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Topic: Bombardment of Algiers, 1816

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	Algiers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Algiers was a walled city from the time of the deys until the close of the 19th century.
		Khair-ad-Din, succeeding Arouj, drove the Spaniards from the Penon (1550) and was the founder of the pashalik, afterwards deylik, of Algeria.
		The history of Algiers from 1830 to 1962 is bound to the larger history of Algeria and its struggles with France.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Algiers (1552 words)

	Bombardment of Algiers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although there was a continuing campaign by various European and the American navies to suppress the piracy against Europeans by the North African Barbary states, the specific aim of this expedition was to free Christian slaves and to stop the practice of enslaving Europeans.
		In early 1816, Exmouth undertook a diplomatic missions, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop the practice and free the Christian slaves.
		This squadron was considered by many to be an insufficient force, but Exmouth had already had the defences of Algiers surveyed unobtrusively, he was very familiar with the town and was aware of a weakness in the field of fire of the defensive batteries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers,_1816 (573 words)

	b. Algeria. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		On Dec. 22, 1816, the United States signed a treaty of peace that confirmed that of the previous year, but added two additional provisions for the immediate release of American prisoners and the end of all tribute previously paid to Algiers.
		The British and Dutch naval bombardment of Algiers destroyed 33 ships in the harbor and resulted in negotiations for a treaty, signed on Sept. 24, 1816, which released all Christian prisoners and temporarily abolished the slavery of pirate captives.
		Algiers was captured by a French force of 37,000 troops, and the last dey capitulated.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1381.html (653 words)

	Britain Netherlands Algiers Expedition 1816
		In 1816 a British naval squadron under Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, Baron Exmouth, was fitted out and sent to Algiers where they arrived on 27 August 1816.
		When they received no reply the fleet bombarded Algiers in the most spectacular of several similar punitive actions of this period that finally broke the power of the "Barbary pirates," who plagued European commerce in the Mediterranean for centuries.
		Algeria - A Country Study; Bombardment of Algiers; Encyclopedia of World History; Edward Pellew.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/alpha/algiers1816.htm (238 words)

	GEORGE CHAMBERS - LoveToKnow Article on GEORGE CHAMBERS
		In 1834 he was elected an associate, and in 1836 a full member, of the Water-color Society.
		Two of these the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816, and the Capture of Porto Bello are in Greenwich hospital.
		Not long before his death he was introduced to William IV., and his professional prospects brightened; but his constitution, always frail, gave way, and he died on the 28th of October 1840.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CH/CHAMBERS_GEORGE.htm (237 words)

	Timeline 1811-1820
		1816 Jul 31, George Henry Thomas (d.1870), Union general in the Civil War whose bravery at the battle of Chickamauga earned him the nickname "the Rock of Chickamauga," was born.
		1816 Caspar David Friedrich, German romantic artist, painted "View of a Harbor." It was soon purchased by Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia as a birthday present for the crown prince.
		1816 Saartjie Baartman (~27), taken from S. Africa in 1810, fell sick and died penniless and friendless in France after being exhibited as the "Hottentot Venus." Her body was dissected, her brain and genitals were bottled, and her skeleton was wired and exhibited in the Musee de l’Homme in Paris.
	timelines.ws /1811_1820.HTML (15197 words)

	BHC0617 : The Bombardment of Algiers, 27 August 1816 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1816 a squadron under Admiral Sir Edward Pellew was fitted out and sent to Algiers where they arrived, in company with a small Dutch squadron, on 27 August 1816.
		When they received no reply the fleet bombarded Algiers in the most spectacular of several similar punitive actions of this period that finally broke the power of the 'Barbary pirates', who had been a plague on European commerce in the Mediterranean for centuries.
		Exmouth was raised to a viscountcy and several of his friends and associates, who wanted to commemorate the bombardment, subscribed 200 guineas to commission the artist to paint the event for inclusion in the Naval Gallery at Greenwich Hospital.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /mag/pages/mnuExplore/PaintingDetail.cfm?lettera=&ID=BHC0617 (581 words)

	Bombardment of Algiers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		HMS Queen Charlotte, 100 guns, was his flagship and Admiral David Milne was his second in command aboard HMS Impregnable, 98 guns.
		More large ships would merely have interfered with each other without being able to bring much more fire to bear.
		This page was last modified 22:02, 31 May 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers (573 words)

	Royal Navy
		In 1704, during the war with France and Spain, the British attacked the Rock of Gibraltar: 1,900 British and 400 Dutch marines prevented Spanish reinforcements reaching the fortress.
		Later, British ships bombarded the city while marines and seamen stormed the defences.
		The policy of “Imperial Policing” took the Marines to the bombardment of Algiers in 1816, to the Ashantee Wars, and to the destruction of the Turkish Fleet at Navarino in 1827.
	www.royal-navy.mod.uk /rn/print.php?page=2215 (332 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tunis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1816 Lord Exmouth, by the bombardment and partial destruction of the City of Algiers, forced the ruler of Algiers to put an end to Christian slavery.
		France began to fear that she might be outwitted by Italy in Tunis, so in 1881 she used the disturbances on the boundary of Algiers and Tunis as a pretext for military interference.
		In April, 1881, in spite of the protests of the bey and the Porte, an army of 30,000 French soldiers advanced from Algiers into Tunis, and readily overcame the resistance of the tribes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15088a.htm (2267 words)

	The Roll Family Genealogy
		He drove the Spaniards in 1529 from the rocky island in front of Algiers, where they had a fort, and was the founder of the Turkish power.
		When Lord Exmouth sailed to coerce Algiers in 1816, he expressed doubts in a private letter whether the suppression of piracy would be acceptable to the trading community.
		Algiers renewed its piracies and slave-taking, though on a smaller scale, and the measures to be taken with it were discussed at the conference or congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818.
	virts.rootsweb.com /~windmill/html/murad%20reis.html (5108 words)

	Bombardment of Algiers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bombardment of Algiers by naval artist George Chambers showing the bombardment of the Barbary Corsairs fortress in Algiers by the British and Dutch fleets, published by Cranston Fine Arts in 1993 by permission of the National Maritime Museum.
		Depicting the British and Dutch fleets bombarding the Barbary Corsairs on the 27th August 1816.
		The bombardment lasted 10 hours and the losses on both sides were very high, but it was a great success with over 1650 enslaved prisoners being liberated.
	www.cranston-military-prints.co.uk /LISTING/PICTURES/C2.HTM (140 words)

	Bath stall plate, British (1816)
		This is a rare award for the bombardment of Algiers and is, as far as I know, his only named award.
		This attack, commanded by Lord Exmouth, involved the destruction of the Barbary pirates, renegade Muslims who the Sultan of Turkey asked the US and British navies to destroy.
		They were a sign to the private fire brigade of the Royal Insurance Company (who were based in Liverpool, hence their use of the Liver bird) that the building was covered by their firm and had paid its dues.
	www.antique-militaria.co.uk /Militaria/Medals/British/19th-Century/id-00392 (477 words)

	Bombardment of Algiers - 3000 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle by Ravensburger
		Bombardment of Algiers - 3000 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle by Ravensburger
		The Bombardment of Algiers by George Chambers depicts the attack by the British and Dutch fleets against the Barbary Corsairs on the 27th August 1816.
		The bombardment lasted 10 hours and the losses on both sides were very high but it was a great success with over 1650 enslaved prisoners liberated.
	www.hobbywonder.com /puzzles/ravensburger/bombardment_algiers_3000.html (76 words)

	GEORGE MUIR SENIOR PAGE ONE
		was still in the Montagu(e) in July 1816 and may well have stayed with her until she was decommissioned and broken up in 1818.
		She took part in the blockade of the USS Constitution off Boston in 1815 and she was at the bombardment of Algiers in 1816.
		In 1819 she became Blackwood's flagship for his three year tour of duty as Commander-in-Chief in the command simply called the East Indies.
	www.thomasmuir.com /geomuirsnrpage.html (1171 words)

	Thomas Luny
		Naval historical print showing the British and Dutch fleets bombarding the Barbary pirates fortifications.
		Bombardment of Algiers, a major naval and historical event.
		Depicts the attack by the British and Dutch fleets against the Barbary Corsairs on the 27th August 1816.
	www.military-art.com /dhm433.htm (562 words)

	WHKMLA : List of the Wars of Algeria
		Spanish seizure of Bougie; construction of Penon de Algiers
		Khaireddin and his Algerian pirates raided the Venetian island of Kythira and carried most of the population of to be sold into slavery
		Anglo-Dutch bombardment of Algiers; England and Algiers concluded peace in 1672
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/northafrica/milxalgeria.html (274 words)

	Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1814, he was made Baron Exmouth of Canonteign.
		He led an Anglo-Dutch fleet against the Barbary states and was victor of the Bombardment of Algiers in 1816 and secured the release of the 1,000 Christian slaves in the city.
		For this action he was created 1st Viscount Exmouth.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Edward-Pellew,-1st-Viscount-Exmouth.htm (563 words)

	Amazon.co.uk -zShops: THE BOMBARDMENT OF ALGIERS BY LORD EXMOUTH - An Antique Engraved Portrait:... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Description: Title: The Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth 1816 - Fine naval Battle Scene - Antique Engraved Portrait Plate Size Approx 11 x 8 Ins, 28 x 20 Cms A fine Antique Portrait,...
		Title: The Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth 1816 - Fine naval Battle Scene - Antique Engraved Portrait
		Keywords: Antique, Portraits,,,,,, The, Bombardment, of, Algiers, by, Lord, Exmouth, 1816, -, Fine, naval, Battle, Scene, Military
	s1.amazon.co.uk /exec/varzea/ts/exchange-glance/Y03Y5505720Y7290967/... (250 words)

	Medals
		The allied forces, ravaged by cholera, were able to defeat the Russians at the battle of the Alma River (20th September 1854) and then began bombarding the strongly armed fort of Sevastopol.
		Following the battle of Balaclava (25th October 1854) a long winter of siege warfare ensued aggravated by lack of fuel, clothing and supplies for the allied armies.
		(4) For, in co-operation with the land forces, the siege and capture of Martinique, 1809, Guadaloupe, 1810, Java, 1811, and St Sebastian, 1813, for all of which operations the Army Gold Medal had been awarded; and (5) The Bombardment of Algiers, 1816; the Battle of Navarino, 1827; and operations on the coast of Syria, 1840.
	www.artiquesroadshow.com /Medals.htm (2323 words)

	The Revival - History Of Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Iran-Iraq War, which began 5 days later on September 22, 1980, lasted for eight years and had a crippling effect on the economy of both countries; in which after eight years of war no territory had been gained by either side but an estimated one million lives had been lost.
		When Saddam Hussein failed to comply with this demand, the Gulf War (Operation "Desert Storm") ensued on the 17th of January 1991 (3 a.m.
		The war, which proved disastrous for Iraq, lasted only six weeks, one hundred and forty thousand tons of firearms had showered down on the country, the equivalent of 7 Hiroshima bombs.
	www.therevival.co.uk /articles/historyofiraq.htm (9975 words)

	Dolmetsch Online - Music Theory Online - Music of the 19th Century
		Under the influence of the new Romantic ethos, Bach was being recreated as a 'national hero'.
		In post-Napoleonic France, Alexandre Choron, appointed director of the Paris Opéra in 1816, resigned only a year later to found the Institution Royale de Musique Religieuse, dedicated to the reform of the art of singing, centred around classical and religious music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods including that by Monteverdi, Josquin, Marenzio and Marcello.
		The tune and the phrase were used again in 1814, during the British bombardment of Baltimore’s defenses, creating what became the American national anthem.
	www.dolmetsch.com /musictheory39.htm (17201 words)

	Age Of Sail 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Compare products, compare prices, read reviews and merchant ratings.
		Bomb Vessel: Shore Bombardment Ships of the Age of Sail at SHOP.COM
		Search, find and buy Bomb Vessel: Shore Bombardment Ships of the Age of Sail Hard Cover Book and other products from a variety of merchants via the OneCart(tm) solution at SHOP.COM.
	www.sailboat-resources.com /sailboat-9/age-of-sail-2.html (831 words)

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