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	Bophuthatswana - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bophuthatswana was a former Bantustan (homeland) in the north of South Africa.
		Bophuthatswana was given nominal self-rule in 1971, and became nominally independent on December 5, 1977; Kgosi Lucas Mangope was appointed head of state.
		In reality Bophuthatswana was a puppet state of apartheid-era South Africa, and was not recognised by other countries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bophuthatswana (459 words)

	Armoria patriæ - Republic of Bophuthatswana
		The tribal trust lands which made up Bophuthatswana were to be found in three provinces of pre-1994 South Africa: the traditional Tswana lands were spread across the far north of the Cape Province and the west of the Transvaal, right across to the middle of the Transvaal Province.
		Bophuthatswana spent a number of years as a non-independent homeland state, but chose to take advantage of South Africa’s offer of “independence”, attaining this status on 6 December 1977.
		The primary language of Bophuthatswana was (and, since the demise of the state, remains) Setswana.
	www.geocities.com /haigariep/BopE.html (1166 words)

	Bophuthatswana - Black Dispossession in South Africa: The Myth of Bantustan Independence
		Bophuthatswana was one of ten banustans (also known as homelands) in apartheid South Africa.
		Bophuthatswana consists of seven pieces of land which are located in three different provinces of South Africa.
		The migrant workers from Bophuthatswana and elsewhere are usually hired on one year contracts, and are not allowed to take their families with them.
	richardknight.homestead.com /bophuthatswana.html (3914 words)

	AllRefer.com - Bophuthatswana (South African Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Bophuthatswana comprised seven separate areas, one along the Botswana border, the remainder landlocked enclaves.
		Bophuthatswana achieved "self-government" under the Homeland Constitution Act of 1971.
		Bophuthatswana was not recognized outside South Africa as an independent state.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/Bophutha.html (284 words)

	Bophutatswana (South African homeland)
		Bophuthatswana was one of the four so-called "independent" homelands having been granted independence by South Africa on 06 December 1977.
		Bophuthatswana was a relatively large territory, vastly dispersed across the central to western Transvaal and into the north-eastern Cape Province (today's northwestern-most Mpumalanga and North-West Province).
		Bophuthatswana was re-incorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994 and ceased to exist as a separate political entity and the flag is no longer in use.
	www.fotw.net /flags/za-bw.html (766 words)

	Victory or Violence: The Story of the AWB : Chapter 23
		The Bophuthatswana government had consistently refused to take part in the April 1994 multi-racial elections, and when this boycott was formally endorsed by the Bophuthatswana cabinet, ANC supporting mobs took to the streets of Mmbabatho and Mafeking, the two main towns in the homeland, demanding that the nominally independent state be reincorporated into South Africa.
		Terre'Blanche, who had moved into Bophuthatswana along with his forces (which eventually totalled approximately 750 men, as opposed to the 350 men who made up the BKA faction), was asked by the commander of the Bophuthatswana army, General Jack Turner, to see him urgently at the latter's head quarters.
		This session of the Bophuthatswana parliament would have in all likelihood have reversed the decision to stay out of the elections, and Mangope and his supporters would have then been able to enter the election in their own right.
	www.arthurkemp.com /awb/chap23.htm (2271 words)

	Daily Mail&Guardian: Transforming Mangope's Bophuthatswanav
		For most people, at the University, in government, or in business, Bophuthatswana was a very comfortable place - as long as they did not raise critical questions about policies or suggest their sympathy for the ANC, Cosatu, or other anti-apartheid organisations like the South African Council of Churches.
		The workshop was lively and inconclusive, not surprisingly, given the few opportunities that critics of the regime had to talk about its shortcomings and the difficulty of destroying its repressive structures without considerable loss of life.
		Bophuthatswana's regime was seen as authoritarian, repressive, and corrupt.
	www.chico.mweb.co.za /mg/projects/bop/preface.html (977 words)

	Daily Mail&Guardian: Transforming Mangope's Bophuthatswana
		Bophuthatswana had taken a first step against a passive and unimaginative opponent in a prolonged process to define regions in the evolving constitutional framework in a way that would maximise its prospective power.
		Paradoxically, despite Bophuthatswana's consistently negative approach to the negotiation process, Rowan Cronje became a key person during the 1993 round of talks the Multilateral Negotiating Forum serving as one of the six chairpersons for the sessions and often appearing on television as the apparently objective interpreter of its evolution and problems.
		The Bophuthatswana regime shrewdly retorted by insisting that an act of renunciation of Bophuthatswana citizenship would be a prerequisite to this change in citizenship.
	www.chico.mweb.co.za /mg/projects/bop/ch_seven.html (6038 words)

	72 days that shaped South Africa - SouthAfrica.info
		Bophuthatswana government sources said yesterday a crucial meeting would be held today to decide whether to register the homeland's ruling Christian Democratic Party for the elections.
		Tensions in Bophuthatswana rose yesterday after the homeland's government decided against registering for the election and the ANC called for a blockade of the territory.
		The Bophuthatswana Defence Force was called in as the homeland tried to contain unrest as the public servants' strike entered its fourth week.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/history/tenyearsago2.htm (1276 words)

	Labor for Palestine! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is an extension of the Zionist state’s alliance with the apartheid regime in Pretoria, which enacted the “independence” of Transkei, Ciskei, Bophuthatswana and Venda to finalize the disenfranchisement of South Africa’s Black majority.
		Bophuthatswana’s Manpower Minister, Rowan Cronje, was a minister in Ian Smith’s minority regime in Rhodesia.
		During their visit, the two Bophuthatswana ministers were also given a tour of Tel Aviv’s schools by Mayor Shlomo Lahat.
	www.al-awdany.org /lfp/safrica/bantustans.html (658 words)

	TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION
		The President, the then President of Bophuthatswana, his hold on power became increasingly tenuous, despite his insistence in 1990 that Bophuthatswana would, and to quote him `be an independent state one hundred years from now'.
		In all court disputes the president of Bophuthatswana sided with Impala Platinum, which as the tribe's attorney, James Sutherland said at the time, was extraordinary; as trustee he should co-operate and litigate on behalf of the Baphokeng, instead he sided with the mine.
		In response to this the president of Bophuthatswana visited Phokeng in May 1983 and told the tribe that their letter, which was sent to him, is a dream.
	www.doj.gov.za /trc/amntrans/phokeng/phokeng.htm (18573 words)

	Bophuthatswana: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bophuthatswana was a former Bantustan Bantustan quick summary:
		In 1971 Bophuthatswana was given self-rule and it became independent on December 5, EHandler: no quick summary.
		On April 27 of the same year Bophuthatswana was reincorporated in South Africa, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bo/bophuthatswana.htm (639 words)

	Lucas Mangope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kgosi Lucas Manyane Mangope is the former leader of the Bantustan of Bophuthatswana.
		Initially leader of the Bophuthatswana National Party, Mangope left the party following what was officially referred to as 'internal strife' and formed the Bophuthatswana Democratic Party, which then became the governing party.
		He became President in 1977, a position he held until Bophuthatswana's reintegration into South Africa in 1994, although he needed to be reinstated by the South African government in 1988 following a failed coup.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lucas_Mangope (193 words)

	Daily Mail&Guardian: Transforming Mangope's Bophuthatswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Bophuthatswana administration could not be faulted for the South African decision to move these people, nor for the failure of South Africa to earmark funds for the provision of housing and other services for them.
		Bophuthatswana could brag (and did) that it was the only homeland to have an elected legislative majority.
		The regime's repeated insistence that Bophuthatswana was a democracy and its invitations to political opponents to contest elections need to be set against the reality of police harassment and its irreversible control of the legislature.
	www.chico.mweb.co.za /mg/projects/bop/ch_one.html (9942 words)

	\| The Great Bophuthatswana Donkey Massacre: Discourse on the Ass and the Politics of Class and Grass \| The American ...
		The cattle population rose steeply after Bophuthatswana became self-governing: it was 43,607 in 1972 in the Tlhaping-Tlharo district (comprised of land formerly in the districts of Kuruman and Vryburg); by 1981, it had reached 109,894.
		Whatever the immediate cause, the difference between donkey control in 1983 and earlier years was not due to a change in the donkey population or their environmental impact; it was due to changes in the state and economy.
		In this discourse, donkeys are valorized, and thus the transgression of the massacre is magnified.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/106.2/ah000485.html (11740 words)

	South Africa - Homeland Militaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bophuthatswana, with a population of 2.4 million, was declared "independent" in 1977.
		Bophuthatswana's military, the 3,100-member Bophuthatswana Defence Force (BDF), was organized into six military regions.
		The BDF was deployed several times in the late 1980s and early 1990s to quell popular demonstrations by residents of what had been South African territory bordering the homeland, when their residential areas were incorporated into Bophuthatswana for administrative purposes.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12196.html (1111 words)

	massacre
		Mr Mangope had also had ample time to convene his parliament to decide on whether Bophuthatswana should be reincorporated into South Africa and participate in the election but had blamed the South African government and the TEC for not having allowed it.
		It found that the role of the ANC in encouraging and spurring on the opposition to the Mangope regime was undoubted "but in the view of the commission its importance in respect of what happened in Bophuthatswana in the week of March 7 to 13 must not be over-emphasised".
		The report concludes that "if there is a lesson to be learnt from the events in Bophuthatswana, it is that delays in taking remedial steps in situations of strife and unrest should not be allowed to occur".
	www.dispatch.co.za /1998/07/31/southafrica/MASSACRE.HTM (599 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Bophuthatswana
		BOPHUTHATSWANA was selected as the homeland of the Tswana.
		Bophuthatswana, consisting of six separate areas located in northwestern Transvaal (3), the northern Cape Province (2) and the Orange Free State (1), was given SELF-GOVERNMENT in 1971 and nominal independence in 1977.
		Internationally, Bophuthatswana and the other 'independent' homelands (Transkei, Venda, Ciskei) were regarded as South African puppets and not recognized.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/southafrica/bophuthatswana.html (306 words)

	South Africa: Impunity for Human Rights Abuses in Two Homelands: Reports on KwaZulu and Bophuthatswana (Human Rights ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bophuthatswana is one of the ten homelands set up as part of the policy of grand apartheid implemented by the National Party government of South Africa following its election in 1948.
		Bophuthatswana itself is in seven pieces, scattered around the northern Transvaal and Orange Free State; its capital is Mmabatho, adjacent to the formerly "white" town of Mafikeng, approximately four hours' drive northwest of Johannesburg.
		Bophuthatswana was locked in an apartheid timewarp, denying even the most basic freedoms to those with the misfortune to live within its borders.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1994/southafrica2 (9374 words)

	Policing the Periphery: Police and society in South Africa's Homelands - Etienne Marais (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In areas like Bophuthatswana most serious crime is thought to be "cross-border", and close relationships with individual SAP stations and units are common in most border regions.
		In Bophuthatswana the relative weakness of the system of tribal authority compared to the personal power of President Mangope and the Commissioner means that the situation is reversed.
		As is the case in Bophuthatswana it is a common practise to ask the complainant to provide transport so that the police are able to go out and deal with a problem.
	www.wits.ac.za /csvr/papers/papolpem.htm (6402 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Bophuthatswana Police Force was established in November 1977 to take over from the South African Police Force when police stations were remanned, police districts organised, and district boundaries demarcated.
		Under the leadership of Kgosi Mangope a sophisticated police radio network was installed throughout Bophuthatswana, a Police Training College was established, a dog section was introduced, and the traffic section became part of the force.
		The Bophuthatswana Prison Service was established in that year and the then Commissioner and his staff had to establish the infrastructure for an efficient service.
	www.ucdp.org.za /law_history.htm (601 words)

	WEDC - Conference Paper
		BOPHUTHATSWANA GAINED INDEPENDENCE from South Africa in 1977 and became one of the fastest growing developing countries in the region.
		The Bophuthatswana Rural Water Supply Programme is operational in all five regions of Bophuthatswana with separate contracts for drilling, testing and equipping of boreholes in each region.
		To provide every Bophuthatswana resident with safe, affordable and sustainable drinking water at a rate of 25 litre per capita per day, within 500m from his dwelling, before the year 2000.
	www.lboro.ac.uk /departments/cv/wedc/papers/20/vanderw.htm (1971 words)

	Prison Conditions In South Africa: XIII. PRISONS IN THE "INDEPENDENT" HOMELANDS
		Bophuthatswana, with an estimated population of 2.4 million, held an average of 2,217 prisoners during 1991 (the last year for which statistics were available), with a ratio significantly lower than that in South Africa generally, of ninety-two prisoners per 100,000.
		Of the ten homelands, four C Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei C eventually became nominally independent, but the other six remained merely "self-governing territories," though there was little difference in practice.
		Annual Report of the Commissioner of Prisons, Republic of Bophuthatswana, Mmabatho, Bophuthatswana 1991.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1994/southafrica/15.htm (594 words)

	The Msiza and Bophuthatswana
		The final blow to the Msiza’s depleted finances came on 6 December 1977 when the South African government proclaimed the “independent” state of Bophuthatswana, and the district of Odi was incorporated into one of its six scattered fragments.
		The next arose when the Bophuthatswana government refused to allow its Ndebele subjects the right to educate their children in their mother tongue, siNdebele, a Nguni dialect, claiming that all education in the Tswana state must be conducted in seTswana.
		Then Bophuthatswana demanded that all its Ndebele subjects swear loyalty to the Tswana state, as a pre-condition to being given state or state-subsidised jobs, and being issued with travel documents.
	home.intekom.com /southafricanhistoryonline/pages/specialprojects/kwamsiza/msizaBop.htm (715 words)

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