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Topic: Bone healing

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	Bone healing
		When a bone breaks the most important thing is the state of the periosteum[?], the membrane covering the bone.
		This is where all of the cells that participate in the healing of bone originate.
		This is a clot of blood from all the bleeding that accompanies a fracture.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bo/Bone_healing.html (210 words)

	Bone healing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The healing process is mainly determined by the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone).
		The periosteum is the primary source of precursor cells which develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone.
		This new lamellar bone is in the form of "trabecular bone".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bone_healing (1134 words)

	BONE GRAFT ALTERNATIVES
		Bone grafts are bone that is transplanted from one area of the skeleton to another to aid in healing, strengthening or improving function.
		The graft bone is harvested, or taken, from the bones of the hip, the ribs or the leg.
		Disadvantages of allograft bone are the slight chance of disease transmission and a lessened effectiveness since the bone growth cells and proteins are removed during the cleansing and disinfecting process.
	www.spine.org /articles/bone_grafts.cfm (1316 words)

	Online Orthopaedics - Electrical Stimulation of Bone Healing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bone is one of the tissues in the human body with the ability to mend itself when injured in much the same way as skin and other tissues can.
		Occasionally, the formation of new bone is slow and the break fails to heal properly, usually because scar tissue has filled the gap where new bone was expected to occur or circulation to the broken area is decreased.
		PEMF increases a number of factors such as tissue growth factor beta, bone morphogenic protein 2 and bone morphogenic protein 4 which are normal physiological regulators of the various stages of bone healing, including angiogenesis, chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
	www.orthopodsurgeon.com /elecstim.html (1073 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When a bone is subjected to stress, electropositivity occurs on the convex surface and electronegativity appears on the concave side, this current having been produced by a piezoelectric like effect.
		Healing of bone as influenced by rigid immobilization
		Non-union: Non union refers to an arrest of healing process and the formation of a pseudoarthosis or a fibrous union in which the bone ends are either osteoporotic and atrophied or sclerotic.
	www.cmki.org /LMHS/Chapters/5b-BoneHealing.htm (2766 words)

	Bone healing
		Bone healing or fracture healing is the repair of a fractured bone.
		In case of fracture, the chances of healing are determined to a large extent by the state of the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone).
		This is the origin of the fibroblasts that participate in the healing of bone; bone marrow also participates in the healing process.
	www.mrsci.com /Anatomical-Pathology/Bone_healing.php (565 words)

	Bone fracture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Healing bone callus is on average sufficiently mineralized to show up on X-ray within 6 weeks in adults and less in children.
		Bone fractures are typically treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions (if necessary), and maintaining those positions while the bone heals.
		Bone tissue is predominantly extracellular matrix, rather than living cells, and the few blood vessels needed to support this low metabolism are only able to bring a limited number of immune cells to an injury to fight infection.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fracture_(bone) (1538 words)

	Mechanical Effects on Fracture Healing
		Rather, it is the connectivity of the bone fragments across the fracture seem to correlate with overall fracture stiffness and strength.
		Better and faster bone formation is generally seen with plates, although in the long run bone mechanical properties are roughly equal under different methods of fixation as long as a threshold of adequate fixation is achieved.
		Under fracture healing conditions, mechanical stimulus has a much larger affect on tissue adaptation, with the ability to affect the whole course of tissue differentiation from bone to cartilage to fibrous tissue.
	www.engin.umich.edu /class/bme456/bonefracture/bonefracture.htm (3051 words)

	Bone Healing Studies
		The bone mineral density (BMD) and weight of the femurs were measured at 1st and 3rd week after implantation.The result at the 3rd week post-implantation revealed that the BMD and weight of the ischemic bone model rats were significantly reduced, compared with that of non-operated femur.
		This enhancement of the femoral bone formation of the ischemic rat model by the static magnetic field seems to be due to the improved blood circulation of the femur.
		Healing of nonunion of a fractured lateral condyle of the humerus by pulsing electromagnetic induction.
	www.therionresearch.com /database/bone_healing.html (8507 words)

	bone grafting, bone trauma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Bone grafting refers to a wide variety of surgical methods augmenting or stimulating the formation of new bone where it is needed.
		All methods of bone grafting involve adding some material to the specific site where bone is needed as a means of stimulating a new or more effective bone healing response.
		Induction of bone formation refers to the capacity of a number of growth factors in the body to stimulate primitive bone cells to grow and mature, forming healthy bone tissue.
	cms.clevelandclinic.org /ortho/body.cfm?id=77 (1465 words)

	Do NSAIDs inhibit bone healing? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The purpose of this document is to examine the evidence for effects of NSAIDs on bone healing.
		A large study of aspirin and NSAID use on bone mineral density in 7,768 white women older than 65 years in the USA [33] concluded that bone mineral density was higher in users of these drugs.
		Bone repair is a complex process initiated by injury and an inflammatory response.
	www.jr2.ox.ac.uk /bandolier/booth/painpag/wisdom/NSAIbone.html (3936 words)

	How an electrical bone growth stimulator for spinal fusion works
		Electrical bone growth stimulators are a supplemental form of therapy to help enhance the body’s bone healing process … a process that is absolutely essential for the success of any type of spinal fusion surgery.
		During surgery, the surgeon lays down bone fragments (usually taken from iliac crest in the patient’s hip) in the segment of the spine to be fused.
		The fusion of these bone fragments stops the motion in the affected segment of the spine, and thereby eliminates or reduces the pain that was created by the motion.
	www.spine-health.com /topics/surg/stimulator/stim01.html (580 words)

	the Scoop on Smoking :: slow healing after bone surgery
		Having an operation on a bone is a lot like having a broken bone; in both situations, the bone tissue must heal afterward.
		When people have surgery on their bones, the doctors have to cut through soft tissues, such as skin and muscles, in order to reach the bone that they need to work on.
		Because smoking is associated with poorer healing and increased complications after bone surgery, the doctors who operate on bones (orthopedic surgeons) often ask patients who are going to have bone surgery to quit smoking at least several weeks before the operation.
	thescooponsmoking.org /xhtml/effects/slowHealingAfterBoneSurgery.php (461 words)

	SAN :: Bone Boost
		Bone Boost is a carefully formulated combination of ingredients designed to strengthen and improve the function of bone, cartilage, and tendon.
		That cissus exerts antiglucocorticoid properties is suggested by a number of studies where bones were weakened by treatment with cortisol, and upon administration of Cissus extract the cortisol induced weakening was halted, and the healing process begun.
		While the increased rate of bone healing may be of great significance to persons suffering from chronic diseases like osteoporosis (4), the antiglucocorticoid properties of Cissus are likely of much more interest to the average bodybuilder or athlete, since endogenous glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, are not only catabolic to bone, but catabolize muscle tissue as well.
	www.sann.net /boneboost.html (2588 words)

	The Children's Hospital at Westmead - Parents - Fractures - bone healing
		If children's bones break or are cut in surgery, it takes a while for the bone to heal.
		The blood clots in between the two ends of the bone and is used by the body to start to build new bone.
		The weaker bone is slowly replaced by normal bone and the bone looks and works as it did before the break.
	www.chw.edu.au /parents/factsheets/fracturj.htm (552 words)

	UMDNJ Research Fall 2004--Impaired bone healing in patients with diabetes mellitus
		Fracture healing is a process of restoring the structural and biological properties of injured bone.
		The key criticism of this method was its inability to determine whether the deficient diabetic fracture healing process is due to the systemic effect of the cytotoxins, malnutrition and/or the diabetic condition itself.
		This suggested that the delay in the diabetic fracture healing process may be preceded by a reduction in early growth factors critical for endochondral bone formation.
	www.umdnj.edu /research/publications/fall04/11_bone_healing.htm (1550 words)

	Smoking -- Can It Affect Bone Healing? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Now, there is also some evidence that bone heals slower in smokers than in nonsmokers.
		The infected bone was removed in all of the 29 patients.
		It is difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of the slower healing rate in smokers and former smokers.
	www.hughston.com /hha/a.smoke.htm (468 words)

	UCLA Engineering: News Center
		By studying diseases in which the human body generates too much bone, UCLA researchers have discovered and isolated a natural molecule that can be used to heal fractures and generate new bone growth in patients who lack it.
		Bone defect on right is filled with new bone while the control defect on left still lacked bone.
		The problem with taking a patient’s own bone for this procedure is that aside from the pain, which often becomes severe and persistent, there is a high risk of infection.
	www.engineer.ucla.edu /news/2005/bones.html (956 words)

	USATODAY.com - Some pain killers may delay bone healing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		New research suggests some of the most widely used painkillers may delay healing of a broken bone — and one study, albeit in animals, that's getting lots of doctors' attention suggests the blockbuster sellers Vioxx and Celebrex are among the culprits.
		But some bone experts call the research compelling enough that doctors should explain the risk before patients choose a painkiller for a broken bone, spinal surgery or other bone injury.
		But surgeons made the surprise discovery a few years ago that high doses of the intravenous NSAID Toradol delays spinal surgery healing, and a recent British study concluded using NSAIDS was the biggest factor in delayed healing of a broken leg.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2002-05-28-bone-healing.htm (702 words)

	Bone and Fracture Healing - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		The effects of antibiotic-impregnated autogeneic cancellous bone graft on bone healing.
		Healing and Remodeling of Articular Incongruities in a Rabbit Fracture Model.
		The Effect of Infection and Lag Screw Fixation on the Union of Membranous Bone Grafts in a Rabbit Model.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/bone_healing (298 words)

	ScienceDaily: Cigarette Smoking Impedes Tendon-to-bone Healing
		Delayed Healing Associated With Smoking In Mice (November 10, 2006) -- Two new studies, funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Football League Charities, examined the effects of smoking on fractures and ligament healing in mice and found that...
		UCSF Researchers Identify Key Genes In Bone Healing Process That Could Lead To New, Molecular-Based Treatments (February 10, 1999) -- Researchers from the University of California San Francisco studying bone healing in animal models have found that two genes essential for bone formation in the fetus are also key to successful...
		Bone fracture -- A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone becomes cracked, splintered, or bisected as a result of physical trauma.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/10/061016121047.htm (2343 words)

	Broken bone FAQ -- Healing Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This area becomes harder with time until it is as strong as the old bone.
		While the healing occurs, a temporary dry crust called a scab forms over the wound to protect it.
		An important thing to note is that while deep and wide wounds often result in scars, the location of the wound on the body, as well as the person's genetic predisposition to healing, affects the likelihood of a scar and how severe it may be.
	www.crazycrutches.com /healingfaq.htm (1027 words)

	Cigarette smoking impedes tendon-to-bone healing
		Many of us probably don't think about smoking's effects on orthopaedic conditions, but several studies have shown that nicotine interferes with healing of bone fractures and also inhibits bone fusion processes -- many spine surgeons, for example, won't do certain operations on people who smoke because of the risk of failure.
		This study, the first to evaluate the effects of nicotine on rotator cuff repair, found that when rats were exposed to nicotine following rotator cuff repair, inflammation persisted for a longer time in the shoulder joint.
		Galatz says the study also may underestimate the harmful effects of smoking because rats tend to be better healers than humans and because they were exposed to nicotine for only a few weeks following surgery, whereas people may smoke for many years before surgery, as well as continue smoking following rotator cuff repair.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-10/wuso-csi101806.php (985 words)

	ScienceDaily: Researchers Show COX-2 Inhibitors Interfere With Bone Growth, Healing
		The difference in new bone growth associated with the two drugs was statistically insignificant; practically speaking, the COX-2 inhibitor impeded new bone growth as much as the nonspecific NSAID.
		Knee Bone Marrow Lesions May Be Hereditary (September 8, 2006) -- Bone marrow lesions in the knee, a cause of pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis, may be hereditary.
		Healing -- Healing is the process whereby the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/11/021120064725.htm (2126 words)

	Medical Policy DME.00027 \| Ultrasonic Bone Growth Stimulation
		Ultrasound for accelerated fracture healing is a pulsed, low-intensity, ultrasound device that provides non-thermal, specifically programmed ultrasonic stimulation to accelerate bone repair.
		In a randomized trial, healing times of fresh fractures were significantly decreased among those receiving low intensity ultrasound stimulation compared to a control group.
		Accelerated healing of distal radial fractures with the use of specific, low-intensity ultrasound.
	medpolicy.unicare.com /policies/DME/US_bone_grwth_stim.html (1052 words)

	Military funds research on how nicotine impairs bone healing
		Researchers have received a grant from the U.S. Department of Defense to study ways in which nicotine from cigarette smoke may interact with stem cells to slow the healing of bone injuries.
		Slower healing means a greater chance of re-injury and can lead to chronic pain and disability.
		One goal of the research then is to determine, based on biochemical evidence, the window of time during which healing has the greatest chance of being delayed by cigarette smoke.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-10/uorm-mfr101805.php (762 words)

	[No title]
		Painkillers known as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) continue to be prescribed for patients with healing fractures even though these drugs diminish bone formation, healing, and remodeling.
		Two years ago I also posted a study showing that two painkillers, Vioxx and Celebrex, could impair bone healing.
		Not only could the bone not heal properly, but also NSAIDs greatly increase the risk of congestive heart failure.
	www.mercola.com /blog/2004/jun/14/painkillers_inhibit_bone_healing (356 words)

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