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Topic: Bombina

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	Fire-bellied toad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Toads in the genus Bombina were formerly classified under the family Discoglossidae in reference to the fact that they cannot fold out their disc-shaped tongue, unlike the other toads and frogs.
		Bombina microdeladigitoria Liu, Hu and Yang, 1960 : Hubei Fire-bellied Toad, Small-webbed Bell Toad.
		Although distinct in morphology and generally regarded as separate species, the Yellow-Bellied Toad, Bombina variegata, from western Europe, and the European Fire-Bellied Toad, Bombina bombina, from eastern Europe and Asia are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombina (621 words)

	Bombinatoridae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bombina are warty, semiaquatic toads most noted for the bright bellies.
		Barbourula was considered to be situated intermediate between Discoglossus and Bombina, but closer to the latter, and was therefore also added to the Bombinatoridae when that family was split from the Discoglossidae.
		Fossil Bombina are known from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene; there are no fossils of Barbourula.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombinatoridae (308 words)

	Marc Staniszewski's Bombina FAQ
		Guangxi Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina fortinuptialis) Tian and Wu, 1978
		Hubei Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina microdeladigitoria) Liu, Hu and Yang, 1960
		Bombina tadpoles are very distinctive on close observation; they have a projection from the belly called a spiracle which is in effect a gill opening, and the cream coloured intestines are visible through the ventral surface.
	www.amphibian.co.uk /bombina.html (2114 words)

	Case Studies - Bombina Cottages
		Bombina Cottages is a small-scale ecotourism development consisting of two cottages built with a focus on appreciating the natural surroundings and minimising waste.
		Bombina 1 was built in May and June of 1993, and Bombina 2 was built in July to October of 1995.
		Bombina 1 was constructed primarily by a local builder, with the carport and outside deck being added by the owners.
	twinshare.crctourism.com.au /CaseStudies/Cs3.htm (2751 words)

	Tim Vines • Bombina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Bombina hybrid zone has been at the forefront of this research for the last 15 years, and I've been exploring the effects of mating behaviour and habitat preference on the strength of assortative mating.
		Bombina variegata (the yellow-bellied toad) is the more western species, and it is a classic puddle-dwelling amphibian.
		Bombina bombina, the fire-bellied toad, is a lowland pond-dwelling species found in Eastern Europe and the Balkans.
	www.zoology.ubc.ca /~vines/projects/bombina (1305 words)

	Bombina orientalis - Oriental Fire Belly Toad (Boulenger, 1890) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bombina orientalis are commonly kept in captivity in the states, and are perhaps the most recognizable species.
		Bombina orientalis are dark to bright green with fl spots and irregular marks dorsally.
		Bombina pachypus are brown to green dorsally, with bright to pale yellow, or orange bellies.
	www.livingunderworld.org /anura/database/bombinatoridae/bombina (1129 words)

	Pesticides Research, 85 – Effects of Pesticides on Bombina bombina in Natural Pond Ecosystems – Summary
		The aim of this investigation was to investigate effects of pesticides on growth and survival of Bombina bombina eggs and tadpoles and survival of adult B.
		Eggs of Bombina bombina were placed in bags (35 l) placed inside cages (1.251.250.6 m) in each pond and hatching success and survival of tadpoles were monitored.
		Results on survival of adult Bombina bombina on Agersø, Avernakø, Hjortø, Knudshoved Odde and Nekselø were collected and analysed for evaluation of effects of cultivation on adult survival.
	www.mst.dk /udgiv/publications/2004/87-7614-393-7/html/sum_eng.htm (700 words)

	Amphibians
		Effects of Bombina are extremely mild in simple dermal contact, with dermitis being rare.
		These are proteins of 28 amino acids that have significant antimicrobial and antifungal properties, the molecular basis for this activity is presumed to result from the predicted amphipathic alpha-helical structures (Mor, Hani et al.
		Bombina variegata cutaneous venom (Oriental yellow-bellied toad), has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human leukaemic cell line HL 60 in a dose dependent manner (Balboni, Bernabei et al.
	www.kingsnake.com /toxinology/old/amphibians/amphworld.html (2334 words)

	Pesticides Research, 83 – The Effect of Esfenvalerate and Prochloraz on Amphibians with special reference to ...
		The results from the present study have revealed that it is possible to breed Bombina bombina throughout the year and get a sufficient number of healthy embryos for ecotoxicological testing.
		It should be noted that Xenopus and Bombina responded to esfenvalerate in the same way and that the change in sensitivity was less than a factor of 10.
		Even though the LC value is higher in Bombina as compared with the value found in Xenopus it should be noted that the difference in effect concentration was only about a factor of 2.
	www.mst.dk /udgiv/publications/2004/87-7614-382-1/html/sum_eng.htm (575 words)

	Bombinatoridae
		The approximately six species of Bombina are found in Europe, the western soviet republics, western Asia, China, Vietnam, and Korea.
		Bombina are warty, aquatic toads, and tend to be gregarious.
		Almost all workers have placed Alytes, Discoglossus, Bombina, and Barbourula in Discoglossidae, although the dissimilarity of Alytes and Discoglossus, on one hand, and Bombina on the other has often been noted (e.g., Lanza et al., 1976).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Bombinatoridae (534 words)

	Bombinatoridae (Gray, 1825) Fire Belly Toads
		Bombina are found in Asia and Europe, and Barbourula occur throughout the Philippine Islands and Borneo.
		These toads are often referred to as fire belly toads because of their brightly colored ventral sides that advertise their toxicity.
		Bombina are most noted for the bright bellies, and often display the unken reflex when disturbed.
	www.livingunderworld.org /anura/database/bombinatoridae (337 words)

	Fire Bellied Toads (Bombina Sp.) :: The Reptile Rooms
		This article is intended to be a comprehensive introduction to toads in the Bombina species, specifically 4 species commonly sold as the Oriental (or Chinese) Fire-Bellied Toad, however having variances that are noteworthy, and their general husbandry.
		The European Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina bombina) is from northern Europe.
		Currently they are being bred by hobbyists and medical researchers doing investigations of medical applications for their toxins in studies for cancer preventions and treatment of gastrointestinal problems among other things.
	reptilerooms.com /Sections+index-req-viewarticle-artid-95-page-1.html (1448 words)

	www.pollywog.co.uk: Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata) Care Sheet
		The last of the species is B. pachypus, found in and around Italy it grows to 4.5cm and has a green – brown dorsum and a light yellow – orange belly with blue markings.
		In regions where the Yellow-bellied Toad shares its habitat with the European Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina bombina) crossbreeding is known to occur.
		These small colorful toads live best as a group, a 15-gallon tank would be adequate for a group of 6 adults.
	www.pollywog.co.uk /yellowbtcaresheet.html (460 words)

	Amphibian Species of the World - Bombina Oken, 1816 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Biochem., 63: 517-519, compared immunologically and discussed relationships of Bombina bombina, Bombina orientalis, and Bombina variegata.
		See Nöllert, 1996, Naturschutz Rep., 11: 1-260, for summaries of biology and ecology of Bombina variegata, Bombina pachypus, and Bombina bombina in Europe.
		Bonn., : 161-168, discussed the relationships and interspecific variation of the members of Grobina (Bombina maxima, Bombina microdeladigitora, and Bombina fortinuptialis).
	research.amnh.org /herpetology/amphibia/references.php?g_id=25 (342 words)

	Digimorph - Bombina orientalis (Oriental Fire-bellied Toad)
		Each slice is 0.04123 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.04123 mm and a field of reconstruction of 19.5 mm.
		Bombina orientalis on the Amphibian Species of the World website (American Museum of Natural History).
		DigiMorph Staff, 2004, "Bombina orientalis" (On-line), Digital Morphology.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Bombina_orientalis (122 words)

	Some Frog and Toad Sightings in Hackney
		The green Bombina has been coming and going for the last few days - it has either been wandering, or hiding at the bottom of the pond.
		They seem to tolerate the Bombina orientalis but are very territorial when any of the common frogs try to visit the pond.
		Apparently the bombinas are unlikely to survive a UK winter and there is a chance that the Green Toad would cross-breed with native fauna.
	www.soi.city.ac.uk /~jwo/frog (1436 words)

	Fire-bellied Toads - Bombina species
		Exotic - The Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata) has survived and bred in the wild, though populations are of a transient nature, due to very specialised habitat requirements.
		The closely related Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina bombina) is even less able to establish breeding colonies in the UK.
		The oriental fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis is also sometimes encounted, very similiar to the European species but with brown or green base colour and fl markings above.
	www.herpetofauna.co.uk /fire_bellied_toads.htm (259 words)

	ClassificationSpecies
		The European fire-bellied toad has the greatest distribution of the four species ranging from the Central Balkans eastward in a wide belt across central and eastern Asia.
		Although a small toad it is slightly larger and more stockily built than Bombina bombina with the forearms in particular being quite muscular.
		The ventral coloration ranges from a vivid orange-yellow to a pale lemon depending on the subspecies and fl, grey or dark blotches are either very evident or totally absent.
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /navarino/108/speciescenter.htm (386 words)

	Global Amphibian Assessment - Detailed Report
		Additional localised threats to this species include mortality on roads, entrapment in open wells with vertical walls, hybridisation and replacement by Bombina variegata and collection for the pet trade.
		Arntzen, J.W. Some hypotheses on postglacial migration of the Fire-bellied toad, Bombina bombina and the Yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata.
		Yilmaz, I. On the distribution of the Fire-bellied Toad, Bombina bombina, in Turkey.
	www.globalamphibians.org /servlet/GAA?searchName=Bombina+bombina (1407 words)

	My first bombina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bombina Orientalis (oriental fire bellied toads) are very social creatures and hate to be alone - the first one I aquired was the only one available, and he behaved completely out of character and extremely oddly until he had companions.
		He made determined efforts to escape, showed no interest in geting in the water, and wouldn't eat.
		A flyinghaggis site © H Rose 1999 - 2000, all rights reserved.
	www.flyinghaggis.co.uk /toadhall/bomfirst.htm (405 words)

	Fire Bellied Toad--Bombina Orientalis
		The Fire Bellied Toad, or Bombina Orientalis, is one of the most popular frogs around.
		Almost every pet and reptile store carries it.
		As always do lots of other research and do what is in the best interest of you and your pet.
	www.angelfire.com /me4/pets/firebelliedtoad.html (1148 words)

	Frogs and Toads of Slovenia - LIST
		In the background* are calling Gryllus campestris, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, another Bombina variegata and Hyla arborea.
		Locustella naevia, Gryllus campestris, the buzzing of the insects and another Bombina bombina can be heard in the background.
		Also other birds are heard singing in the distance.
	www2.pms-lj.si /cdzabe/cdzlist.html (612 words)

	Large-spined bell toad - Bombina fortinuptialis - ARKive
		Large-spined bell toad - Bombina fortinuptialis - ARKive
		Previously known as: Bombina (Glandula) fortinuptialis and Bombina (Grobina) fortinuptialis
		By using this website you agree to the Terms of Use
	www.arkive.org /species/GES/amphibians/Bombina_fortinuptialis (148 words)

	bombina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		I will post more pictures as itbecomes a frog.
		I plan on breeding it out further and eventuallygetting a breeding set of leucistic Bombina orientalis.
		All pictures are taken by me so feel free to use them withmy permission, just give me credit ©Jeremy Adams.
	homepage.mac.com /frogfood/bombina/bombina.html (155 words)

	Caudata.org Newt and Salamander Forum: Bombinatoridae: Fire-bellied toads
		My Oriental Firebellied Toad (Bombina orientalis) Care Sheet
		Is my toad NOT a Oriental Fire Belly?
		Help - my Bombina Orientalis are making me tear my hair out
	www.caudata.org /forum/messages/24791/24795.html?1103567300 (60 words)

	Bombina - Dictionnaire Français-Anglais WordReference.com
		We found no English translation for 'Bombina' in our French to English Dictionary.
		Or did you want to translate 'Bombina' from English to French?
		Forum discussions with the word(s) 'Bombina' in the title:
	www.wordreference.com /fren/Bombina (49 words)

	[No title]
		Prey Herpetological Review 27 2 83-84 Journal Article Blees, Mario 1996 Beitrag zur Ernährung von Rhacodactylus leachianus (Cuvier, 1829) Sauria 18 4 25-27 Reptilia; Sauria; Gekkonidae; Rhacodactylus leachianus; Diet Journal Article Blezer, Frans 1996 Verbreitung und Situation der Gelbbauchunke (Bombina v.
		These transformations are readily identifiable in fossils, permitting the objective characterization of maturity in fossil crocodylians and possibly at least some of their closer extinct relatives.
		Journal Article Brockhaus, Thomas 1996 Faunistik der Gelbbauchunke (Bombina v.
	www.herplit.com /herplit/download/1996.txt (5905 words)

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