bolivia throughout the 1960s (1).
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00035133.htm (1285 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 57
		Hemorrhaging, neurologic signs and symptoms, and leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are much more common in the three Latin American hemorrhagic fevers than in Lassa fever.
		The onset of the hemorrhagic fevers caused by Lassa, Junin, Machupo, and Guanarito viruses may be insidious, with the disease presentation within 7 to 14 days after infection simply as pyrexia, headache, sore throat, and myalgia.
		Hemorrhagic phenomena, heralded by unremitting high fever, can begin after day 5 of illness and are followed by dehydration and hemoconcentration, shock syndrome, hemorrhagic manifestations, and cardiovascular collapse.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch057.htm (2817 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers : Article by David C Pigott, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Hemorrhagic complications are multifactorial and are related to hepatic damage, consumptive coagulopathy, and primary marrow injury to megakaryocytes.
		In 1989, an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever among imported macaque monkeys in Reston, Virginia, led to the discovery of Ebola-Reston, a variant of Ebola virus that originated in the Philippines and does not cause disease in humans.
		Apodemus agrarius, the vector of Korean hemorrhagic fever caused by a hantavirus.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic887.htm (3747 words)

	Viral hemorrhagic fevers: Signs and symptoms - MayoClinic.com
		Hemorrhagic fevers make blood vessels more permeable — that is, more likely to leak — causing bleeding that can range from relatively minor to massive.
		In the hemorrhagic form, an extremely high fever may be accompanied by bleeding, convulsions and circulatory failure.
		Both Kyasanur Forest disease and Omsk hemorrhagic fever are biphasic diseases, meaning that the initial signs and symptoms are followed by a brief period of recovery before symptoms reappear.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/DS00539/DSECTION=2 (754 words)

	OPHEPR; Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers - Profile for Healthcare Workers
		In the laboratory all the viral hemorrhagic fever agents, except dengue virus, are infectious by aerosol.
		Outbreak Control: All individuals who have been potentially exposed to a hemorrhagic fever virus should be placed under medical surveillance for 21 days and instructed to record their temperatures twice daily and report any symptoms they are experiencing, including any temperature 101º F or higher.
		Yellow fever is the only licensed vaccine for any of the viral hemorrhagic fevers, but it is not efficacious for post exposure disease prevention.
	www.azdhs.gov /phs/edc/edrp/es/profvhf.htm (900 words)

	Virual Hemorraghic Fever Fact Sheets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Description: The term viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		Viruses causing hemorrhagic fever are initially transmitted to humans when the activities of infected reservoir hosts or vectors and humans overlap.
		For those hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from one person to another, avoiding close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids is the most important way of controlling the spread of disease.
	www.health.state.nd.us /EPR/public/viral/VHFeverFacts.htm (1501 words)

	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever - El Beni Department, Bolivia, 1994 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In July 1934, an outbreak of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), which is caused by Machupo virus, began in northeastern Bolivia.
		BHF is a viral hemorrhagic fever known to be endemic only in Bolivia, first described in 1959, it caused outbreaks in small communities in eastern Bolivia throughout the 1960s [1].
		The etiologic agent, Machupo virus, is a member of the family Arenaviridae and is maintained in the rodent C. callosus, the natural reservoir [2].J. As with other arenaviruses, infection of the rodent host results in a persistent asymptomatic infection with shedding of virus in urine.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0906/is_n50_v43/ai_16002363 (919 words)

	Vidyya Medical News Service - Today in Vidyya
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses.
		For hemorrhagic fever viruses spread by vectors, prevention measures also include controlling the population of ticks and mosquitoes, and preventing bites by using screens, wearing proper clothing and using repellent spray.
		For hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from person to person, great care needs to be taken when nursing patients, including isolation and the wearing of gloves, gowns and masks, in order to prevent the spread of infection.
	www.vidyya.com /vol4/v4i342_2.htm (768 words)

	Public Health Emergencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Distribution of Argentine hemorrhagic fever is seasonal, with the highest occurrence when autumn crops are harvested and corn mouse populations are high.
		In 1992, incidence of Argentine hemorrhagic fever declined due to the introduction of an investigational vaccine to prevent the illness.
		Hemorrhagic phenomena (bleeding from the gums, nose, uterus, GI tract, and pneumonia)
	www.state.in.us /isdh/bioterrorism/manual/section_10.htm (6096 words)

	Viral hemorrhagic fevers
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses from four distinct families and range in severity from relatively mild to life-threatening.
		Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, a severe VHF that's often fatal, is endemic in many countries in Africa, Europe and Asia.
		Yellow fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are the most virulent forms of flaviviruses, and both are spread by a particularly efficient species of mosquito: Aedes aegypti.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/DS/00539.html (3741 words)

	What are Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several different viruses.
		In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a severe viral infection of many organ systems in the body.
		Hemorrhagic fever viruses have been studied as potential BW by the USSR and the U.S. The former Soviet Union and Russia researched use of Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and New World arenaviruses (Junin and Machupo) until 1992.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/bioterror/hemorrhagic.htm (967 words)

	ACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource Center - Quick Facts on Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Renal insufficiency is proportional to cardiovascular compromise except in Hemorrhagic Fever and Renal Syndrome in which it is an integral part of the disease
		Fever, hemorrhage, shock, renal failure, and polyuria is the classic presentation of Hemorrhagic Fever and Renal Syndrome
		Viral hemorrhagic fever patients, with the exception of hantavirus and dengue fever infections, have significant infectious virus in the blood and body secretions
	www.acponline.org /bioterro/hemo_fevers.htm (514 words)

	Machupo
		Beginning in 1959 and continuing through the early 1960’s, outbreaks of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever occurred in rural areas throughout Bolivia, including the Beni department and the areas surrounding San Joaquin near the eastern frontier of Bolivia.
		Bolivians referred to the mysterious disease as “Black Typhus” alluding to the hemorrhaging, high fever, pain, and rapid death caused by the illness.
		Additionally, the vaccine for Argentinean hemorrhagic fever (cased by the genetically-similar Junin virus) appears to provide a level of cross-protection against Machupo and may become a preventative measure for high-risk individuals.
	www.stanford.edu /group/virus/arena/2005/MachupoVirus.htm (557 words)

	CIDRAP >> Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF): Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, ...
		Hemorrhagic fever viruses enter the bloodstream through various mechanisms (eg, the bite of a mosquito or tick, inhalation, mucous membrane exposure, parenteral exposure), and all (except hantaviruses) cause disease during the period of viremia.
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever is an important emerging infection in central Africa and has received much attention in recent years owing to the documented high case-fatality rates (50% to 90%) associated with past outbreaks.
		Omsk hemorrhagic fever also is a rare form of tick-borne VHF and is limited to regions of Central Asia (see References: Gritsun 2003).
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/bt/vhf/biofacts/vhffactsheet.html (6820 words)

	Arboviruses and other zoonotic viruses
		Initial symptoms often include fever, myalgia, nausea, vomiting and a cough; this may progress to dizziness and shortness of breath as lungs fill with fluid followed by acute respiratory distress.
		Ebola and Marburg viruses cause hemorrhagic fevers and have a case-fatality rate which can be as high as 60-90% for certain strains of the viruses.
		Patients have severe hemorrhages and there is a lot of virus present, so stringent barrier nursing techniques are needed to prevent further spread.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /mhunt/arbo2-rodent.htm (931 words)

	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever: essential data
		Diagnosis in endemic areas is patchy and often fails to differentiate it from other fevers and diagnosis often depends upon discovering the animal vector in the course of an outbreak.
		The hemorrhagic phase of the disease is signalled by the appearance of petechiae (blood spots) on the upper trunk and the oral mucosa (the moist tissues of the mouth).
		Neurological symptoms are more marked in Argentinian hemorrhagic fever and this can be used as a differential test at the early stages of the disease.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/MACV.html (488 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers : Article Excerpt by: David C Pigott, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Background: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of febrile illnesses caused by RNA viruses from several viral families.
		Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
		Arenaviridae are spread to humans by rodent contact and include Lassa virus in Africa and several rare South American hemorrhagic fevers such as Machupo, Junin, Guanarito, and Sabia.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---viral-hemorrhagic-fevers.htm (332 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		BHF is characterized by outbreaks with fatality rates ~15%,
		Treatment of BHF with intravenous ribavirin is reported.
		Natural nidality in Bolivian hemorrhagic fever and the systematics of the reservoir species.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/print_view.asp?id=1891 (251 words)

	Bad things
		Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever is one of the most virulent diseases known to man with a fatality rate over 50% (virtually 100% if the infection is obtained from a needlestick with a large amount of virus particles transferred).
		Argentine and Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever are similar to Lassa (all three being caused by an Arenavirus) and the natural reservoir being rodents.
		Hantaan-Korean Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by the same family of virus that the Four Corners (Sin Nombre) outbreak stemmed from.
	ozzzy.dyndns.org /fever.html (1100 words)

	[No title]
		In September 1989, physicians in the state of Portuguesa, Venezuela, became aware of an outbreak of a severe febrile illness, mainly among rural inhabitants of the southern part of the state, which was characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, sore throat, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and occasionally convulsions.
		Many of the cases were initially diagnosed as dengue hemorrhagic fever or classical dengue.
		Guanarito virus is antigenically related to Junin, Machupo and Lassa viruses, the causative agents of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever and Lassa fever, respectively.
	www.paho.org /english/SHA/epibul_95-98/be953vhf.htm (644 words)

	APIC \| Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF): Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, ...
		In March 2005, Marburg virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in Angola that began in October 2004.
		Lassa fever was first recognized in 1969 in northern Nigeria, when a small outbreak occurred among several nurses working in a rural missionary hospital.
		Outbreaks of yellow fever were first recognized in the 1600s, and the disease is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa (between 15°N and 10°S latitude) and in tropical regions of South America.
	id_center.apic.org /apic/bt/vhf/biofacts/vhffactsheet.html (6347 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Sections: Lassa Fever, South American HF Syndromes (Argentine, Bolivian, Venezuelan, and Brazilian), Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo HF, HF with Renal Syndrome, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Yellow Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever/Dengue Shock Syndrome, Kyasanur Forest Disease and Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever, Filovirus Hemorrhagic Fever.
		The hemorrhage is inconstant and is in most cases an indication of widespread vascular damage rather than a life-threatening loss of blood volume.
		In some viral HF syndromes, specific organs may be particularly impaired, such as the kidney in HF with renal syndrome, the lung in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, or the liver in yellow fever, but in all these diseases the generalized circulatory disturbance is critically important.
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=76592 (321 words)

	[No title]
		Outbreak of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF) Confirmed in the Department of Beni, Itenez Province, Bolivia
		The National Health Information System of the Ministry of Health and Sports of Bolivia reported the occurrence of two cases of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF) in the Department of Beni, Itenez Province, localities of Huacareje and Magdalena—an endemic area for BHF.
		The team confirmed that during the week of 14 June, nearly 150 persons were treated for headache and fever, followed by stomachache, diarrhea and vomiting in the majority of the cases.
	www.paho.org /English/AD/DPC/CD/eid-eer-01-jul-2004.htm (801 words)

	Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: essential data
		Sudden severe headache, chills, fever, vomiting and pain in muscle, the lower back and the upper abdomen are the commonest symptoms.
		After 3-5 days, hemorrhage begins and is seen as a red or purple discoloration of the skin and the development of nosebleeds.
		Two images of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever patients taken in 1969 showing the characteristic dark patches on the skin.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/Pathogens/CCHF.html (448 words)

	UAB - Bioterrorism
		This team went to the homes in the area to bring patients with suspected Ebola viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) to the Kikwit hospital, as well as to remove corpses.
		The viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF's) are a group of clinical febrile illnesses with a propensity to cause significant bleeding.
		Prodromal symptoms are typical, with several days of fever, myalgias, headache, malaise, arthralgias, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
	www.bioterrorism.uab.edu /CategoryA/VHF/summary.asp (972 words)

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