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	Amadeo Bordiga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bordiga was born at Resina, in the province of Naples.
		In the course of the conflict, Bordiga had attended the 2nd Comintern Congress in 1920, where he had added 2 points to the 19 conditions of membership proposed by Vladimir Lenin.
		Bordiga was leader of the PCd'I until his arrest in 1923 (part of the political repression carried out by the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bordiga (693 words)

	Arturo PEREGALLI et Sandro SAGGIORO, Amadeo Bordiga
		Bordiga, contrary to the legend, was not sectarian in Party relationship, and considered of major importance the human factor.
		Bordiga remained apart from the Communist organisation and took care not to rejoin the official positions of the Comintern on " the radicalisation of the masses" and "the social-fascisation of the social democracy".
		It is thus logical that Bordiga refused to establish ties with the Bordiguist Fraction in exile in France and Belgium, and led by Ottorino Perrone.
	www.left-dis.nl /uk/bordigaunknowm.htm (2882 words)

	Communism Is The Material Human Community: Amadeo Bordiga Today
		Bordiga had a completely different view of the party from the Comintern, which was adapting to the revolutionary ebb announced, in 1921, by the Anglo-Russian trade agreement, Kronstadt, the implementation of the NEP, the banning of factions and the defeat of the March action in Germany.
		Bordiga's idea that capitalism equals the agrarian revolution is the key to the 20th century; it's certainly the key to almost everything the left has called "revolutionary" in the 20th century, and it is the key to rethinking the history of Marxism and its entanglement with ideologies of industrializing backward regions of the world economy.
		Bordiga anticipated this attitude when he wrote, sometime in the 1950's, that "just because social evolution in one zone (by which he meant Europe and the U.S.) has come to the next to the last phase does not mean that what happens on the rest of the planet is socially of no interest".
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Lobby/2379/gold62.htm (9519 words)

	More Lenin
		Bordiga believed, even more strongly than Lenin, that within capitalism a majority of the working class would never be able to develop a socialist consciousness; only a minority could, whose duty it was to lead the ignorant majority to socialism.
		Needless to say, those in Pannekoek's tradition and those in Bordiga's have a mutual contempt for each other, the former regarding the latter as partisans of a new state capitalism and the latter regarding the former as muddled democrats and majoritarians standing for workers' self-management of capitalism.
		Bordiga denounced such views as a variety of syndicalism and defended the idea of a minority, vanguard party which had to be prepared to ignore the ideas and wishes of the majority and push forward to try to seize power in an armed insurrection on behalf of their ignorant fellow-workers.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/jan04/panbordiga.html (1482 words)

	Left communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under the leadership of Amadeo Bordiga, the Left was to control the PCd'I (Communist Party of Italy) until the Lyons Congress of 1926.
		Nevertheless, Bordiga fought the IEC from within, only to have an article of his which was favourable to Trotsky's positions on the disputed Russian questions suppressed.
		With the victory of fascism in Italy, Bordiga was jailed and when he opposed a vote against Trotsky in the prison PCd'I group, he was expelled from the party in 1930.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Left-communism (4374 words)

	Adriano Zecchina - Curriculum Vitae
		Bordiga, F. Bonino, C. Prestipino, C. Lamberti, Zeolite characterization with spectroscopic methods, Impact of Zeolites and Other Porous Materials on the New Technologies at the Beginning of the New Millennium, Pts a and B 142 (2002) 3-14.
		Bordiga, A. Zecchina, C. Lamberti, Effect of NH3 adsorption on the structural and vibrational properties of TS-1, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 106 (2002) 7524-7526.
		Bordiga, C. Lamberti, Anchoring Fe ions to amorphous and crystalline oxides: A means to tune the degree of Fe coordination, Chemphyschem 4 (2003) 1073-1078.
	www.personalweb.unito.it /adriano.zecchina/cvzec.html (7554 words)

	Hobgoblin Journal
		Bordiga, born in 1889, died in 1970, just a few years before the onset of the global structural crisis that has held capital in its grip even since.
		In the 1950s Bordiga, ignored and forgotten by all but a few supporters, pronounced that the mainstream 20th Century workers movements, which for millions had been a struggle for human emancipation, had turned out objectively to be a movement of capital.
		Bordiga argued that the development of the productive forces of capital, underwritten by the forced "collectivisation" of the peasantry, was precisely what demonstrated the bourgeois nature of the "Soviet" regime.
	www.thehobgoblin.co.uk /journal/H1.htm (3660 words)

	Eclipse & Re-Emergence Appendix 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Later Bordiga wrote that he was not opposed to using the parliament as a tribune when this was possible.
		Bordiga was in prison from 1926 to 1930, and during the 1930's he stayed away from the very active politics of the emigration.
		Bordiga said there was no need for a new program; workers' management is a secondary matter; workers will only be able to manage the economy if market relations are abolished.
	www.skatta.demon.co.uk /eclipse/eclip6.htm (3904 words)

	Amadeo Bordiga
		Amadeo Bordiga (1889 - 1970) was a prominent Italian socialist.
		Active opposing the Italian colonial war in Libya, Bordiga was active in the Italian Socialist Party founded the Karl Marx Circle in 1912.
		He rejected a pedagogical approach to political work and developed a theory of the party whereby it constituted a non-immediate from of organisation which included some people not sociologically working class.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/am/Amadeo_Bordiga.html (242 words)

	riff-raff #7 – Democracy as the Community of Capital: A Provisional Critique of Democracy
		Bordiga dwell on this issue in “Party and Class” and finds his solution in the party as bearer of the consciousness of the proletariat.
		Bordiga, on the contrary, was not especially interested in the bureaucracy or in any other specific political forms of “degenerated” Russia; he merely tried to point out that the mode of production to its content was capitalist.
		Bordiga was not either the confirmed Leninist, which it sometimes makes a show of being, but he had, as with the Dutch-German left, a bias to it.
	www.riff-raff.se /en/7/undemocracy.php (3476 words)

	Communism is the Material Human Community: Amadeo Bordiga Today \| libcom.org library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In another context, Bordiga, when pressed to identify the capitalist class in his Russian capitalism said that it existed in the interstices of the Russian economy, as a class in formation.
		For Bordiga, the Soviet Union was a society in transition to capitalism.
		Bordiga anticipated this attitude when he wrote, sometime in the 1950's,that "just because social evolution in one zone (by which he meant Europe and the U.S.) has come to the next to the last phase does not mean that what happens on the rest of the planet is socially of no interest".
	www.libcom.org /library/node/2130 (9437 words)

	ZNet Commentary
		In 1913, Bordiga and his Karl Marx Circle in Naples argued against the Socialist Party's inability to respond to and channel popular aspirations (such as against an increase in tariffs and corrupt electorialism).
		Bordiga and Co. argued that the elections must be fought by a totally independent socialist party to expose the class character of democracy.
		But Bordiga, who is clear on political independence, wrote of Italy, which even in 1913 had a far more democratic parliamentary-type system than we have in this winner-take-all presidentialism.
	www.zmag.org /ZSustainers/ZDaily/2000-08/30prashad.htm (2986 words)

	Correspondance between Bordiga and Trotsky
		In 1923 Bordiga was in prison but, as the divergences became more and more significant, he wrote a manifesto "To all comrades of the Communist Party of Italy" which would have resulted in a break with the CI if it had been supported by the other members of the party’s executive committee.
		On 28 October 1926, Bordiga wrote to Karl Korsch that he was "satisfied with Trotsky’s positions on the German revolutionandquoan revolution".
		However, while Trotsky’s criticisms were in accord with Bordiga’s on this event, as on the necessity to discuss the Russian question and the situation of the CI, Trotsky’s political positions were not as trenchant and well-argued as those of Bordiga when it came to essentials.
	en.internationalism.org /book/print/175 (2130 words)

	Bordiga, Amadeo \| libcom.org library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bordiga (1889-1970) was an influential member of the Italian communist movement and leader of the Absentionist Fraction of the Italian Socialist Party and for a time leader of the Italian Communist Party, before resigning in favour of Gramsci, under pressure from Lenin.
		At the Lyons Congress of the Communist Party of Italy in 1926, shortly before the Communist International adopted the theory of “socialism in one country”, the Left presented a draft theses (The Lyons Theses) which predictably was rejected by the largely Stalinised party.
		Bordiga at the 6th Enlarged Executive Meeting of the Communist International “Since the Russian Revolution is the first great stage of the world revolution it is also our revolution.
	www.libcom.org /library/amadeo-bordiga (1542 words)

	Bordiga
		Bordiga is the best of the anti-Bolshevik communists and Goldner a marvellous interpreter.
		And the Bordigists are obviously correct in specifying the historical mission of Bolshevism/Stalinism as the recreation of a facsimile of bourgeois urban industrial society.
		If Trotsky's notion of 'permanent revolution' was the only 'Bolshevik' alternative to Stalin's 'socialism in one country', one is entitled to wonder if this too does anything more than underscore the necessity and inevitability of stalinism in the given historical circumstances.
	www.marxmail.org /archives/july98/bordiga.htm (1093 words)

	IGS - Chronology of Gramsci's Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		April-May. From prison, Bordiga issued “an appeal to the PCd'I comrades,” in which he criticized the position of the Comintern executive, particularly regarding the relationship with the PSI.
		Bordiga and Grieco resigned from the central committee of the PCd'I. 12 September.
		Bordiga’s followers published a letter in L'Unità announcing the formation of the “Comitato d'Intesa tra gli elementi della Sinistra” (Committee of Accord between components of the Left).
	www.nd.edu /~italnet/gramsci/about_gramsci/chronology.html (9166 words)

	Bordiga Archive
		For a discussion of Bordiga's communism see the introduction to the Antagonism Press pamphlet Bordiga versus Pannekoek published October 2001.
		Note on Pannekoek and Bordiga in The Eclipse and Re-Emergence of the Communist Movement by Gilles Dauvé and François Martin
		Bordiga at the 6th Enlarged Executive Meeting of the Communist International by the IBRP.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Lobby/3909/bordiga0.html (457 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Murray: Paul is certainly right that Bordiga's published writings on Russian state capitalism appeared in the 1950s (and 1960s I think).
		In the early years of his incarceration his followers (and likely Bordiga himself) held a position similar to Trotsky on the class nature of the Soviet state.
		It is important to distinguish between "left" (or "ultra-left") versions of the theory (associated with Munis, C.L.R. James, Dunayevskaya, Bordiga, syndicalism, "council communism" etc.) and right versions (historically associated with social democracy).
	ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu /cgi-bin/textify.cgi?HTML=9607/0186.html (274 words)

	Riff-Raff #3–4 – Preface to the Swedish edition of “Communism is the Material Human Community: Amadeo ...
		Bordiga was an civil engineer by profession, an experience which gave him unusual insight into the operation of ground rent, urbanism, the environment, and supposedly »natural» catastrophes such as floods which are in fact far more expressions of social relationships than was generally recognized at the time.
		Bordiga took far more seriously than any 20th-century Marxist the alienation between town and countryside as one more capitalist antagonism to be overcome.
		Bordiga always insisted that capitalism was born, from the 15th to the 18th century, in a massive expropriation of both tools (craftspeople, peasants) and of land (peasants) and that communism meant a »reappropriation», in a completely transformed way, of what had previously been estranged.
	www.riff-raff.se /en/3-4/pre_bordiga.php (1360 words)

	Bookreview: Proletarian Order
		With a far from superficial knowledge of the facts, Williams is one of the rare contemporary historians who does not take the occupation of factories in September 1920 in Italy for the eve of the revolution or still less as an instance, even a brief one, of the establishment of a «proletarian order».
		Long live the internationalism of Lenin and Bordiga since the idealistic interpretation of history enables their internationalism to be reconciled with the «great power chauvinism» of Stalin and, in part, with the embryonic national-socialism of Gramsci and the fully developed national-socialism of Togliatti!
		The historiography which awards the Bordigas (or the Trotskys) with academic honors only to reduce them to the involuntary but providential artisans of the worst democratism, is more destructive (because it is more subtle) than the historiography's written along the lines of police chronicles and drawing upon defames accusations.
	www.sinistra.net /lib/upt/compro/lipo/lipoebucee.html (2257 words)

	IALHI News Service: Fondazione Amadeo Bordiga
		Amadeo Bordiga and the 'Communist Left' in the context of the international socialist and communist movement
		Antonietta De Meo, Bordiga's widow, and formally registered by the Ministry of Interior's Decree of 5.8.1998.
		The Foundation also fosters "the relations with the more important librairies both at home and abroad with a wiew to documenting the presence of Amadeo Bordiga; the publication of his little known or hard-to-find writings, the reprint of his writings compiled at different times and the editing of his complete works.
	www.iisg.nl /~ialhi/news/i0309_15.php (674 words)

	Organise: Article / Understanding State Capitalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In contrast to the Trotskyists, Bordiga, in the late 1940s, concluded that Stalinist Russia was capitalist, but he denied the very existence of state capitalism.
		Bordiga first discovered this bourgeoisie in Stalinist Russia in what he thought were incipient tendencies towards the restoration of “private property” through the sale of interest bearing bonds to high-salaried functionaries, scientists, artists, etc., who constituted the embryo of a bourgeois class.
		While the theories propounded by Mattick and Bordiga deny the very existence of state capitalism, the positions of Battaglia Comunista [Parti Comunista Internationalista, from Italy] and the CWO [Communist Workers Organisation, from Britain], which assert that Russia the countries of the Russian bloc, China, etc., are state capitalist countries are also inadequate.
	flag.blackened.net /infohub/organise/content.php?article.378 (6180 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: Mirko Bordiga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bordiga has been Head of Ducati Japan since September 1999, where he oversaw a transformation of the Ducati business and had an average unit sales growth of 38% per year.
		Bordiga, who will continue in his capacity as President of Ducati Japan.
		In recognition of the new opportunities for Ducati in Asia, Mirko Bordiga, formerly Commercial Director of Sales, has accepted the assignment to lead business development for the company in that region.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Bordiga_Mirko_113774620.htm (284 words)

	COMMUNISM IS THE MATERIAL HUMAN COMMUNITY:
		Two works which avoid the worst errors and earlier calumnies are A. de Clementi, Bordiga (Turin, 1971) and a biography by a PCI intellectual, Franco Livorsi, Amadeo Bordiga (Rome, 1976).
		A presentation of Bordiga's views on the Soviet phenomenon is Liliana Grilli, Amadeo Bordiga: capitalismo sovietico e comunismo (Milan, 1982).
		The best overall presentation of Bordiga and his theories as they influence the present article are in Jacques Camatte, Bordiga et la révolution russe: Russie et nécessité du communisme in the journal Invariance, année VII, Serie II, No. 4.
	www.left-dis.nl /uk/golboren.htm (9507 words)

	Left-Wing Communism Subject Archive
		On the other hand, there were “Ultra-Left” communists (especially some of the English and the Italians) who upheld the role of a Party in leading the working class and the aim of a workers’ state, but criticised the Bolsheviks for various forms of compromise, such as advocating participation in Parliament and the conservative trade unions.
		As is shown by Bordiga's 1920 Workers Councils and his 1951 Proletarian Dictatorship and Class Party, Bordiga agrees with the Bolsheviks on the main point of difference with the Council Communists like Pannekoek and Mattick: “The proletarian state can only be ‘animated’ by a single party,” he says.
		On the other hand, Bordiga's The Democratic Principle, 1922 and Proletarian Dictatorship and Class Party, 1951, emphasised the role of the Party and even argued against the idea of a “multi-party” state.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /marxists/subject/left-wing?D=A (1311 words)

	Italian Communist Party - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Amedeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split.
		In 1926 its left wing led by Bordiga was finally defeated and replaced by a new leadership around Gramsci at a conference in Lyon which issued a set of theses expressing the programmatic basis of the party at that point.
		However Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolini's repression and the leadership passed to Palmiro Togliatti.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Italian_Communist_Party (1043 words)

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