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	Bone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bones come in a variety of shapes and have a complex internal and external structure, allowing them to be lightweight yet strong and hard, while fulfilling their many other functions.
		The primary tissue of bone, osseous tissue, is a relatively hard and lightweight composite material, formed mostly of calcium phosphate in the; chemical arrangement termed calcium hydroxylapatite (this is the osseous tissue that gives bones their rigidity).
		Most bones of the limbs (including the three bones of the fingers) are long bones, except for the kneecap (patella), and the carpal, metacarpal, tarsal and metatarsal bones of the wrist and ankle.
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /b/o/n/Bone_char.html (2362 words)

	Bone char - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bone char, also known as bone fl or animal charcoal, is a granular fl material produced by calcinating animal bones: the bones are heated to high temperatures in the absence of air to drive off volatile substances.
		Bone char is used to remove fluoride from water and to filter aquarium water.
		Bone char is also used as a fl pigment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bone_char (301 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for bone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		funny bone highly sensitive area at the back of the elbow where the ulnar nerve passes close to the surface of the skin in a groove between end prominences of the humerus (the upper arm bone) and the ulna (the large forearm bone).
		The clay is tempered with phosphate of lime or bone ash.
		In a comminuted fracture the bone is splintered.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=bone (696 words)

	Vegetarian News - Sugar and other sweeteners: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		While the bone char filter is used by some major sugar companies, it is not used to produce all refined sugar.
		Bone char is derived from the bones of cattle from Afghanistan, Argentina, India and Pakistan.
		Bone is heated to an extremely high temperature, which results in a physical change in the bones composition.
	www.ivu.org /news/2-97/sugar.html (1996 words)

	Bacterial ethanol production - Patent 4393136
		Bone char, otherwise known as bone fl, bone charcoal or animal charcoal, is a particularly suitable inert material for the present invention.
		Bone char offers a combination of advantageous properties which is not met by the materials which have previously been suggested for use as support material.
		Bone char is obtained at an economically favourable cost from a naturally-occurring raw material, and consists principally of a hydroxyapatite structure over which there is a thin, evenly-dispersed coating of active carbon, with the particles being of an irregular form and providing a suitable `key` for adhesion of the external deposit.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4393136.html (3368 words)

	History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky
		Wood chars (charcoal) used for the reduction of copper, zinc and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze.
		Kehl discussed the use of chars for the control of odours from gangrenous ulcers and discovered that carbon prepared from animal tissues could be used for removing colours from solution.
		Methods of regenerating the bone char by heating were discovered, and shortly afterwards a granulated bone char was developed which could be much more readily regenerated.
	www.caer.uky.edu /carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml (1348 words)

	Nalgonda Technique
		Bone char adsorption is a technique, which is going to be used in some experiments, so this chapter shortly describes the theory behind the removal of fluoride using bonechar.
		Bone char is made from bones from animals, and are then crushed and burned at high temperatures.
		The used bone char was found by Nanette and Tina (1996) to have an approximate fluoride capacity of 2,5 mg F/g bone char with the inlet F-conc.
	hjem.get2net.dk /kallesoe/kallesoe/nalgonda.htm (10748 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bone char is made from cattle bones only, never from those of other animals.
		The function of the bone char is to remove impurities from raw sugar.
		The bone char is not "in" the sugar, but is used only as a filter, similar to a coffee filter.
	members.cox.net /pnienstedt/sugar.htm (997 words)

	Bone Char discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the past a material called 'bone char' was used extensively to remove colour from raw cane sugar in the refining process.
		Modern technology has largely replaced bone char decolourisation but it is still used in a few refineries so one cannot be categoric about refined cane sugar being suitable for all people's points of view.
		Where bone char is still used, it is prepared by almost incinerating animal bones to leave activated carbon - a bit like making wood charcoal.
	www.sucrose.com /bonechar.html (239 words)

	Precoat filter and method for neutralizing sugar syrups - Patent 4572742 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bone char comprises about 6 to 10 percent carbonaceous residue and about 90 percent calcium phosphate supplied by the degreased cattle bones from which it is prepared.
		Consequently, bone char does provide a buffering effect that keeps the pH value of the sugar syrup from dropping and is regenerable on heating.
		Further, the use of bone char requires a substantial capital investment in plant equipment, uses considerable energy resulting in a high cost of fuel for the kilns used to regenerate the bone char and increases the cost of sweet water evaporization.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4572742.html (4883 words)

	Tanzania: challenges and successes of water defluoridation
		In the experiment, raw fresh bones are charred in an easy to use charcoal fuelled kiln at about 500 to 600°C. The charred bones are then pulverized into grains of sizes ranging between 0.5 to 2 mm.
		At higher pH the adsorbed fluoride on the bone char grains is detached and hence increases the fluoride concentration considerably in the bone char media effluent.
		The bone char method is now being adopted in rural Tanzania with projects up and running in the Arusha Region and even at an institutional at a primary school.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2004/july/fluoride.htm (969 words)

	Bone Char
		Bone Char is a fl, granular solid obtained by calcining cattle bones.
		Bone char has proven to be a valuable filtering media in the purification of sugar syrups, removing dissolved contaminants from aquarium water and removing fluoride from water.
		Bone char has also a high absorptive capacity for lead, mercury and arsenic.
	www.anthracitefilter.com /granular_bone_char.htm (66 words)

	OpenGL:Tutorials:Basic Bones System - GPWiki
		A skeleton for the mesh, composed by a hierarchy of
		In fact, you can also define joints, and consider a bone as the space between then, but actually without using a bone structure, which is implicit: a bone is between 2 joints, so, defining a bone is like defining 2 joints, a father and a child.
		If you want to create a bone structure for a sea star (or a structure where there are bones of the same level), it's easy to do with only joints: one father joint is the center of the star.
	gpwiki.org /index.php/OpenGL:Tutorials:Basic_Bones_System (7943 words)

	Vegetarian Journal Mar/Apr 97 Sugar and Other Sweeteners -- The Vegetarian Resource Group
		Beet sugar refineries never use a bone char filter in processing because this type of sugar does not require an extensive decolorising procedure.
		Companies that use bone char claim that the char is more economically feasible and efficient than other types of filters (4).
		According to Domino Sugar, turbinado sugar does not pass through a bone char filter because its brown color is desirable.
	www.stanford.edu /group/vegan/sweetners.htm (1983 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> Bone Char (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bone char, a carbon used in the production of cane sugar to remove color and "impurities", is made from beef bones.
		The bone char is not supposed to pass into the sugar, but since it is used in the manufacture, it still may be unacceptable for some.
		I found some reports on line that stated that bone char is more effective in trapping certain organic pollutants, which is why it's preferred over regular charcoal.
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=6058 (2181 words)

	Sugar and Other Sweeteners: Do They Contain Animal Products?
		Bone char filter is used by some major sugar companies, but not necessarily by all.
		Bones from cows are the only bones used to make bone char.
		All these companies use the bone char in the refining process of brown sugar, powered sugar (sugar mixed with corn starch), and white sugar.
	www.jivdaya.org /sugar_and_other_sweeteners.htm (641 words)

	CUTTLEFISH BONE CASTING
		Carefully drive the model into one of the bones, sinking it till it is level with the surface of the bone (for almost half its thickness in the case of a ring).
		In pressing the model, the crust of the bone must rest on the soft fleshy cushion at the base of the hand so that pressure can be distributed on a rather wide surface and diminish the risk of bone breakings.
		When you assemble the bones, see that the gate is large enough, it should be at least half an inch in diameter or you'll have problems pouring.
	www.pennabilli.org /tecniche/CUTTLEBONE.htm (1508 words)

	On a quest for real vegan ice cream - The Vegan Forum - a vegan message board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We assume that the sugar is refined with animal bone char since this is a fairly common procedure in the sugar refining industry.
		Bone char, made from the bones of cows, is at times used to whiten sugar.
		The bone char used in this filtering process is so far removed from its animal source that cane sugar processed in this method is deemed kosher pareve, which, according to Jewish dietary laws, means that it contains no meat or milk in any form as an ingredient.
	www.veganforum.com /forums/showthread.php?t=7857 (3767 words)

	Ask Carla
		Bone char, which is used to process sugar, is made from the bones of cattle from Afghanistan, Argentina, India, and Pakistan.
		Bone char—often referred to as natural carbon—is widely used by the sugar industry as a decolorizing filter, which allows the sugar cane to achieve its desirable white color.
		Bone char is also used in other types of sugar.
	www.askcarla.com /answers.asp?QuestionandanswerID=534 (383 words)

	no bone char icing sugar - VeggieBoards
		I don't mind sugar, bone char, etc, but making some cookies for a very strict vegan at work and she would flip if she knew there was bone filtered icing powder on her cake.
		Bones to produced bone char are mainly collected from India and some from Nigeria.
		The importance of these locations are that the bones have dried out naturally and are verified by European vets as part as standards to ensure that no diseases can be carried through these crushed bones.
	www.veggieboards.com /boards/showthread.php?t=20725 (418 words)

	Ebonex Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Historically, bone charcoal has been used for a variety of purposes for several thousand years, but it is in the dry climate of Egypt that the earliest records of the application of bone charcoal are to be found.
		However, it was not until 1811 that the decolorizing properties of bone charcoal were fully recognized when a French pharmacist by the name of M. Figuier, made this observation while preparing a shoe-fl from honey, vinegar and finely ground animal charcoal.
		Subsequent to this discovery, bone charcoal became widely used in the sugar refining industry during the 19th century to remove color from raw sugar solution.
	www.ebonex.com /b_cha.htm (216 words)

	J Water Health - 04 (2006) 139-147 - M. E. Kaseva - Optimization of regenerated bone char for fluoride removal in ...
		This paper presents findings of a study on optimization and application of the regenerated bone char media for the defluoridation of drinking water in Tanzania where more than 30% of all water sources have fluoride concentrations above the 1.50 mg/l which is recommended by the World Heath Organization (WHO).
		This study further indicated that the smallest size of regenerated bone char media (0.5–1.0 mm diameter) had the highest defluoridation capacity, with residual fluoride which varied from 17.82 mg/l at 2 min contact time to 11.26 mg/l at 120 min contact time.
		In terms of dosage of the regenerated bone char media it was established that the optimum dosage was 25 g of bone char media with a grain size of 0.50–1.0 mm.
	www.iwaponline.com /jwh/004/jwh0040139.htm (246 words)

	Television Point \| Dictionary \| Meaning of char (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thet char is chared, as the good wife said when she had hanged her husband.
		To reduce to coal or carbon by exposure to heat; to reduce to charcoal; to burn to a cinder.
		Especially used by C programmers, as "char" is C's typename for character data.
	www.televisionpoint.com /dictionary/default.asp?define=char (313 words)

	Vegan \| Awesome Almonds®
		Some cane sugar is filtered through "bone char" which is charcoal made from deceased animals.
		Even though animals are not raised or slaughtered to make bone char, it nonetheless uses an animal product to refine the sugar.
		Beet sugar is acceptable because bone char is NEVER used.
	www.awesomealmonds.com /faq_vegan_snacks.htm (267 words)

	Prion disease
		Bone Char: A fl pigmented substance, with a carbon content of about 10 percent, made by carbonizing animal bones.
		Bone char is used for decolorizing sugar and water treatment.
		Adsorption is a surface phenomena, therefore the total surface area with respect to pore size and volume are the criteria in determining its effectiveness in a particular application.
	www.mad-cow.org /jun99_late_news.html (8509 words)

	The History of Sugar Processing Research Institute, Inc.
		In the late 1930's there was concern on the part of some cane sugar refiners in the U.S. that their refining process depended on bone char, a substance about which little was known.
		A group of sugar refiners was brought together by John W. Lowe of Revere Sugar to support research on bone char at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., where Frederick J. Bates worked with the sugar industry on polarimetry.
		The BCRP Reports and Proceedings of the seven Technical Sessions on Bone Char are still the major source of information on decolorizing carbons in sugar refining.
	www.spriinc.org /buton1ahistory.html (1137 words)

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