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Topic: Bone atrophy

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	Atrophy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Atrophy is a general physiological process of reabsorption and breakdown of tissues, involving apoptosis on a cellular level.
		Atrophy of the testes occurs with prolonged use of enough exogenous sex steroid (either androgen or estrogen) to reduce gonadotropin secretion.
		Disuse atrophy of muscles (muscle atrophy) and bones, with loss of mass and strength, can occur after prolonged immobility, such as extended bedrest, or having a body part in a cast (living in darkness for the eye, bedridden for the legs, etc).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atrophy (671 words)

	Bone fracture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone becomes cracked, splintered, or bisected as a result of physical trauma.
		Bone fractures are typically treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions (if necessary), and maintaining those positions while the bone heals.
		Bone tissue is predominantly extracellular matrix, rather than living cells, and the few blood vessels needed to support this low metabolism are only able to bring a limited number of immune cells to an injury to fight infection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bone_fracture (1346 words)

	Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Sudecks atrophy refers to an atrophy of the bone and as such is a radiological finding seen later in the disease process (Purdy and Miller, 1992).
		As mentioned it is found most frequently in the short bones of the feet and then by order of frequency occurs in the epiphysis of the metatarsals and phalanges and the epiphyses of the long bones (Julsrud, 1980).
		Acute: This is characterised by a mottled appearance of the bone due to the irregular rarified areas in the spongiosum and is most marked in the tarsal bones and heads of the metatarsals.
	www.podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/crps1 (4671 words)

	A Dental Clinic Bangkok, Thailand. Oral Surgery a sinus lift
		To make room for the bone, the sinus membrane has to be moved upward, or "lifted." A sinus lift usually is done by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon or a periodontist.
		It can happen that there is no longer enough bone in the molar area of the maxilla in the direction of the floor of the sinus because of the bone atrophy after tooth loss.
		As bone augmentation in this region is possible only with difficulty, a method was developed in which the floor of the sinus is raised and bone is inserted into the cavity produced, without injuring the mucosa of the sinus, which leads to an effective increase in the bone in the molar maxillary region.
	www.silomdental.com /oral_surgery_sinus_lift.html (566 words)

	Dr. Bedrossian Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery - Bone Grafts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This inadequate amount of bone is generally not able to support a functional dental appliance made by the patient's dentists.
		However, the atrophied bone is always too thin, and placement of an implant on to which teeth can be secured to, is also impossible without bone grafting.
		The initial direction of bone atrophy is in the horizontal dimension.
	www.sfimplants.com /pro/pro_bon_gra.html (476 words)

	Friadent > InfoCenter > Glossary
		Bone growth by controlled successive expansion of a break with a callus distractor with expansion screws that are screwed to the fragments.
		Artificial titanium root; implant in mouth (intraoral), in the bone (endosseous) of the maxilla or mandible (upper or lower jaw); extraoral implants are not considered dental implants.
		Inflammation of the periodontium, inflammatory atrophy of the periodontium, periodontitis: root inflammation, periodontitis apicalis (infection at the apex of the root).
	www.ceramed.com /infocenter/glossary.shtml (1918 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A reduction in bone mass can be seen in primary hyperparathyroidism, nutritional hyperparathyroidism, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, pseudohyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, hepatic toxicity, immobilization of a limb, long-term tetraplegia, multiple myeloma, as a result of the administration of certain anticonvulsant drugs, and in hyperadrenocorticism.
		Note the absence of cancellous bone in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of the long bone (D) and the loosely arranged cancellous trabeculae in the metaphyses(M) 55-2 Hemisection of a tibia from a calf with congenital osteopetrosis.
		In the bones studied, immature trabecular bone was present the full length of the medullary cavity and it was estimated that twice as much trabecular tissue was present than is normal.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /saortho/chapter_55/55mast.htm (2560 words)

	OsteoGenesis ES by Biogenesis may increase bone density
		According to Stedman's Medical Dictonary, Osteoporosis is the "reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue; an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures.
		Bone mass decreases with age and is influenced by sex, race, menopause, and body weight-for-height.
		The diagnosis of primary osteoporosis is established by documentation of reduced bone density after exclusion of known causes of excessive bone loss.
	www.healthegoods.com /content/osteogenesis_es_bone_density.htm (868 words)

	Remodeling - Simulated Bone Atrophy
		The changes in architecture, we observed, were therefore only the result of the loss in bone mass over the years, which means that the architecture as it was present before menopause already predetermined the outcome in the simulated bone atrophy with a given, constant loss of bone.
		The total amount of bone mass in a local neighborhood (sum of weighted voxels) is the same before and after the filtration but the threedimensional distribution of the mass has changed according to the local topology.
		The average bone loss that occured was -5.6% over an average of 13.4 years of pre-menopause, which was consistent with the values found in the literature for that time period [13].
	www.utc.fr /esb/esb98/abs_htm/MUELLER/remodeling2.html (2056 words)

	Metabolic Bone Disease in Exotic Pets
		Metabolic bone disease should be considered to be a disease caused by dietary and husbandry mismanagement.
		Metabolic bone disease occurs as a result of biochemical reactions regulated by the parathyroid glands, small glands located near the thyroid glands in the neck.
		Metabolic bone disease is a common nutritional disease in some birds, most commonly musophagids (turacos, Go-Away Birds and Plantain-Eaters.) MBD is most likely to occur when the natural diet of birds being kept is not known or only partially defined.
	www.exoticpetvet.net /dvms/mbd2.html (3326 words)

	Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome
		Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) is a chronic condition characterized by severe burning pain, pathological changes in bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling, and extreme sensitivity to touch.
		As the patient reaches stage three, changes in the skin and bones become irreversible, and pain becomes unyielding and may now involve the entire limb.
		There is marked muscle atrophy, severely limited mobility of the affected area, and flexor tendon contractions (contractions of the muscles and tendons that flex the joints).
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/922675234.html (1152 words)

	Encyclopedia of Children's Health: Infancy through Adolescence - S
		A sarcoma is a cancerous (malignant) bone tumor.
		Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, which are airspaces within the bones of the face.
		Spinal muscular atrophy is a term that describes a number of different conditions, all of which have in common the gradual deterioration of the voluntary muscles.
	www.healthofchildren.com /S/index.html (1740 words)

	levine description
		Bone demineralization increases the risk of kidney stone formation and may reduce bone strength increasing the risk of fracture.
		The functional importance of cardiac atrophy for orthostatic tolerance after prolonged bed rest will be determined from invasive measurements of ventricular performance and compliance (Frank Starling and LV pressure/volume curves), and non invasive imaging techniques to measure the dynamic component of diastole.
		After completion of this study, the clinical manifestations of cardiac atrophy during long duration space flight will be defined clearly, and its significance for diastolic function and orthostatic tolerance will be elucidated, thus supporting the application of specific countermeasures currently being developed by the PI in parallel ground based experiments.
	www3.utsouthwestern.edu /endocrine/levine.htm (3191 words)

	The maintenance of physiological function in humans during spaceflight
		Bones lose calcium, the mineral from which they derive their structure and strength, through the process of demineralisation.
		Some scientists currently believe that bone mass is not only controlled by the high-magnitude, low-frequency strain resulting from the mechanical loads on bones associated with vigorous exercise, but also by low-magnitude and high-frequency strain that the musculature continuously places on bones while sitting or standing.
		With the exception of bone, changes in all the major body functions (neurovestibular, cardiovascular, muscular) are entirely reversible upon return to normal gravity, and there appears to be no deleterious effect of spaceflight directly on the immune system.
	www.fims.org /?pageID=979191313 (4185 words)

	iScoliosis.com - Glossary - A Terms
		Sterile bone derived from another human which is used for grafting procedures.
		After the soft tissues of the neck are separated, the intervertebral disc and bone spurs are removed.
		Bone transplanted from one part to another part of the body in the same individual.
	www.iscoliosis.com /a.html (1510 words)

	Discussion - Simulated Bone Atrophy
		Simulated bone atrophy was used to "age-match" the first and the second group incorporating an underlaying realistic time-frame for the simulation.
		One of the limitations of simulated bone atrophy is that at the moment no experimental data is available to backup the proposed cellular mechanisms and that no mechanical feedback loop is included in the algorithm.
		Nevertheless, it might well be that to describe the effects purely associated with age-related bone loss in a hormone deficiency model, where bone seems to have at least partly lost its ability to adapt to alterations in its mechanical environment, load-driven modeling and remodeling might not have that much of an importance anymore.
	www.utc.fr /esb/esb98/abs_htm/MUELLER/discussion.html (1035 words)

	1/00 mechanical engineering: input output (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Postsurgical atrophy is a common problem among younger patients who have undergone hip replacements.
		The result is "stress shielding," in which the load is shifted from the bone to the steel shaft.
		When a prosthesis is implanted into a bone, not only is load shifted away from the bone, but the bending forces are actually changed more to an axial load and a shear load, he said.
	www.memagazine.org /backissues/january2000/departments/input_output/input_out.html (820 words)

	The Johns Hopkins News-Letter
		Microgravity is a cause of fluid shift, muscle atrophy and bone loss.
		Generally, there is an increase in fluids in the upper body, muscle atrophy and bone loss.
		Another problem faced by astronauts is the reduction in bone marrow resulting from the absence of gravitational force.
	www.jhu.edu /~newslett/04-20-00/Science/3.html (500 words)

	Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic and Relaxometric Determination of Bone Marrow Changes in Anorexia Nervosa -- Geiser et ...
		atrophy of the bone marrow was made on the basis of a qualitative
		Distribution of serouslike bone marrow changes in the lower limbs of patients with anorexia nervosa: predominant involvement of the distal extremities.
		Bone marrow disorders: characterization with quantitative MR imaging.
	www.psychosomaticmedicine.org /cgi/content/full/63/4/631 (3441 words)

	researchcenter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		As a result, astronauts are subjected to an accelerated rate of bone loss, losing between a half of 1 percent and 2 percent of their bone mass per month," or 6 to 24 percent a year.
		By contrast, bone loss in women with Type I (hormone-related) osteoporosis, a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density and an increase in porosity and fragility, is 3 to 4 percent a year, and less in men and women with Type II (age-related) osteoporosis.
		But most of the loss in bone mass is going to come from an increase in bone resorption." Finding an effective countermeasure to this increased resorption could help astronauts maintain their bone density and strength while they're in space.
	www.icaa.cc /Nasa/physiology.htm (3646 words)

	Researchers design artificial hip mimicking Mother Nature
		Atrophy and reabsorption lead to a loosening and failure of the joint or the bone."
		To reduce stress shielding and prevent bone atrophy, Santare and Advani first modeled the function of a healthy hip-thanks to the National Center for Supercomputing Applications-to simulate natural conditions.
		But, mechanical tests using bone from a cadaver suggest a viable new technology, Santare said, and the team is seeking patent support.
	www.udel.edu /PR/UpDate/00/9/researcher.html (903 words)

	Bone symptoms - WrongDiagnosis.com
		The cause of Bone symptoms may be more easily identified if other symptoms exist.
		When you follow a link to our interactive multiple symptoms page, you will be able to modify your list by adding and removing symptoms thus helping to better research your condition.
		The distinction between a symptom and complication is not always clear, and conditions mentioning this symptom as a complication may also be relevant.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /sym/bone_symptoms.htm (487 words)

	Dental implants
		As individuals, we all resorb at different rates and some patients may suffer severe bone atrophy leaving a flat ridge that is unable to retain a denture without it floating.
		Osseous (bone) grafting can be used to raise the floor of the sinus and create adequate support to place root form implants.
		Subperiosteal implants are utilized when insufficient bone is present to accommadate either a root form or a blade implant and anatomical structures limit endosseous implant placement.
	maryland-implants.com /Implants.htm (990 words)

	Kevin Hannon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Musculoskeletal atrophy, the decrease in size and strength of muscle, bone and connective tissue, is a sequela of many different diseases and states (e.g.
		This atrophy progressively robs a person of his/her ambulatory function, thereby markedly diminishing the quality of life of millions of Americans each year.
		These results support the theory that skeletal muscle can regulate bone maintenance in an endocrine fashion and could offer potentially novel and efficient therapeutic options for attenuating muscle and bone atrophy during aging and illness.
	www.cla.purdue.edu /gerontology/people/faculty/hannon.htm (255 words)

	Lipid Chemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory - Print Off
		Bone and musculoskeletal biology: The major aim of this research is to determine the amounts and balance of dietary fatty acids for optimal human nutrition and health, and characterize their roles in bone biology and tissue atrophy in disuse.
		The second goal is to determine the interactions of nutrients and flavonoids on bone remodeling during estrogen deficiency.
		Dr. Li’s research is focused on characterizing the effects of dietary lipids (conjugated linoleic acids, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids) on bone growth and metabolism using techniques in bone histomorphometry, and approaches in biochemistry and molecular biology.
	www.foodsci.purdue.edu /research/labs/showlab/print?lab=watkins (2491 words)

	Kienbock Disease
		Sudeck's Atrophy, also known as post-traumatic osteoporosis, is marked by an acute atrophy of the bones.
		Juvenile Osteoporosis is marked by a porous condition or atrophy of bone tissue beginning before puberty.
		The treatment of Kienbock's Disease may involve surgery of the lunate bone, shortening of the radial bone, lengthening of the ulna or the stiffening of the joints through an operation (arthrodesis).
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord604.htm (845 words)

	Ectopic expression of IGF-I and Shh by skeletal muscle inhibits disuse-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy and bone ...
		and bone atrophy during aging, illness, and spaceflight.
		As a result of the shrinkage of muscle, there is decreased biomechanical strain on the bone, and osteopenia results (green arrows).
		This type of regulatory pathway will be important to consider when designing novel and efficient therapeutic options for attenuating muscle and bone atrophy during aging, illness, and spaceflight.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/18/1/221 (1401 words)

	Good Vibrations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Although the vibrations are subtle they have had a profound effect on bone loss in laboratory animals such as turkeys, sheep, and rats.
		According to this thinking, the remedy for bone loss in space should be hard exercise with shoulder harnesses and elastic cords that provide a substitute for the body's weight.
		Rubin suggests that perhaps it's not only a few, large stresses placed on the skeleton that signal bone formation, but also many smaller, high-frequency vibrations applied to bones by flexing muscles during common activities such as standing and walking.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2001/4review_bone_vibes.htm (1569 words)

	SCANCO Medical AG: MicroCT Systems
		Quantitation of periapical bone destruction in mice by micro-computed tomography.
		Generalized low bone mass in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is related to inadequate calcium intake and weight bearing physical activity in peripubertal period.
		Bone structures in vitro and in vivo in animals and in men.
	www.scanco.ch /cgi-bin/scanco.pl?menu=literature&site=literature (3033 words)

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