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Topic: Bonus Expeditionary Force

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	Book Review: The Bonus Army
		In Portland, Oregon, veterans organized a Bonus Expeditionary Force (named after the American Expeditionary Force of WWI) for a march on Washington to lobby Congress on behalf of the bonus.
		The military force, accompanied by Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur, routed the veterans from their camps near the Capitol and then crossed the Anacostia River (apparently against the President's instructions) and cleared the camp on Anacostia Flats, which was torched.
		FDR noted in his opposition to the early payment of the bonus that veterans made up 1% of the population and consumed 24% of the federal budget.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,021105_Bonus_Army,00.html (940 words)

	Bonus Army
		The veterans had been promised a bonus in 1924 to compensate them for wages lost during their service in the army, but this bonus was not to be paid until 1945.
		Initially the veterans responded favorably to the terms of the bonus as it was the first time government assistance was available to all veterans and was not qualified as to whether or not they were disabled, indigent, or had served in combat.
		The bonus marchers became highly symbolic of the federal government's responsibility for the prosperity of the American worker.
	www.rpadden.com /bonus/bonus_army_dagvin_r.htm (980 words)

	Bonus Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The original bonus law passed as a political compromise between Congress and the American Legion of World War I veterans, and the Legion constantly supported revision of the terms.
		Most of the Bonus Army camped in a Hooverville on the Anacostia Flats, then a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington.
		He sent his wife Eleanor to chat with the vets and pour coffee for them, and she persuaded many of them to sign up for jobs making a roadway to the Florida Keys, which was to become the Overseas Highway, the southernmost portion of U.S. Route 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bonus_Expeditionary_Force (1017 words)

	Untitled Document
		During the time that Congress was in session and the members of the "bonus Army" were justifying their presence on the grounds that they desired to petition Congress for a redress of alleged grievances there was a natural disposition to show, extreme consideration to these men.
		The force was intended to show the radical leaders that a government by all the people was still functioning and could not be overcome by an organized minority.
		Indictments charging three "bonus marchers" with assault to kill and assault with a dangerous weapon were reported by the District of Columbia grand jury today at the end of a two week's investigation into the rioting of July 28.
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/bonusarmy/bonus_army.html (10721 words)

	Bonus Army Summary
		The country saw Hoover's eviction of the bonus marchers as symbolic of his general unwillingness to grant direct relief to ease individual suffering during the Great Depression.
		During the two subsequent bonus marches, in 1933 and 1934, Roosevelt welcomed the few thousand veterans who came as conventioneers, housed them in an army camp out of the city, and then offered them places in the Civilian Conservation Corps to get them to disperse willingly.
		The bonus march was a legacy of World War I that helped shape the nation's response to the Great Depression and World War II.
	www.bookrags.com /Bonus_Army (1777 words)

	U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Historical Minutes > 1921-1940 > Capitol Besieged
		Bonus Marchers await the outcome of the Senate vote on the 'bonus bill' for veterans of the First World War, 1932.
		While the soldiers of that army carried no muskets, they came to pressure Congress to award them a bonus the government had promised in legislation passed eight years earlier for their service in World War I. Under that 1924 law, however, the bonus was not to be paid until 1945.
		Adjusted to the military record of individual veterans, the award was expected to average $1,000.Desperate and penniless in the depths of the Great Depression, this self-styled Bonus Expeditionary Force of 25,000 veterans came to the nation’s capital to lobby for an immediate payment.
	www.senate.gov /artandhistory/history/minute/Capitol_Besieged.htm (472 words)

	The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers
		This early redemption capability came to be referred to by members of Congress and veterans groups as a bonus, and during the early months of 1932 the bonus was a topic of ongoing discussion in the legislature.
		Throughout July the veterans, known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force, continued to hold marches and rallies despite the fact that they were receiving ultimatums to leave, with the White House proposing use of troops to force an evacuation.
		When the veterans realized that President Roosevelt would also veto the bonus bill but was offering an alternative solution they gradually backed away from their demands, and the issue of the veterans' bonus eventually faded from the news.
	www.worldwar1.com /dbc/bonusm.htm (922 words)

	'Bonus Army' led march for social change - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		One is racism: The Bonus Army was desegregated, to a remarkable extent for its time, which, sadly, contributed to a lingering bad image.
		It was really neither compensation nor bonus, but an insurance policy, issued in the form of certificates with a total face value of $3.5 billion, with an average payout of $1,000 per man, that could not be redeemed until 1945.
		The authors' analysis of the causes, meaning, and effects of the BEF is better than their description of its activities, which is uninspired in some of the march's exciting aspects and overlong in some of its tertiary ones.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/pittsburghtrib/s_302082.html (809 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Washington Century
		The encampments would be set ablaze, soldiers would be forced to bear arms against their own, and legions of families would be rousted.
		They dubbed themselves the Bonus Expeditionary Force, and their goal was to get the Patman bill passed.
		The bonus march may as well be described as a flight from reality – a flight from hunger, from the cries of starving children, from the humiliation of accepting money from worn, querulous women, from the harsh rebuffs of prospective employers."
	washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/local/2000/bonus0412.htm (1821 words)

	Bonus Marchers - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Bonus Marchers in U.S. history, more than 20,000 veterans, most of them unemployed and in desperate financial straits, who, in the spring of 1932, spontaneously made their way to Washington, D.C. They demanded passage of a bill introduced by Representative Wright Patman providing for immediate payment of their World War I bonus.
		Calling themselves the Bonus Expeditionary Force, they camped in vacant government buildings and in open fields made available by police superintendent Pelham D. Glassford.
		Hoover was much criticized by the press and the general public for the severity of his response.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-bonusm1ar.html (391 words)

	VETERANS REBEL!
		Thirty-six radical members of the "bonus expeditionary force" had been arrested by police as they left a meeting in an abandoned church in Southeast Washington.
		Three bonus seekers were sentenced to six months in jail on charges of forcibly occupying government property.
		The northward trek was supervised by most of the State police force of seventy-five men under Capt. Johnson, commandant, with the assistance also of twenty Prince George's county policemen and constables.
	www.parida.com /bonusmarch.html (2155 words)

	'Bonus Army'
		In the spring of 1932, during the worst part of Depression, a group of 300 veterans in Portland, Oregon organized by an ex-Sergeant named Walter Walters named itself the 'Bonus Expeditionary Force' or 'Bonus Army,' and began traveling across the country to Washington to lobby the government personally.
		In June, the Patman Bonus Bill, which proposed immediate payment of the veterans' cash bonuses, was debated in the House of Representatives.
		As the weather and the rhetoric grew hotter, concern grew that the Bonus Army Marchers could cause widespread civil disorder and violence.
	www.web-tracks.org /BonusArmy.html (614 words)

	bonus — Infoplease.com
		Bonus Marchers - Bonus Marchers, in U.S. history, more than 20,000 veterans, most of them unemployed and in...
		Bonus - Bonus A bounty over and above the interest of a share in any company.
		Sylvius Bonus - Sylvius Bonus Supposed to be Coil the Good, a contemporary of Ausonius, who often mentions him; but...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/bus/A0808278.html (407 words)

	In Liberty & Freedom-Bonus Marchers
		At the end of World War One, as the American Expeditionary Force was being demobilized, a grateful U.S. government passed legislation that authorized the payment of cash bonuses to war veterans, adjusted for length of service, in 1945.
		This early redemption capability came to be referred to by members of Congress and veterans groups as a bonus, and during the early months of 1932 the bonus was a topic of ongoing discussion in the legislature.
		Throughout July the veterans, known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force, continued to hold marches and rallies despite the fact that they were receiving ultimatums to leave, with the White House proposing use of troops to force an evacuation.
	www.inlibertyandfreedom.com /bm.htm (5556 words)

	Paul Dickson - The Bonus Army: An American Epic
		And it underscored the power that could be unleashed by the marcher who made himself "a petition in boots." Its legacy was of great importance to the World War II veterans whose homecomings were a far cry from the hardships and indignities of the 1930's.
		In 1924, they had been promised a cash bonus for their service, but it was to be deferred until 1945.
		The all but forgotten but dramatic story of WWI vets from their historic march on Washington in 1932, to demand the bonus promised them for their wartime service, to the passage of the GI Bill which was their lasting legacy.
	pauldicksonbooks.com /work3.htm (1574 words)

	Bonus March Episode
		One such group of people were the World War I veterans and their families; who wanted a bonus for their services in the Great War now, instead of in 1945.
		They called themselves the "Bonus Expeditionary Force" or "Bonus Army", after the American Expeditionary Force that was sent overseas during WWI.
		All they saw was that people were injured and kill, that the government used excessive force to expel the demonstrators, and did not give a well-deserved bonus to the veterans, who needed such money to keep their family from starving.
	www.v-r-a.org /docs/bonusmch.htm (2247 words)

	In Our Own Image
		In the spring and summer of 1932, disgruntled, unemployed World War I veterans, government bonus certificates in hand, got the idea to demand payment on the future worth of those certificates (they were issued in 1924, to be paid off in 1945).
		Despite the fact that the Bonus Army was made up of 95 percent veterans, the entire group were labeled "Red agitators"-tantamount to declaring open season on an oppressed group of U.S. citizens.
		After this impressive military success, the members of the Bonus Army were forced to leave Washington and many of them joined the other two million or so Americans who lived their lives on the road during the Great Depression.
	www.dissidentvoice.org /Articles8/MickeyZ_Iraq-Protest.htm (662 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Aviation History \| A Promise Denied: The Bonus Expeditionary Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1932 World War I veterans seeking a bonus promised by Congress were attacked and driven out of Washington, D.C., by troops of the U.S. Army under the command of Douglas MacArthur, Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton.
		Known as Bonus Marchers, they came in desperation from all across the nation, hopping freight trains, driving dilapidated jalopies or hitchhiking, intent on pressuring Congress to pass the legislation.
		Adopting the name -- which was commonly shortened to Bonus Army -- they asked him, and he agreed, to serve as secretary-treasurer of the group.
	www.thehistorynet.com /ahi/bl_bonus_march (1654 words)

	bonus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The hourly or weekly wage was to be figured as payment for a standard rate of work, and the workers who exceeded that standard were to receive a bonus.
		In 1924 each veteran received an adjusted compensation certificate entitling him to a payment averaging $1,000 to be made in 1945.
		In 1932 about 15,000 unemployed veterans formed the “Bonus Expeditionary Force,” or Bonus Marchers, and marched to Washington to demand immediate payment of the certificates.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/bonus.html (353 words)

	The Ultimate Bonus Army - American History Information Guide and Reference
		The Bonus Army massed at the United States Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate considered a bill that would give them certain benefits.
		Most camped in makeshift camps or shacks (similar to Hoovervilles) on the Anacostia Flats, a swampy, muddy area in Southeast D.C., across the Anacostia River from the federal core of the city.
		After the inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, a section of the Bonus Army regrouped in Washington to restate their claims to the new President.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Bonus_Army (437 words)

	Marihemp: Politics: Bonus Expeditionary Force
		They proclaimed themselves the Bonus Expeditionary Force but the public dubbed them the "Bonus Army." Raising ramshackle camps at various places around the city, they waited.
		Walter Waters, leader of the Bonus Expeditionary Force, appeared with bad news.
		Bartlett, John Henry, The Bonus March and the New Deal (1937); Daniels, Roger, The Bonus March; an Episode of the Great Depression (1971).
	boards.marihemp.com /boards/msg1x107133.shtml (785 words)

	Deja Vu: Veterans of WWI ridiculed as beggars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The bonus army was led by Walter Waters, a former sergeant from Portland, Ore., who had lost his job in a cannery in 1930.
		They called themselves the Bonus Expeditionary Force, a play on the American Expeditionary Force, the name given to the American troops that served in France.
		A Wall Street Journal editorial condemned the bonus bill, saying that veterans were like "panhandlers" seeking an "unearned and undefensible dole." Vetoing the bill, President Calvin Coolidge declared, "Patriotism which is bought and paid for is not patriotism." But bowing to the political power of the new veterans' organizations, Congress overrode his veto.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05311/602212.stm (849 words)

	Bonus Marchers
		The welfare of the veterans as a class is inseparable from that of the country.
		They figured out, too, that the bonus paid now would tend to liven up business, particularly the retail business in small towns; might be just enough to tide them over till things picked up.
		The BEF was a tattered army consisting of veterans from every state in the Union; most of them were old-stock Americans from smaller industrial cities where relief had broken down.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAbonus.htm (2067 words)

	The Bonus Army - March on Washington
		They formed the Bonus Expeditionary Force, later known as the Bonus Army.
		President Hoover, determined not to allow the veterans to dictate policy, was weary of the Bonus Army headache.
		Bonus Army members and their families were pursued to the surrounding state lines.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_35_170.html (717 words)

	(DV) Mickey Z: The Bonus Army
		Anywhere from 17,000 to 25,000 former doughboys formed a Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), otherwise known as the "Bonus Army," and-bonus certificates in hand-they marched on Washington to picket Congress and President Herbert Hoover.
		Despite the fact that the BEF was made up of 95 percent veterans, the entire group were labeled "Red agitators" -- tantamount to declaring open season on an oppressed group of U.S. citizens.
		After this impressive military success, the members of the BEF were forced to leave Washington and many of them joined the other two million or so Americans who lived their lives on the road during the Great Depression.
	www.dissidentvoice.org /Aug05/MickeyZ0831.htm (1317 words)

	Walker Books: The Bonus Army
		The demonstrators were part of a growing delegation of veterans and their families heading to Washington to collect payment of the “bonus,” promised eight years before, in 1924, to soldiers who had served in the Great War.
		By June 13, Patman’s cash-now bonus bill, authorizing an appropriation of $2.4 billion, finally had made it out of committee and was headed toward a vote.
		They are being forced out of their shacks by the troops who have been called out by the President of the United States.” In movie theaters across America, the Army was booed and MacArthur jeered.
	www.thebonusarmy.com /smithsonian.php (3948 words)

	Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial: The Path of Social Justice
		By May about 20,000 members of the "Bonus Expeditionary Force" were in camps in Anacostia, 12th & 'C' Streets, and 3rd & Pennsylvania Avenue.
		In July the bill was defeated, the BEF leaders calmly had the marchers return to camp, and tension grew inside Congress and the White House as to what might happen next.
		Local authorities then moved to evict the BEF from abandoned buildings and camps, and were met with brick-throwing and other resistance.
	www.nps.gov /fdrm/generation/anarchy.htm (395 words)

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