Bone tool - Factbites

Bone tool - Factbites
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Topic: Bone tool

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	Flint Knapping Tools
		The bone tool is placed on the preform edge which serves as the striking platform, and pressure is applied by hand to remove the flake.
		The tool became blunted and marred from contact with the flint in use as a pressure applicator, and this should be evident for proper identification of the flaking tool (Figure 28e).
		This is usually done with a piece of bone or antler which serves as an applicator for applying the pressure.
	www.ou.edu /cas/archsur/OKArtifacts/knapping.htm (495 words)

	The East Terrace Site - Stone Tool Technology
		No bone or antler tools were recovered at East terrace, but the smallest waste flakes, which were 1/4 to 1/8 inch across, were probably pressed off large flakes using flaking tools like these.
		Once a large flake was produced, it could be further reduced and shaped using antler or bone flaking tools.
		It seems that the Late Archaic/Initial Woodland campers also made chipped stone tools, for many waste flakes are associated with their deposits.
	www.state.mn.us /ebranch/mhs/preserve/shpo/pmncr/arch/ets/etsawstt.html (495 words)

	Farthingales Fabrics On-line Instructions for the Bone Tipping Machine/Tool
		Regardless of which machine or tool you use with the bone tipping dies the process is basically the same.
		These machines and dies can be ordered from THE BONE TIPPING TOOL ORDER FORM, or you can print the linked order form and fax it to: 519-275-2376
		For tipping the small ¼&; spiral bones you may need a few more steps as it is smaller than the die.
	www.farthingales.on.ca /bonetip_instructions.html (732 words)

	Stone Age European, Danish, and African Industries / Cultural Periods
		A variety of lithic and bone tools occur in these sites, including the first sickles, stemmed points with pointed and retouched bases, perforators, burins, scrapers, notched pieces, bone points, and scalene triangles measuring about one centimeter, often made on reused Middle Paleolithic artifacts.
		Mousterian Industry is a prepared-core flake-tool industry, tools were made from flakes removed from a core that had been prepared (shaped) so that the flake removed formed a particular shape.
		Lithic tools are more often made of local rocks.
	www.stoneageartifacts.com /html/Cultures.html (732 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Prehistoric Flint Tools
		Tools like these can be made by direct percussion (using a hammerstone or other implement to knock flakes from the raw material) or indirect percussion (using the hammerstone to strike a chisel-like tool that is precisely positioned on the raw material).
		The earliest technology was a practically oriented tool kit of haphazardly shaped chopping, cutting, and scraping implements fashioned from pebbles.
		From the later stone ages, archaeologists have identified some 60 or 70 standard kinds of intricate tools with very specific purposes; some had ceremonial uses.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461554964_761555928_-1_1/Prehistoric_Flint_Tools.html (129 words)

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	The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist -- Bone Tools
		Long bones of large animals can be cracked and broken into sharp splinters suitable for immediate use as picks or scrapers or for further modification into awls and other tools.
		Relatively fresh bone can be modified in various ways, depending on the form and size of the bone and the type of tool desired.
		The simplest means of modifying bone is by breaking the bone on an anvil with a large hammerstone.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/learn/ancient/bone.htm (185 words)

	ORTHOGATE
		The bottom half of the sesamoid is cut off, and the rough edges of the remaining part of the bone are filed with a special tool to leave a smooth shell.
		When a sesamoid bone is fractured in a sudden injury, surgery may be done to remove the broken pieces.
		Sesamoiditis is often caused by doing the same types of toe movements over and over again, which happens in activities like running and dancing.
	www.medicalmultimediagroup.com /pated/html_pages/foot/foot_sesamoiditis.html (2022 words)

	INTERPRETING THE FUNCTION OF STONE TOOLS:CHAPTER 1
		Keeley carried out a series of experiments using various tools and he claims to have recognised that specific materials produce distinctive polishes, so that we have bone polish, wood polish, hide polish, etc. The evidence for these distinctive polishes is presented in the descriptions of certain polish characteristics and illustrated with photographs (Keeley 1980).
		The New Guinea people's classification of the tools was submitted to statistical analysis, from which it was suggested that the edge angle of the tools was important in that they tended to choose tools with a particular edge angle for a specific task, though not being cognisant of such a process themselves.
		This indicates that tool selection by prehistoric people (or design by retouch as mentioned by Broadbent 1979) would have been very important and in fact necessary in order to carry out the task, that is, selecting a suitable edge for the job in hand.
	www.hf.uio.no /iakk/roger/lithic/bar/bar1.html (2716 words)

	African bone tool discovery has important implications for evolution of human behavior
		The advent of bone tools was a major development in human tool technology and is considered by many archaeologists to be a key indicator of "behavioral modernity" in humans.
		According to Marean, bone tools have been seen as one of a variety of significant indicators of modern human behavior because of the greater skill and labor involved in producing them and the shift to more specialized tool manufacture that generally accompanies them.
		Direct dating of these sterile yellow dune sediments and of burnt stone from the same layers as the bone tools using thermoluminescence methods is well advanced and the results are expected to be released shortly.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-11/asu-abt110401.php (2716 words)

	INTERPRETING THE FUNCTION OF STONE TOOLS:CHAPTER 1
		Keeley carried out a series of experiments using various tools and he claims to have recognised that specific materials produce distinctive polishes, so that we have bone polish, wood polish, hide polish, etc. The evidence for these distinctive polishes is presented in the descriptions of certain polish characteristics and illustrated with photographs (Keeley 1980).
		The New Guinea people's classification of the tools was submitted to statistical analysis, from which it was suggested that the edge angle of the tools was important in that they tended to choose tools with a particular edge angle for a specific task, though not being cognisant of such a process themselves.
		This indicates that tool selection by prehistoric people (or design by retouch as mentioned by Broadbent 1979) would have been very important and in fact necessary in order to carry out the task, that is, selecting a suitable edge for the job in hand.
	www.hf.uio.no /iakk/roger/lithic/bar/bar1.html (2716 words)

	First Humans
		Stone is the principal material found in nature that is both very hard and able to produce superb working edges when fractured A wide range of tasks can be performed such as meat cutting and bone breaking".
		The first humans used sharp stones as tools.
		Although other animals Archaeological evidence shows a geometric increase in the sophistication and complexity of hominid stone technology over time since its earliest beginnings 3-2 m.y.
	users.hol.gr /~dilos/prehis/prerm3.htm (2716 words)

	3Dviewer
		The EPL 3-dimensional (3-D) virtual model of a human temporal bone is a powerful teaching tool for learning the complex anatomy of the human temporal bone and for relating the 2-D morphology from a histological section to the 3-D anatomy.
		Low-power views of every fifth section through the temporal bone were digitized and imported into Amira v3.1 (Mercury Computer Systems/TGS, San Diego, CA).
		Screen shots of 3-D model of Human Temporal Bone displayed In freeware EPL 3-D viewer
	epl.meei.harvard.edu /~hwang/3Dviewer/3Dviewer.html (251 words)

	Script Types
		Oracle bone scripts were first written with a brush, then inscribed with a stylus or animal bone tool.
		These oracle bone records were divination results inscribed on turtle shells and shoulder blades of oxen.
		, also called smaller seal, is one of the last descendants of the ancient script types used in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions.
	depts.washington.edu /chinaciv/callig/7calhist.htm (1113 words)

	Homo habilis
		The presence of a precision grip (determined from the hand bones present in OH 7), which provides the anatomical basis for tool-making.
		Lacks nasal bone peaking caused by the internasal angle.
		The material consists of the mandible and the maxilla, several teeth, pieces of the cranial vault, and some postcranial elements, including a small piece of proximal ulna.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /homohabilis.htm (1113 words)

	Library - Tools
		The important tools to have are a billet, hammerstone, abrading stone and a pressure flaker.
		Be forewarned however that there are a lot of lousy tools being sold too, so be sure to buy them from a well recognized knapper, such as those noticed in the "Sales" section.
		Now option one hammer the copper tool into the handle where it should sit tightly if care was used in selecting the right bit, or glue can be used.
	www.flintknapping.com /article_tools.htm (1352 words)

	Handprint : Ancestral Tools
		These heavy blades were shaped into bifaces, then refined at the edges (using bone or antler tools) into distinctive variations in shape -- referred to by paleoanthropologists as axes, picks, and flat-edged cleavers.
		Because Mousterian tools were conceived as refinements on a few distinct core shapes, the whole process of making tools had standardized into explicit stages (basic core stone, rough blank, refined final tool), with variations in tools created by variations in the procedures at each stage.
		Given the adaptation of tool forms to other material activities that appears in the Mousterean industry, these regional styles are probably not just stylistic variations but reflect the adaptation of tools to specific materials and the hunting and manufacturing requirements of different ecologies and social economies.
	www.handprint.com /LS/ANC/stones.html (1352 words)

	SCRAPERS
		are unifacially retouched tools with a steep, wide-angled edge that is suitable for a number of tasks, including scraping hides, planing wood or bone, and cutting like a knife" Whittaker 1994.
		If the tool blank is a blade, and the retouch is abrupt retouch rather than scraper retouch it would be called a truncated blade.
		If the tool blank is a flake, and the retouch is abrupt retouch rather than scraper retouch it would be called a truncated flake.
	www.hf.uio.no /iakk/roger/lithic/scrapers.html (1352 words)

	Reflections on the Style-Function Debate
		The Mousterian, the tool tradition of the Neanderthals and early moderns, is a continuation of this technological advance.
		Instead, they maintain the fundamental premises that tool types (a) are due to the intent of the creator, not to external circumstances, and (b) therefore variation in assemblages reflects cultural differences.
		After an edge is dulled the tool is retouched on that edge or yet another edge is sharpened, producing a different tool type.
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleo/debate.html (1352 words)

	Glossary: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
		A stone tool, from which flakes, called "burin spalls", are removed in order to create a sharp edge that is used to carve grooves, commonly in bone or wood.
		A tool that is chipped or worked on both faces or sides.
		In archaeology, lithic artifacts include ground and chipped stone tools and the debris resulting from their manufacture.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /glossary.html (1352 words)

	Stone Tool And Bone Find Earliest Ever Excavated
		What they eventually discovered is a significant development in the field of paleoanthropology: the earliest stone tools and animal bones at the same site, clearly associated with each other, indicating early humans’ use of tools to provide food for themselves.
		This area was already known to have the earliest stone tools, and is adjacent to Hadar, where “Lucy,” probably the most famous hominid fossil yet to be discovered, was found in 1974.
		He found a few flakes—tools that are pieces of stone chipped off of a larger stone—and began digging with a crew of experienced excavators.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/11/031105065322.htm (1352 words)

	Ex10main.htm
		There is an awesome tool for studying the bones.
		This is a must visit site for all A and P students studying bones, muscles, nerves, blood and blood vessels.
		Identify and name the cranial and facial bones and their associated markings.
	www.accd.edu /pac/biology/a_plabs/LabEx10Week6/Ex10main.htm (187 words)

	The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist -- Cowan Site Worked Bone
		The variety of bone tools from the site is reminiscent of worked bone assemblages recovered from Mill Creek sites in northwest Iowa (Baerreis 1970; Dallman 1977, 1983; Fugle 1962) and there are also some similarities to specimens recovered from the Larson site (Henning and King 1996b).
		There is a general impression in the archaeological literature that diverse bone tool assemblages are characteristic of Mill Creek components while Great Oasis populations made and used fewer bone tools (Tiffany 1983:97).
		Thirty-two bone and antler tools and pieces of worked bone were recovered from the Cowan site.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/gcp/cowan/WorkedBone.htm (187 words)

	Risk reduction through skeletal scintigraphy as a screening tool in suspected scaphoid fracture: a literature review -- Chakravarty et al. 19 (6): 507 -- Emergency Medicine Journal
		Bone scanning in the assessment of the scaphoid.
		Clinical fracture of the carpal scaphoid- an illusionary diagnosis.
		Scanning and radiology of the carpal scaphoid bone.
	jnlaem.com /cgi/content/full/19/6/507 (1938 words)

	NABO: NABONE Recording System Codes
		We have also used this system as a teaching tool in introductory courses.
		This recording manual is the 6h working version of the NABO Zooarchaeology Working Group Data Records Project, authorized by the January 1997 working group meeting in NYC.
		The Data Records project has used the large (ca 50k TNF) archaeofauna from excavations of the 9th-11th c Viking site of Hofstaðir in N Iceland with the kind cooperation of the Archaeological Institute, Iceland (FSQ).
	www.geo.ed.ac.uk:81 /nabo/newnabo/nabone/nabone_codes.html (1938 words)

	Quincy Herald-Whig
		Among the artifacts found there were,, from left, a deer bone weaving tool, a turkey bone awl, a heat-treated Gibson dart point and a Gibson lance point.
		The Lima Lake archaeological site excavated by Steven Tieken of Quincy from 1996 to 2000 is near the mouth of Bear Creek in northwest Adams County.
		The Lima Lake site is shedding some additional light on elements of the Hopewell culture that existed during the Woodland period.
	www.whig.com /350173089679017.php (1938 words)

	Mathematics, Very Old Summary - Mathematics, Very Old Information
		The Ishango Bone dates from 9000 B.C.E. to 6500 B.C.E. It is a bone tool handle, and it also contains tally marks that were probably used to keep a record of domestic items, perhaps sheep or cattle.
		Another ancient tally bone is the Ishango Bone, found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
		No one knows just what the bone's owner was counting, but it may have been domestic animals such as sheep or some type of game animal.
	bookrags.com /sciences/mathematics/mathematics-very-old-mmat-03.html (287 words)

	Volume 7 number 1
		Author's subsequent note: In his revised (1991) book, Marshack has an extensive note on the redating of the Ishango incised bone: "The date obtained suggest that the Ishango tool with its sets of marks, its inset points, and its association with bone harpoons, was 20000 to 25000 years old."
		This incised bone was discovered in the 1960s on the shore of a lake in northeastern Zaire.
		The dating of the Ishango bone has been reevaluated, from about 8000 B.C.to perhaps 20,000 B.C. or earlier.
	web.nmsu.edu /~pscott/isgem71.htm (3182 words)

	Flintknapping - www.findon.info
		The arrowhead was held against a piece of thick leather, in the palm of one hand while the other held a bone tool used to apply pressure to the edge.
		During the Neolithic period, flint tools were produced by craftsmen called flintknappers.
		They split flints into rough shapes and then knocked pieces off to form the shape of a tool.
	www.findon.com /cissbury/flintknapping/flintknapping.htm (388 words)

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In the News (Mon 28 May 12)