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Topic: Bombing of Cologne in World War II

	Foreign Policy In Focus Policy Report: Firebombing and Atom Bombing: An Historical Perspective on Indiscriminate ...
		Indiscriminate bombing of civilians during major warfare was first conducted by both the German and the Allied forces during World War I. Initially both sides refrained from targeting civilians or residential areas, but due to the rudimentary nature of their aircraft and aerial bombing techniques, bombs inevitably went astray, killing civilians in their wake.
		World War I was a watershed in both the increased quantity and technological improvement of warplanes.
		World War II As in the case of World War I, at the beginning of World War II, both Britain and Germany initially refrained from aerial attacks on civilians.
	www.fpif.org /papers/0505bomb.html (2772 words)

	World War II - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about World War II
		World War II Allied troops and civilians celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands, by Allied forces, in 1945.
		The war was fought in the Atlantic theatre (Europe, North Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean) and the Pacific theatre (Far East and the Pacific).
		However, although the bomb designed to kill him did go off he survived the attempt and the plot gave the SS the excuse they wanted to launch a huge purge of German officers and their associates actually, or believed to be, implicated in the plot.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /World+War+II (7298 words)

	United States Strategic Bombing Survey: Summary Report (European War)
		Germany was scoured for its war records, which were found sometimes, but rarely, in places where they ought to have been; sometimes in safe-deposit vaults, often in private houses, in barns, in caves; on one occasion, in a hen house and, on two occasions, in coffins.
		In the early years of the war, to be sure, the RAF had the independent mission of striking at German industrial centers in an effort to weaken the German economy and the morale of the German people.
		Before the war, the U. Army Air Forces had advanced bombing techniques to their highest level of development and had trained a limited number of crews to a high degree of precision in bombing under target range conditions, thus leading to the expressions "pin point" and "pickle barrel" bombing.
	www.anesi.com /ussbs02.htm (12314 words)

	Strategic bombing during World War II information - Search.com
		The first bombs that fell on Germany during World War II, were dropped by a single PZL.23 Karaś of the 21st escadre on a factory in Olawa.
		He accepted area bombing, knowing it would kill civilians, because it was a choice of area bombing or no bombing at all, and area bombing would mean dropping large quantities of bombs into an area full of activities and industries being harnessed for the German war effort.
		The key development for the bombing of Japan was the B-29, which had an operational range of 1500 miles (2,400 km); almost 90% of the bombs dropped on the home islands of Japan were delivered by this type of bomber (147,000 tons).
	www.search.com /reference/Strategic_Bombing_During_World_War_II (3582 words)

	World War II \| Deutsche Welle
		Although the war was over and the 12-year Nazi regime had come to an end, Germany was a country in ruins.
		When the men began returning home from the war, they faced women who had helped clear their bombed cities, and in between, had taken care of their children and managed their households.
		On the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II, there are so many reports about men: generals who ended the war, soldiers, politicians who came into power and businessmen who built up the economy.
	www6.dw-world.de /en/2110.php (978 words)

	Articles - Bombing of Dresden in World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There is less support for the view that the bombing was a war crime or a crime against humanity Others state simply that such a large-scale direct assault of civilians constitutes a crime against humanity.
		Before the bombing, Dresden was regarded as a beautiful city and a cultural centre, and was sometimes known as ´´Elbflorenz´´, or Florence on the Elbe.
		The absence of a direct military presence in the centre of the city, and the devastation known to be caused by firebombing, is regarded by supporters of the war crime position as establishing their case on a prima facie basis.
	www.advicez.com /articles/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II (4960 words)

	1964 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		March 4 - Jimmy Hoffa, President of the Teamsters, is convicted by a Federal jury of tampering with a Federal jury in 1962.
		April 22 - NY World's Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the command of the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664.
		Because there can only be one official world's fair in any one country within ten years and the previous officially sanctioned World's Fair was held in Seattle in 1962, this fair was never officially recognized and many countries declined to be represented.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1964 (4661 words)

	Strategic bombing during World War II - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		So when the war broke out in 1939, Britain's RAF had just 488 bombers of all kinds, mostly obsolescent, with only about 60 of the capable new Vickers Wellington: many of the remainder had insufficient range to reach the Ruhr (let alone Berlin), had negligible defensive armament, and could not carry a useful payload.
		He accepted area bombing, knowing it would kill civilians, because it was a choice of area bombing or no bombing at all, and area bombing would mean dropping large quantities of bombs into an area full of activities and industries being harnessed for the German war effort.
		The key development for the bombing of Japan was the B-29, which had an operational range of 1500 miles (2,400 km); almost 90% of the bombs dropped on the home islands of Japan were delivered by this type of bomber (147,000 tons).
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II (2892 words)

	History of Stained Glass
		Unfortunately, this treasure was destroyed in 1918 during World War I. Fragments of a very early head of Christ were excavated in 1932 at Lorsch Abbey in Germany.
		Their branch offices in London and New York functioned until World War I. They are famous for heroic sized picture windows, extremely representational, with all the saints unmistakably German, that is, fair skinned, robust and hearty figures.
		The period after World War II was devoted to restoration, rebuilding and replacing destroyed buildings and stained glass.
	www.sgaaonline.com /stainedglass.htm (17230 words)

	World War II
		World War I, which was said to be "the war to end all wars," had definitely fallen short of this proclamation.
		From 1941 to September of 1945, when all hostilities officially ceased, World War II turned out to be one of the most devastating and costly Global Military conflicts in the history of the world.
		World War II was different from any other previous war, as it relied on the total commitment of all of the nations populous and economic resources.
	www.worldwarii.org (2428 words)

	spiked-essays \| Essay \| Dresden: Don't apologise - understand
		In the Cold War, the struggle against the Soviet Union was portrayed as akin to the struggle of democracy against the Axis, in that it was a fight between freedom and totalitarianism.
		The Second World War, and the strategic bombings that were a part of it, are portrayed as just one more instance of a terrible, eternal and immutable trait of mankind: its willingness to turn selected opponents into victims.
		In 'The air war and literature', the German professor of English literature at East Anglia University suggested that the continuation of the air war on Germany 'in the face of all reason' meant that its victims on the ground were not just means to Allied ends, but 'both means and the end in themselves' (21).
	www.spiked-online.com /Articles/0000000CA8B9.htm (4648 words)

	The History Place - World War Two in Europe Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		- World War One ends with German defeat.
		- Allies bomb the monastery at Monte Cassino.
		U.S. in World War II in the Pacific
	www.historyplace.com /worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm (1796 words)

	ZNet \|Japan \| Firebombing and Atom Bombing
		The main task of RAF strategic bombing was to strike military targets as well as densely populated industrial centres in Germany and occupied areas.
		Various types of bombs including delayed and incendiary bombs were dropped in attacks on villages where militia were believed to be hiding, and in some cases petrol was sprayed over civilian houses in order to intensify the fires ignited by the bombing.
		As in the case of World War I, at the beginning of World War II, both Britain and Germany initially refrained from aerial attacks on civilians.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=17&ItemID=7868 (2623 words)

	Maps and Flags (From the Home Front and the Front Lines, American Treasures Exhibition, Library of Congress)
		During World War II, USO hostess Clare Marie Crane's husband and two brothers served in the military.
		Cologne was a major industrial and transportation center for the Third Reich.
		During the Vietnam War, Pierson was assigned to Bien Hoa Air Base in Vietnam.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/treasures/homefront-maps.html (855 words)

	Pictures Index of World War II
		Loaded with urgent war supplies and materials, this plane is one of a fleet flying shipments from the U.S. across the Atlantic and the continent of Africa to strategic battle zones, 1943.
		Japanese war art painting by Kita Renzo, 1942.Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi, commander of the Japanese Carrier Striking Force's Carrier Division Two, elected to remain aboard his flagship Hiryu when she was abandoned during the early morning of 5 June 1942.
		Bombs burst near the Japanese aircraft carrier Shokaku as she was attacked by USS Yorktown (CV-5) planes in the morning of 8 May 1942.
	www.picturesfree.org /cdcaptions/wwii.htm (20200 words)

	CATHOLIC PRESS PHOTO ON-LINE WEBSITE
		Pope Benedict XVI waves the faithful during the special audience with with students from 200 universities throughout the world (UNIV 2006) in the Paul VI Hall at the Vatican, April 10, 2006.
		Fifteen prelates from around the world join the elite College of Cardinals on Friday, becoming the newest advisers to the pope and will one day be called on to elect his successor.
		Benedict XVI condemned the bombing of a Shiite mosque in Iraq and the retaliation that has ensued, saying that God will severely judge those who kill in the name of religion.
	www.catholicpressphoto.com /daily.htm (3379 words)

	Oregon Responds to World War II: News from Abroad: A Summary of the War Fronts
		Strategically, the bombs achieved the objective and Japan surrendered on August 14, thus ending the nearly six-year-old war.
		The war proved to be the largest in history and left staggering statistics.
		This overview is based on a number of general reference sources both in print and on the Web, including "World War Two: Summary Outline of Key Events" by Bruce Robinson (www.bbc.co.uk).
	arcweb.sos.state.or.us /exhibits/ww2/threat/timeline.htm (2079 words)

	Nazi Propaganda (1933-1945)
		The War Goal of World Plutocracy: A remarkable pamphlet (1941).
		The Attack on Cologne: A 1942 pamphlet on British bombing.
		Nazi commemoration of the war dead: A sample speech from 1944.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm (2360 words)

	The Artist Who Asked About the Contribution of Strategic Bombing to the American Way of Life
		Most, of course, were Asians, including over half a million Japanese incinerated by two atomic bombs and in the B-29 firestorms that burned their cities to the ground.
		We bombed Panama in 1989 and are still bombing rural areas of Colombia today.
		There is, in fact, little of the earth's surface that we haven't at some time bombed, or, as the case may be, bombarded.
	www.hnn.us /articles/1694.html (1175 words)

	Scoop: How USA Reversed Its Policy on Bombing Civilians
		At their Casablanca conference in January, 1943, however, Churchill and FDR agreed on a strategic bombing offensive that included reducing the morale of the German people “to the point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened.” For the immediate future, though, the U.S. clung to the policy of destroying military targets only.
		The shift from pinpoint bombing of military targets to strategic, or area, bombings by the United States got a push from Churchill in 1945, who pressed “for cities in eastern Germany to be made high-priority targets,” according to “Winged Victory” (Random House) by Geoffrey Perret.
		By the end of the war, more than 7-million Germans and 8-million Japanese had been bombed out of their homes and estimates of the German and Japanese dead have been put as high as 1-million in each country.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/HL0609/S00270.htm (5699 words)

	Germans Eye Changes After Failed Plot, Attempted Train Attack Has Put Counterterrorism Efforts Under Scrutiny - CBS News
		With the second suspect in a nearly successful train bombing now in custody, Germany is being forced to reevaluate how secure it really is, given that the attacks were stopped by a technical glitch, not by the work of security agencies.
		Though it's still unclear whether the bombing suspects — both young Lebanese men — were part of a larger network of Islamic radicals, their attempted attacks have awakened Germany to its vulnerabilities and cast new scrutiny on counterterrorism efforts.
		In the recent attempted attack, bombs were brought onto two trains headed for the western German cities of Dortmund and Koblenz on July 31.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2006/08/25/world/main1935612.shtml?source=RSS&attr=World_1935612 (729 words)

	WWII Battles
		World War II was the greatest human conflict in history, dwarfing all other wars.
		It ended for the entire world on August 12, 1945 with Japan's "unconditional surrender".
		As an educational service, Moore’s Marauders will be providing concise histories featuring articles from well known historians of the war’s most significant campaigns and battles.
	www.mooresmarauders.org /world_war_ii_battles.htm (381 words)

	World War II - 1945
		Feb 13/14 - Dresden is destroyed by a firestorm after Allied bombing raids.
		March 6, 1945 - Last German offensive of the war begins to defend oil fields in Hungary.
		Aug 8, 1945 - Soviets declares war on Japan and invade Manchuria.
	www.wwiiguns.com /world_warii_1945/world_warii_1945.html (443 words)

	World War II - Multimedia - MSN Encarta
		World War II - Multimedia - MSN Encarta
		Aircraft Production During World War II Tank Production During World War II World War II: Declarations of War 1939–45
		Military Aircraft Losses During World War II Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II Naval Losses During World War II World War II Casualties, 1939–45
	encarta.msn.com /medias_761563737/World_War_II.html (52 words)

	Articles - 1964 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		* April 22 - NY World´s Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the command of the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664.
		* July 20 - Vietnam War - Viet Cong forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).
		* August 4 - Vietnam War: United States destroyers USS ´´Maddox´´ and USS ´´C. Turner Joy´´ are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin.
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/1964 (5182 words)

	Aviation History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		WW2 FP 1980 Covers 13 of the most famous raids, including the bombing of Tokyo in 1942, the destruction of Rotterdam and Hamburg, and the RAF's "earthquake" raids of 1945.
		WWII FP 1957 True account of the fascinating and chilling war, fought by lone pilots in radar-equipped planes who stalked their German prey in the darkness.
		WWI FP 1957 War correspondent chronicles the courageous, gallant, and young pilots of the Great War, the men whose story lies behind Hiroshima, the London Blitz and the space age.
	www.bazillionbooks.com /aviationhistory.html (2748 words)

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