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Topic: Bombardier beetle

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	Bombardier Beetles and the Argument of Design
		One group of bombardier beetles (the paussines) uses the same chemical mechanism to shoot their defensive spray as other bombardier beetles, but they have a totally different method of aiming.
		All bombardier beetles are predators, and are thus themselves agents of death.
		Defensive spray of the bombardier beetle: a biological pulse jet.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/bombardier.html (3310 words)

	Bombardier beetle
		Bombardier beetles are ground-dwelling beetles of the genus Brachinini, Paussini, Ozaenini, or Metriini - more than 500 species altogether.
		Bombardier beetles have come to public attention in recent years largely because of arguments put foward by opponents of biological evolution, particularly in the children's book Bomby the Bombardier Beetle.
		The book argues that the beetles' internal design, in which certain chemicals must be mixed in certain ways at certain times to produce tiny explosions, is so complex and fraught with peril that it could not have come about through random mutations, but must be the product of intelligent design, a modern euphamism for God.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Bombardier_beetle.html (130 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Fortunately, the wings of a giant beetle cannot be used to fly, and in most cases, its six bristly legs do not enable it to move as fast as a fleeing man. The hard, chitinous shell of several varieties of these beetles are brightly colored, and sometimes have value to art collectors.
		While their shells protect beetles as well as plate mail armor, it is difficult to craft armor from them, and a skilled alchemist would need to be brought in on the job.
		The bombardier action of this beetle is caused by the explosive mixture of two substances that are produced internally and combined in a third organ.
	www.planetadnd.com /interactive_books/MM00017.php (1293 words)

	Bombardier beetle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bombardier Beetles are ground beetles (Carabidae) in the tribes Brachinini, Paussini, Ozaenini, or Metriini—more than 500 species altogether—that are most notable for the defense mechanism that gives them their name: They can fire a mixture of chemicals from special glands in their posterior.
		Bombardier beetles of all types are found on most continents of the world, generally in temperate zone woodlands or grasslands.
		The beetle which he had placed in his mouth was a bombardier beetle and, forced to spit it out, he lost it as well as the third.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombardier_beetle (585 words)

	Galerita bicolor "False Bomdardier Beetle" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bombardier beetles can be found on most continents around the world, but this species is found only in North America.
		Bombardier beetles of all types generally live in temperate zone woodlands or grasslands.
		Bombardier beetles are incredible creatures, truly deserving the attention they have received.
	entweb.clemson.edu /museum/beetles/local/btle6.htm (696 words)

	University of Leeds \| For the media \| Press releases \| Inflammatory bowel disorder
		Understanding the bombardier beetle’s jet-based defence mechanism may help to solve a problem that can occasionally occur at high altitude – re-igniting a gas turbine aircraft engine which has cut out, when the outside air temperature is as low as minus 50 degrees Centigrade.
		The bombardier beetle defends itself by squirting predators (ants, frogs, spiders) with a high-pressure jet of boiling liquid in a rapid-fire action called pulse combustion.
		This work discovered that the bombardier beetle combines hydrogen peroxidase and hydroquinone in a tiny combustion chamber and that, when these react, benzoquinone and steam are emitted in a jet at around 100 degrees Centigrade.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /media/current/beetle.htm (797 words)

	Beetles of North America - Cirrus Digital Imaging
		Beetles are the dominant form of life on earth: one of every five living species is a beetle, and one fourth of all animals are beetles.
		The name coleoptera means "sheath wings." Most beetles have large prominent compound eyes, and there are many different types of beetle antennae: threadlike, clubbed, antennae with leaf-like structures at the tip, so-called longhorn beetles with antennae up to 2 1/2 times their body length.
		Since beetles are cold-blooded, their body temperature is usually insufficient to to permit the wing muscles to move rapidly enough for flight.
	www.cirrusimage.com /beetles.htm (628 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Bombardier beetles are a fascinating type of Ground beetle found in cool, moist areas throughout the Western United States, including the Bay area.
		Bombardier beetles are nocturnal insects and they tend to dwell in small groups underneath rocks during the day.
		The larvae of the Bombardier beetle are about half an inch long and cylindrical; they attach themselves to the adult beetles until they develop into mature beetles themselves.
	www.stanford.edu /~cbross/CommunityRhetorics/bombbeetle.html (361 words)

	Apologetics Press - Bombardier Beetles and Airplane Engines
		The bombardier beetle defends itself by squirting predators (ants, frogs, spiders) with a high-pressure jet of boiling liquid in a rapid-fire action called pulse combustion.
		In a similar study investigating the defense mechanism of the bombardier beetle, Thomas Eisner and Daniel Aneshansley commented on the beetle’s exceptional ability to aim the hot mixture as it is sprayed from its body.
		Although it was known that the bombardier beetles can aim their spray revolving the abdominal tip, the degree of precision with which they target their ejections had escaped notice” (1999, 96:9705).
	www.apologeticspress.org /articles/2102 (1826 words)

	Kid's Page 6
		The hydroquinone in the bombardier beetle's body is a common chemical found in many insects.
		The bombardier beetle also makes another chemical, called an inhibitor, which it mixes with the hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide to keep them from reacting while they're still in the beetle's body.
		When the bombardier beetle feels threatened or gets ready to shoot, it forces the two chemicals into another chamber in its body known as the combustion chamber.
	www.creationevidence.org /fun_for_kids/kp006/kp6.html (438 words)

	Bombardier Beetle - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Bombardier Beetle, common name for any of a number of gregarious and predatory ground beetles that have the ability to eject from their anuses...
		Bombardier Beetle; Firefly; Ground Beetle; Japanese Beetle; Leaf Beetle.
		- beetle that squirts liquid in defence: a beetle that squirts volatile acrid liquid when attacked.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Bombardier_Beetle.html (107 words)

	Spray aiming in the bombardier beetle: Photographic evidence -- Eisner and Aneshansley 96 (17): 9705 -- Proceedings of ...
		Bombardier beetles, when physically assaulted, eject a hot quinonoid spray from the tip of the abdomen.
		The spray of bombardier beetles is ejected at 100°C (13).
		To induce a beetle to spray, fine-tipped forceps were used to pinch its individual appendages or to poke parts of its body.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/17/9705 (2184 words)

	Beetles And Evolution
		The inference which people have drawn from this appears to be that the bombardier beetle’s defence mechanism is a problem for evolution, and thus serves as evidence that evolutionary theory is flawed.
		It is a fascinating question to identify the actual changes in beetle lineage leading to the bombardier beetles; but the argument that such changes are impossible or unlikely is fallacious.
		The bombardier beetle is cited as a case in point; although as a criticism it fails badly.
	jmm.aaa.net.au /articles/852.htm (1552 words)

	Beetle's jet may inspire new engines - 09 December 2003 - New Scientist
		Andy McIntosh, at the University of Leeds, UK, believes the bombardier beetle's remarkable defence mechanism could be mimicked to develop an aircraft engine that is more easily reignited at high altitude.
		The bombardier beetle fires up to 300 pulses per second from a nozzle in its rear end.
		But the bombardier beetle achieves far higher pulse efficiency, due to the speed at which each new batch is mixed and the shape of the chamber and nozzle.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4461 (348 words)

	Insect Chemical Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		There exist several different types of Bombardier Beetles, which employ slightly different types of defensive structures and chemistry but generally the same method of defenseâ”shooting at predators when threatened and then running away.
		Bombardier beetles store two separate chemicals (hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide) that are NOT mixed until threatened.
		Dawkins’ point was that as the beetle’s defensive mechanism evolved, the intermediate stages would not explode - the chemicals would not react without a catalyst, and the concentrations of catalyst in its body could increase with evolution over time.
	www.failedsuccess.com /index.php?/weblog/comments/bombardier_beetle (790 words)

	U.S.S.R. - The Third World Countries & U.S.
		Called the Bombardier beetle, it has a defence system that is little short of miraculous.
		The scientific problem the Bombardier illustrates is that of creating such a creature from random mutations of its genes, with natural selection picking out the most useful mutations.
		Scientists counter that the answer may be that the Bombardier got some benefit from having just a little of the explosive chemical, and this led it to survive long enough to undergo other mutations.
	www.spiritoftruth.org /j17.html (916 words)

	33¢ Bombardier Beetle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Ground beetles are members of the Carabidae family -- one of the largest and most abundant beetle families.
		Although many ground beetles are nocturnal and hide in dark places during the day, others are frequently seen among vegetation or flowers.
		Bombardier Beetles of the Brachinus species spray an explosive jet of scalding hot fluid from the tip of their abdomen.
	www.unicover.com /EA1CAUGU.htm (374 words)

	News in Science - No place to hide - 17/08/1999
		Ants that feed on ground-dwelling insects are advised to avoid the bombardier beetle because there's no way they'll be able to bite without copping a blast of boiling hot toxic spray in return.
		The beetles can be seen curling and revolving their abdominal tips to spray different body parts and even specific segments of individual appendages.
		The Australian bombardier beetle is about 1-2 cm long, is fl with yellow spots and is widespread throughout the country, especially in open grassy areas although at this time of year it is likely to be found under fallen timber as part of a hibernating cluster of beetles.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s44387.htm (411 words)

	Beetles could prove a hit with the aircraft industry
		The bombardier beetle's unique natural combustion technique is being studied to see if it can be copied for use in the aircraft industry.
		Scientists studying the bombardier beetle's jet-based defence mechanism hope it will help to solve a problem that can occasionally occur at high altitude — re-igniting a gas turbine aircraft engine which has cut out, when the outside air temperature is as low as minus 50 degrees Centigrade!
		An image of the bombardier beetle is available from Jane Reck, EPSRC Press Officer, Tel: 01793 444312, E-mail: jane.reck@epsrc.ac.uk.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-12/eaps-bcp120803.php (781 words)

	Bombardier Beetle
		The bombardier beetle is a small insect that is armed with a shockingly impressive defense system.
		Whenever threatened by an enemy attack, this spirited little beetle blasts irritating and odious gases, which are at 212 degrees F. out from two tail pipes right into the unfortunate face of the would be aggressor.
		Whenever our beetle friend is approached by a predator, such as a frog, he squirts the stored chemicals into the two combustion tubes, and at precisely the right moment he adds another chemical (an anti-inhibitor).
	rdlindsey.com /flashfacts/BomBeet.htm (650 words)

	CB310: Bombardier beetle evolution
		It is based in part on an inaccurate description of how the beetle's bombardier mechanism works, but even then the argument rests solely on the lack of even looking for evidence.
		Different groups of bombardier beetles use very different mechanisms for the same function of aiming their spray (Eisner 1958; Eisner and Aneshansley 1982).
		If bombardier beetles have a purpose, then death is an integral part of it, since the beetles are predators (some, as larvae, are parasitoids, gradually eating pupae of other beetles [Erwin 1967]), and their spray is a defense against other predators.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB310.html (474 words)

	Animal Planet :: Beetle Engine Model
		The bombardier beetle has a miniature, heart-shaped combustion chamber from which it squirts pressurized jets of hot liquid at ants, frogs, spiders and other predators.
		Researchers will use computer-based numerical and mathematical modeling to study the beetle's pulse combustion technique during a three-year project at the University of Leeds, said the release.
		"The bombardier beetle's defense mechanism represents a very effective natural form of combustion," said Andy McIntosh, Professor of Thermodynamics and Combustion Theory at the Energy and Resources Research Institute in the University of Leeds, in the release.
	animal.discovery.com /news/briefs/20031208/beetle.html (399 words)

	The Bombadier Beetle
		Following Kofahl, as I told the story of the bombardier beetle in lectures, in the debate at San Diego State University, and in the book, Dinosaurs: Those Terrible Lizards, I said that ordinarily a mixture of these chemicals at those concentrations was explosive.
		He further argued powerfully that Weber's attempt to explain the evolution of the bombardier beetle from an ordinary beetle was exceedingly weak and seriously flawed.
		The beetle, on his way to becoming a bombardier beetle, would have to be smart enough to carefully store the chemicals in a storage chamber apart from the enzymes but in the presence of an inhibitor to prevent them from reacting prematurely with one another.
	www.aboundingjoy.com /beetle-fs.html (1884 words)

	Mechanical Engineering Design, February 2004 -- News and Notes
		Researchers are looking at the bombardier beetle's unique natural combustion technique with an eye toward copying it for use in the aircraft industry.
		Scientists at the University of Leeds in Leeds, England, are studying the bombardier beetle's jet-based defense mechanism because they hope that its natural system will help solve a problem that can occasionally occur with man-made systems operating at high altitudes.
		In preliminary studies, McIntosh and his team have already found that the shape of the bombardier beetle's tiny combustion chamber is important for maximizing the amount of material ejected for each explosion—about 300 explosions per second.
	www.memagazine.org /supparch/medes04/newsnotes/newsnotes.html (1315 words)

	Bombardier Beetle
		There is no part of the beetle's body that a predator can safely attack.
		Y: The toxicity and heat are not constant inside the beetle, but are produced by a binary chemical reaction.
		This means that the toxic spray is a combination of two main chemicals that are relatively harmless on their own.
	amos.indiana.edu /library/scripts/bombardier.html (237 words)

	Gettingit.com: Stop, Or The Bug Will Shoot!
		Well, aside from the fact that the bombardier beetle's origins predate humanity to a time when all the continents on Earth were joined, it is the only life form other than humankind that creates explosions.
		Eisner was so fascinated by the bombardier that he took a series of one-of-a-kind flash photos of the beetle.
		Since the beetle also set off explosives, it was dubbed the bombardier beetle.
	www.gettingit.com /article/15 (487 words)

	C R L - The Bombardier Beetle
		There is no imaginable evolutionary scenario to explain the origin of the bombardier beetle.
		It turns out that this beetle mixes hydrogen peroxise and hydrogen quinone and puts it into a storage chamber.
		There would be no evolutionary advantage to invent the anti-inhibitor without the other chemicals, but if he invents it with the other chemicals, he blows up.
	www.angelfire.com /ks/crl/beetle.html (585 words)

	Catalysis. Breaking down hydrogen peroxide. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The bombardier beetle lives in South America and relies on the enzyme catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to defend itself against predators.
		The oxygen from the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide builds up a pressure that is used by the beetle to spray its attacker with a stream of hot, corrosive liquid.
		Bombardier is a word used to describe a group of people in an army.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/5/chemistry/catalysis/catsch8pg5.html (222 words)

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