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Topic: Bombykol

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	bombykol - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Many female animals secrete odours, pheromones, when they are sexually receptive.
		The female silkworm moth uses her wings to disperse bombykol, a...
		Target noun: bombykol : Number of attributes: 1 : Corpus: BNC: Similarity measure: Information Radius
	au.encarta.msn.com /bombykol.html (123 words)

	Finding a mate by getting the chemistry right, insect style!
		Bombykol is released from the sacs located at the tip of the abdomen of the female silkworm moth.
		The scientists exposed groups of male moths to a series of solutions, each one-tenth the concentration of the last, to determine how much bombykol is needed to elicit the flutter response in half the males in each group.
		Using these bioassays to follow the progress of a very complex fractionation, Butenandt and his coworkers were able to purify the single active component of their material.
	www.chem.cornell.edu /jm63/Bombykol.html (897 words)

	Research Center for Complex Molecular Systems and Biomolecules
		bombykol] complex identified nine amino acid residues involved in a variety of intermolecular interactions binding the ligand.
		Using simple model fragments as the representatives of the residues, the interaction energies of their complexes with bombykol were calculated using high-level ab initio methods.
		The results were discussed in terms of the method and basis set dependence and were further corrected to account for their pair nonadditivities.
	www.molecular.cz /abstract.php?articleID=113 (172 words)

	Identification and functional characterization of a sex pheromone receptor in the silkmoth Bombyx mori -- Sakurai et ...
		We hypothesized that the bombykol receptor is a male antennae-specific
		Bombykol (100 µM) was applied at the time indicated by arrowheads.
		Amplitudes of responses of HyBmOR-1-infected female antennae to bombykol (lane 1) or bombykal (lane 2) (4 µg on filter paper) or to 1% DMSO as a control (lane 3) with a flow rate of 350 ml/min (n = 10 each) were quantified.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/47/16653 (3815 words)

	Cell-free production of the silkworm sex pheromone bombykol.
		Addition of n-hexane to the reaction mixture stimulated bombykol production, resulting in production of 238 ng of bombykol from the homogenate equivalent to 2 pheromone glands after 23 h.
		Since incubation with ATP also inhibited conversion of [1-14C]palmitoyl CoA into 1-hexadecanol, the inhibitory action of ATP seemed attributable to inactivation of the acyl CoA reductase by phosphorylation, as mediated by a protein kinase in the homogenate.
		Our results suggest that the activity of acyl CoA reductase in bombykol biosynthesis is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and that the activation occurs by dephosphorylation as mediated by phosphoprotein phosphatase.
	www.medscape.com /medline/abstract/9063992 (258 words)

	[No title]
		Butenandt (1939) was the first to publish preliminary chemical analyses of bombykol from his studies of the silk moth, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).
		The structure and function of bombykol were confirmed by synthesizing the compound (Butenandt and Hecker 1961).
		Confirmed identification of the active compounds took 22 years with bombykol, this can now be done hours, after a sample of the semiochemical is obtained.
	www.agls.uidaho.edu /ent547biocontrol/Handouts/Semiochemicals.doc (1924 words)

	MSD - entry 1dqe
		In the male moth's antennae, a pheromone-binding protein conveys bombykol to a membrane-bound receptor on a nerve cell.
		The structure of the pheromone-binding protein, its binding and recognition of bombykol, and its full role in signal transduction are not known.
		Bombykol is bound in this cavity through numerous hydrophobic interactions, and sequence alignments suggest critical residues for specific pheromone binding.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /msd-srv/msdlite/atlas/1dqe_citation.html (649 words)

	High Value-Added Applications from Vernolic Acid
		Bombykol, 10(E),12(Z)-hexadienol, has been identified as a sex pheromone of the silkworm Bombyx mori and can be used in pest control.
		Subsequent Wittig olefination of (5) leads to the 10(E), 12(Z)-product (6), which is selectively reduced to bombykol (7).
		2) is identical to the synthesis of bombykol.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-354.html (1007 words)

	eponymagain: February 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He snipped off the abdominal tips of these virgin females, ground them up, and after years of work managed to isolate 6.4 milligrams of a compound that turned out to be the female's sex attractant.
		Bombykol, as the substance was named, thus became the first "pheromone" or "chemical communicator" isolated from an insect.
		The pheromonal activity was confirmed when bombykol was synthesized in the laboratory and was shown to drive male silkworm moths into a frenzy.
	eponymagain.blogspot.com /2005_02_01_eponymagain_archive.html (1536 words)

	What is Pheromone?
		Step by step, they removed extraneous matter and sharply reduced the amount of attractant needed to provoke the flutter dance.
		When at last they obtained a chemically pure pheromone, they named it "bombykol" for the silkworm moth, "Bombyx mori" from which it was extracted.
		"It has been soberly calculated that if a single female moth were to release all the bombykol in her sac in a single spray, all at once, she could theoretically attract a trillion males in the instant," wrote Lewis Thomas in The Lives of a Cell.
	www.pheromoneguide.com (869 words)

	The Origin of Words from my up coming book
		It was so powerful that should a female release all of her store in a single spray it would attract a trillion males to her side.
		In the same year two other scientist wanted to distinguish between hormones that travel within the body to produce their effects, and chemicals such as bombykol that are released into the environment and influence other individuals of the same species at a distance.
		They coined a new word from the Greek verb roots pherein, "to transfer", and hormon, 'to excite,' the word was pheromone, meaning something capable of exciting at distance.
	billgenova.tripod.com /networknetwork/id13.html (977 words)

	Projections to Higher Olfactory Centers from Subdivisions of the Antennal Lobe Macroglomerular Complex of the Male ...
		(bombykol) is sufficient to trigger the complete mating behavior.
		and bombykal in a ratio of 9:1, 9 ng bombykol + 1 ng bombykal
		responses with membrane depolarization to bombykol and the pheromone
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/28/2/113 (5758 words)

	Pheroline ®
		The first pheromone ever conclusively identified (in 1956) was an extremely potent sexual attractant for silkworm moths.
		It took German researchers extracting glands from the abdomens of 500,000 female moths over a 20-year period to isolate this compound, called bombykol.
		Isolating pheromones in mammals (which includes you and me) proved to be a much more complex challenge.
	www.pheroline.com /how_it_works.php (2917 words)

	Insect Pheromones - Finding Hidden Chemicals
		Working over the course of nearly three decades, Butenandt ground up about half a million female silkworm moths in his quest to identify their alluring perfume.
		Schneider removed an antenna from a male silk moth, bathed it in a saline solution to keep its cells fresh, and lodged it between two electrodes, devices that sense electrical activity.
		The biologist was thrilled to note a peak of electrical activity in the antenna corresponding to exposure to the extract.
	www.beyonddiscovery.org /content/view.page.asp?i=2709 (781 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Nature
		The unmated female silkworm moth, also known as silk moth, can attract males from a distance of more than 7 km by releasing a pheromone called bombykol ester in the atmosphere (a specific chemical used as a signal by silk moth females to attract males), provided the wind is in the right direction.
		The amount of quantity can well be understood by the fact that in order to obtain 12 milligrams of bombykol ester the German biologist A.F.J. Butenandt and his colleagues had to get extracts from 2,50,000 silver moths.
		Each female produces about one-hundredth of a micron (one micron is equal to 1 millionth of a gram) of the scent and the power of this minute amount under natural conditions is amazing.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2003/20031005/spectrum/nature.htm (566 words)

	how do pheromones work. do humans use pheromones. sex attractant
		Step by step, they removed extraneous matter and sharply reduced the amount of attractant needed to provoke the flutter dance.
		When at last they obtained a chemically pure pheromone, they named it "bombykol" for the silkworm moth, "Bombyx mori" from which it was extracted.
		"It has been soberly calculated that if a single female moth were to release all the bombykol in her sac in a single spray, all at once, she could theoretically attract a trillion males in the instant," wrote Lewis Thomas in The Lives of a Cell.
	www.human-pheromone-reviews.com /work2.html (407 words)

	The Pheromone Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Almost a century later, in 1959, the German chemist Adolf Butenandt ushered in the age of modern pheromone research when he successfully isolated the active chemical, bombykol, that proved so alluring to male moths.
		On the contrary, he probably finds suddenly that it has become an excellent day, the weather remarkably bracing, the time appropriate for a bit of exercise of the old wings, a brisk turn upwind.
		En route, traveling the gradient of bombykol, he notes the presence of other males, heading in the same direction, all in a good mood, inclined to race for the sheer sport of it.
	www.eroscent.com /article-106-pheromone-revolution.html (2935 words)

	UC Davis News & Information :: Mate-Seeking Fruit Flies Fooled by Silkworm Scent
		Using the 17,000 sensilla, or receptors, on its antennae, the silkworm moth detects not only the major constituent of the sex pheromone, bombykol, but also a second compound, bombykal that is released by the female pheromone gland.
		Leal explained that the pheromone-detecting sensilla house two olfactory receptor neurons, one specifically tuned to bombykol and the other to bombykal.
		The molecular basis underlying the "extraordinary selectivity and sensitivity" of the insect's "nose" is still unknown, he said.
	www.news.ucdavis.edu /search/news_detail.lasso?id=7926 (818 words)

	Colour leaves smell behind in mating game- The Times of India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Originally found among female silk moths, which used a compound named bombykol to pretty much strip the males of their free will, pheromones have also been proposed for all sorts of animals ranging from mice to elephants, not to forget humans and their nearest cousins.
		Today, if no chemical brew has been found to have effects similar to bombykol in humans and primates, it’s not for want of trying.
		For scientists have known for decades that human pheromonal effects, which range beyond mere vibes and basic chemistry, wreak all sorts of molecular magic, including synchronisation of menstrual cycles among women who spend a lot of time together.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/msid-144534,prtpage-1.cms (521 words)

	bombykol definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "bombykol" in all of MSN Encarta
		< German Bombykol< Latin bombyc- "silkworm" < Greek bombux]
		Small business becomes a big deal on campus
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_561534528_561534528/nextpage.html (60 words)

	Guanosine 3',5'-Cyclic Monophosphate Reduces the Response of the Moth's Olfactory Receptor Neuron to Pheromone -- ...
		The amplitude of the receptor currents was estimated as 71 pA (control) and as 8 pA (db-cGMP).
		The large amplitude irregular noise right of the nerve impulse (in control) is due to the following single ERCs which were activated close to the ERC taken for averaging.
		A weak bombykol stimulus (0.001 µg at odour source) was blown over sensillum continuously for 2 min in control and for 6 min under db-cGMP.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/25/4/381 (2522 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, production of the sex pheromone bombykol is regulated by a neurohormone termed PBAN.
		We have detected the activity of acyl CoA reductase in the pheromone gland of B. mori by using palmitoyl CoA as a substrate.
		The present results also imply that PBAN regulates the step catalyzed by acyl CoA reductase and that palmitoyl CoA could be used as a substrate of the acyl CoA reductase that regulates bombykol biosynthesis.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09651748/articles/26/3/096517489500088.abstract.en (218 words)

	NASA Neurolab Web: Mission Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A dog has over 200 million olfactory cells in its nose, while a human has only 5 million.
		The female of the silkworm moth announces her availability for mating by giving off a substance called bombykol.
		Male moths can "smell" bombykol when it is diluted to one molecule in a quadrillion in the air-probably the best feat of chemical sensing in the animal kingdom.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /10things.htm (1005 words)

	IP Nervous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Studies with model membranes suggested that upon an interaction with the dendritic membrane, PBPs undergo a conformational change that may lead to the release of the pheromone ligand (Wojtasek and Leal, 1999).
		The three-dimensional structure of the BmPBP with bound bombykol has been determined by X-ray diffraction (Sandler et al., 2000).
		BmPBP has six helices, and bombykol binds in a completely enclosed hydrophobic cavity formed by four antiparallel helices.
	faculty.ucr.edu /~insects/systems/nervous/plenurywl.html (2525 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Chemical Ecology: The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction (1995)
		The code was first broken with the publication in 1959 (3) of the sex pheromone for the domesticated silkworm Bombyx mori after extraction of a half million female silkworm pheromone glands and 30 years of classical chemical analyses.
		The pheromone was found to be (E10, Z12)-hexadecadien-1-ol, which was called bombykol.
		This work showed that there was nothing magical about the communication system, and chemists around the world were "attracted" to this area of research on insect pheromones.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309052815/html/105.html (716 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Animal Senses
		This moth can detect pheromones in concentrations as low as 1 molecule of pheromone per 10
		A receptor cell can respond to a single molecule of the pheromone called bombykol and 200 molecules can cause a behavioral response.
		The eye has a flicker fusion frequency of 70/sec in bright light.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/amaze.html (1447 words)

	Nature of binding of bombykol in Pheromone Binding Protein
		Nature of binding of bombykol in Pheromone Binding Protein
		Using the model fragments as the representatives of each residue, the interaction energies of their complexes with bombykol were computed by
		The values were compared with literature and further discussed in terms of the method and basis set dependence, and the co-operative effect (influence of the neighboring groups on the interacting pair).
	www.xray.cz /xray/csca/nh/klusak.htm (298 words)

	BIO 402 - Senses 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		May involve direct activation or blockage of membrane ion channels, or G-proteins may activate intracellular second messengers such as cAMP or calcium ion.
		Antennal chemoreceptors of the male silkworm moth (Bombyx) are very sensitive tothe female's sex attractant pheromone called bombykol.
		- receptors are highly specific, recognizing bombykol and a few chemical analogs
	faculty.buffalostate.edu /snyderrj/bio402/lectures/senses1.htm (416 words)

	Semiochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Male moths, with their large antennae, locate females using an odor plume of sex pheromone.
		The first chemically characterized example was bombykol 1, the sex pheromone of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori,(1) an organism still used as a study model (see below).
		Identifying the sex pheromones of insect pest species, particularly lepidopterous pests, led to pest management strategies in agricultural systems that disrupt mating by the release of competitively high concentrations of the sex pheromone.
	www.dekker.com /sdek/198276109-88622481/abstract~db=enc~content=a713539178~words= (1430 words)

	ESA Elections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Recently, Leal’s research has been focused mainly on the molecular basis of insect olfaction.
		In collaboration with Nobel laureate Kurt Wuthrich and Dr. Jon Clardy, he has elucidated how the pheromone-binding protein of the silkmoth ferries bombykol to the pheromone receptors.
		He has published 120 papers in peer-reviewed journals, contributed to 15 book chapters, and is the inventor or co-inventor of 28 Japanese and two U.S. patents.
	www.entsoc.org /Ballot/text/leal.htm (225 words)

	Bombykol natural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
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	natural-pheromones.lianneandandy.co.uk /bombykol_natural (43 words)

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