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Topic: Bomba (cryptography)

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	Historical Background
		Cryptography entered the machine age toward the end of World War I with the invention of the rotary electro-mechanical enciphering machine.
		The Polish bomba's modus operandi was much more fragile than that of the British bombe as it exploited the repeated encipherment of the message-setting, an error which the Germans might eliminate at any time.
		This is not to belittle the immense Polish contribution to the Allied codebreaking effort which owes a very great debt to the Poles, primarily for supplying the internal wiring of the Enigma's rotors and for demonstrating that the Enigma could be broken by a machine.
	www.ellsbury.com /enigma1.htm (690 words)

	Enigma - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In fact, nearly all the personnel of the Polish cryptography section left Poland during the invasion and most of them ended up in France, working with French cryptographers on German transmissions.
		More than in most history, the history of cryptography, especially its 'recent' history, must be read carefully.
		A responsible, and mercifully short, account of World War II cryptography which is essentially up-to-date as of this writing is Battle of Wits by Stephen Budiansky.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /en/Enigma.html (4669 words)

	Cryptology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Much of the terminology of cryptography can be linked back to the time when only written messages were being encrypted and the same terminology is still used regardless of whether it is being applied to a written message or a stream of binary code between two computers.
		Although single-key cryptography has been in use for centuries, public key cryptography is a relatively new invention with the first discussion about the subject in open literature being in 1976.
		Unlike cryptography which is a clearly defined science, cryptanalysis is as much an art as it is a science.
	www.ridex.co.uk /cryptology (10089 words)

	Bombe - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the history of cryptography, a bombe was an electromechanical machine used by British and American codebreakers to help break German Enigma machine signals during World War II.
		Using the Turing-Welchman bombe, the Allies were able to read a high proportion of the German Enigma traffic, and it was the primary tool used for this purpose.
		The bombe was named after, and possibly inspired by, an earlier Enigma codebreaking device designed by Polish cryptanalyst Marian Rejewski, known as the Bomba.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Bombe (2662 words)

	Other Information of- 778 BC. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The bomba (Polish language for "bomb"; plural: bomby) was a special-purpose machine designed about October 1938 by Poland Biuro Szyfrów cryptology Marian Rejewski to break Germany Enigma machine cipher s.
		The German Enigma used a combination key (cryptography) to control the operation of the machine: rotor order, which rotors to install, which ring setting for each rotor, which initial setting for each rotor, and the settings of the stecker plugboard.
		Using the knowledge that the first three letters of a message were the same as the second three, Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski was able to determine the internal wirings of the Enigma machine and thus to reconstruct the logical structure of the device.
	en_list.of.austrian.field.marshals.en.moneylist.info (2843 words)

	cryptanalysis Information Center - cryptanalysis and mathematics
		However, cryptanalysis usually excludes attacks that do not primarily target weaknesses in the actual cryptography; methods such as bribery, physical coercion, burglary, keylogging, and so forth, although these latter types of attack are an important concern in computer security, and are increasingly becoming more effective than traditional cryptanalysis.
		Cryptanalysis has coevolved together with cryptography, and the contest can be traced through the history of cryptography — new ciphers being designed to replace old broken designs, and new cryptanalytic techniques invented to crack the improved schemes.
		Asymmetric cryptography (or public key cryptography) is cryptography that relies on using two keys; one private, and one public.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_Cr_-_G/cryptanalysis.html (2509 words)

	Cryptography > Welcome : Meso Gunus Web Guides
		Cryptography is the art of keeping messages secret by using different methods.
		Cryptology is the study of cryptography and cryptanalysis.
		The Cryptography Word of the Day is Ian Goldberg, be sure to check back tommorow for a new cryptography word of the day.
	cryptography.mesogunus.com (610 words)

	Financial Cryptography: Turing Lecture by Adi Shamir
		The goal of practical cryptography is to improve the security, at a cost that is less than the benefit gained.
		Finally, "Cryptography is typically bypassed, not penetrated." He said he is unaware of any major, world-class security failure in which hackers penetrated systems by using heavy-duty cryptanalysis.
		The last part of Shamir's presentation is a review of six major areas of today's cryptography: theory; public-key encryption and signature schemes; secret-key cryptography using block ciphers; secret-key cryptography using stream ciphers; theoretical cryptographic protocols; and practical cryptographic protocols.
	www.financialcryptography.com /mt/archives/000147.html (1261 words)

	Bomba (cryptography) - Medbib.com, the modern encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Bomba, or Bomba kryptologiczna (Polish for "Bomb" or "Cryptologic bomb") was a special-purpose machine designed about October 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski to break German Enigma machine ciphers.
		The German Enigma used a combination key to control the operation of the machine: rotor order, which rotors to install, which ring setting for each rotor, which initial setting for each rotor, and the settings of the stecker plugboard.
		The bomba method was based, like the Poles' earlier "grill" method, on the fact that the plug connections in the commutator did not change all the letters.
	www.medbib.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Bomba_(cryptography) (1243 words)

	Scherbius' Enigma
		Scherbius was born 1878 in Frankfurt am Main, was an electrical engineer and already held a number of patents.
		They developed a machine called the Bomba, that made the process of codebreaking even faster.
		Although the British bombe actually owes little to the Polish bomba, the immense contribution of the Poles of supplying the internal wiring of the Enigma's rotors and the demonstration that the Enigma could be broken by a machine has to be much valuated.
	cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at /index.php?id=282 (608 words)

	Bomba (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bomba, the Polish device for breaking the Enigma (1938).
		Bomba the Jungle Boy, a series of books by Roy Rockwood that later became a film series.
		Bomba, a commune in the province of Chieti, southern Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bomba_(disambiguation) (128 words)

	Bomba (cryptography) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With many thousands of such possible keys, and with the growing complexity of the Enigma machine and its keying procedures, this was becoming an increasingly daunting task.
		Bombe: a machine, inspired by Rejewski's "Bomba", that was used by British and American cryptologists during World War II.
		Zygalski sheets: invented about October 1938 by Henryk Zygalski and called "perforated sheets" by the Poles, they made possible the recovery of the Enigma's entire cipher key.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bomba_(cryptography) (1265 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Bombe
		In the history of cryptography, the Bombe was an electromechanical device used by British cryptologists to help break German Enigma machine signals during World War II.
		The bombe, based on a previous Polish device, was designed by Alan Turing, with an important refinement subsequently contributed by Gordon Welchman.
		A standard services Enigma employed, at any one time, a set of three rotors, each of which could be set in any of 26 positions.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Bombe (3091 words)

	events archive for Jan-Feb_05
		The bomba built by the Poles worked well until December 1938 when the Germans added two more scramblers, known as "rotors," to choose from when setting up their 3-rotor Enigma machines, and shortly after, they added more cables to each Enigma that further increased the letter-swapping possibilities of the plugboard on each machine.
		Tactical COMSEC became practical, small, and lightweight, and cryptography was integrated into radio and telephone equipment.
		Cryptography was extended to the wireless world of telecommunications...
	homepage.mac.com /rrucker/qcwa/Jan-Feb_2005_events.html (3449 words)

	Enigma - Message Board - ezboard.com
		To complicate matters for any enemy cryptography department deciphering an Enigma encoded message required the code groups for the day, the current settings, the correct rotor (which could go both backwards and forwards) and a correctly configured Enigma machine.
		Part of this success may be attributed to the "Bomba", a sort of high speed calculator with bits of Enigma machines wired into it.
		Eventually a machine similar to the Polish Bomba was produced and Enigma traffic could be deciphered in very short order.
	p223.ezboard.com /fpanzer4520frm22.showMessage?topicID=33.topic (955 words)

	Informat.io on Enigma Machine
		In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and decrypt secret messages.
		However, a different initial rotor position was chosen for each message, because if a number of messages are sent encrypted with identical or near-identical settings, a cryptanalyst has several messages "in depth", and might be able to attack the messages using frequency analysis.
		To counter this, a different starting position for the rotors was chosen for each message; a similar concept to an initialisation vector in modern cryptography.
	www.informat.io /?title=Enigma_machine (6081 words)

	Solving the Enigma - History of the Cryptanalytic Bombe
		Rejewski determined the wiring of the new rotors as he had the original three, but the Bomba was not built to work through the combinations available with a choice of five rotors.
		Poland had turned this achievement over to Britain at the same time as the Bomba, and BP was already creating new sheets for five rotors.
		The bomba dessert was a round ball of ice cream covered in chocolate and resembled an old-fashioned bomb.
	www.nsa.gov /publications/publi00016.cfm (12382 words)

	Bomba (cryptography) (bomba (cryptography) info) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The bomba (Polish for "bomb"; plural: bomby) was a special-purpose machine designed about October 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski to break German Enigma machine ciphers.
		Soviet military cryptography at the time was primitive and, when actually used, was further weakened by Soviet cipher clerks' neglect of elementary security practices.
		The commonest Russian cipher was broken as early as 1919 by a young mathematician, Stefan Mazurkiewicz, later vice rector of Warsaw University.
	wikimiki.info /en/bomba+(cryptography) (10096 words)

	php-deluxe.net - description Bomba cryptography (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The German Enigma used a three-letter key (cryptography) (for example, NJR) to indicate the way the operator was to set the machine.
		In order to mechanize and speed up the process, Marian Rejewski, a civilian mathematician working at the Polish General Staff s Cipher Bureau in Warsaw, about October 1938 invented the bomba (bomb).
		Wadysaw Kozaczuk, Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, edited and translated by Christopher Kasparek, Frederick, MD, University Publications of America, 1984.
	www.php-deluxe.net.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia,index.page,Bomba-cryptography.htm (682 words)

	enigma
		The final exam was an actual German military communication expressed in the so-called "Double Dice" code that National Party (Nazi) foreign affairs expert Alfred Rosenberg had boasted was "insoluble." Rejewski, Zygalski and Rozycki, each acting on their own, broke the code.
		From 1933 to 1939, the decoder called La Bomba, "The Bomb," so-named for its cylindrical appearance, traced Nazi naval, air and land movements for the Polish high command.
		In October 1938, Rejewski designed the machine named "bomba kryptologiczna" (cryptologic bomb), which was soon produced at the AVA Workshops.
	www.polamjournal.com /Library/APHistory/enigma/enigma.html (2848 words)

	btoFAQ.net User Forums - Cryptography
		Various interesting points were raised but I think the best was that following World War 2 (after the Brits sucessfully cracked the Enigma code), the UK Government told members of its fellow commonwealth that the Enigma system was secure and uncrackable.
		Dubbed the 'Bomba', the machine was in effect an Enigma machine in reverse.
		But the 'Bomba' was still only an electromechanical device, with no capacity to be programmed.
	www.btofaq.net /v3/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=675 (1194 words)

	The Polish Attack on Enimga
		The roots of cryptography and cryptology began to grow.
		"Cryptography and cryptology have developed in parallel with the evolution of science and technology" [Kozaczuk].
		Because every advance was a closely guarded secret, that could not be shared even with one's family; the labor of the bomb creators had to remain anonymous.
	math.ucsd.edu /~crypto/students/enigma.html (5527 words)

	Stumbling Tongue: Archives
		Aaron Haspel has a got a great series up on the history of cryptography.
		The "Bomba dei Miracoli," or the bomb of miracles, is designed to spread peace and love wherever it explodes.
		But I cannot fail to see the depth such ideas can bring into the description of things, of all the things that seem too heavy to bear, of what feels wild or ungovernable in ourselves.
	www.stumblingtongue.com /archives/2003_03.html (4436 words)

	Talk:Alan Turing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Simon Singh, in his book on Cryptography, cites a morbid habit of Turing's, where he would dangle an apple and mutter something like 'pretty apple, dip it in the brew' as a reference to Snow White.
		We currently say, "[the bombe]...was an improved version of the Polish-designed bomba"; I think we would be safer if we simply said, "[the bombe]...which may have been inspired by the Polish-designed bomba".
		I think the reason Turing isn't mentioned in the Bomba and Enigma machine articles is that he would be a little off-topic (in the same way that Rejewski et al would be off-topic in this article).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Alan_Turing (5058 words)

	Wikinfo \| Marian Rejewski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The group he formed with Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski broke the cipher of Enigma machine and built a working replica in the 1930s.
		In 1939 he created a programmable electro-mechanical decoding machine named "Bomba", the predecessor of the British "bombes" and early computers like the Colossus computer.
		This information has been passed to allied British and French intelligence in August 1939.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Marian_Rejewski (276 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Alan Turing: The Enigma: Books: Andrew Hodges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is by no means an introduction to the theory which Turing invented but still gives the reader a good idea on why and how he did it.
		Turing on cryptography and the cryptanalysis of the enigma code after his university years are an exciting read on the second world war which not many of us have heard about yet!
		A degree of mathematical literacy helps one to obtain more from this superb biography, but it should all be accessible to the non-specialist.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Alan-Turing-Enigma-Andrew-Hodges/dp/0099116413 (985 words)

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