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Topic: Boreal forest

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	Taiga
		The taiga or boreal forest exists as a nearly continuous belt of coniferous trees across North America and Eurasia.
		Overlying formerly glaciated areas and areas of patchy permafrost on both continents, the forest is mosaic of successional and subclimax plant communities sensitive to varying environmental conditions.
		the characteristic closed-canopy needleleaf evergreen boreal forest; and
	www.runet.edu /~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/taiga/taiga.html (1141 words)

	Hinterland Who's Who - Canada's Boreal Forest
		Many of the birds that we see in our communities have bred in the boreal forest or passed through it travelling north or south, and many of these are the singers of the forests—small birds such as warblers, vireos, thrushes, kinglets, grosbeaks, sparrows, and flycatchers—which are hard to see but wonderful to hear.
		The boreal forest is a challenging home for reptiles and amphibians, which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures.
		The forest sector is reducing the impact of forestry on boreal water resources and is identifying areas critical for biodiversity.
	www.hww.ca /hww2.asp?id=354 (3178 words)

	The Atlas of Canada - Boreal Forest
		The boreal forest is characterized by the predominance of coniferous trees.
		The demand for lumber and depletion of forests in settled land to the south and east pushed forestry activities into the southern fringes of the boreal forest (mid-1880s).
		The strategy views the boreal forest as being as important to the hiker, the ecologist and the everyday citizen as to the lumber baron and the commodities trader.
	atlas.nrcan.gc.ca /site/english/learningresources/theme_modules/borealforest/index.html (4396 words)

	Boreal Forest of North America - Woods Hole Research Center
		Over the past 30 years, global boreal forests have experienced a significant amount of warming and drying which, if trends continue as predicted, are likely to induce feedbacks that may further influence global climate.
		Increased temperatures in the boreal region release large quantities of carbon previously immobilized in the cold and frozen soils.
		It is estimated that boreal forests and woodlands cover approximately 14.5% of the earth's land surface, comprising an area of nearly 16 million square kilometers (5.7 million square miles) — or about the size of the conterminous United States.
	www.whrc.org /borealnamerica/index.htm (602 words)

	Boreal Forest
		The boreal forest is a circumpolar band of mostly coniferous forests extending across the subarctic latitudes of Russia, Scandinavia and North America.
		In Alberta, the boreal is located in the northern half of the province and is characterized by mixedwood forests comprised of both coniferous (spruce and pine) and deciduous (poplar and birch) tree species.
		Although industrial activity in the boreal forest is a vital component of Alberta's economy, the rate of increase in human activities has caused concern that their cumulative effects are threatening the ecological and economic sustainability of the region.
	www.ameteam.ca /About%20Flame/borealforest2.html (378 words)

	Competing Realities : The Boreal Forest at Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		That the papers and evidence received and taken on the subject of the harvest of the boreal forest during the Second Session of the Thirty-fifth Parliament be referred to the Subcommittee on the Boreal Forest of the Standing Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.
		In studying the boreal forest we have drawn upon the advice and experience of the aboriginal community, the forestry industry and scientific community, conservationists and environmentalists, and other users of the forest such as tourists and recreation interests.
		At the same time, the boreal forest is being asked to provide a home and way of life for aboriginal communities, habitat for wildlife, an attraction for tourism and a place where biodiversity and watersheds are protected.
	www.parl.gc.ca /36/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/bore-e/rep-e/rep09jun99-e.htm (4751 words)

	Shades of Green: Earth's Forests -- Boreal Forests
		boreal forest is a band of coniferous trees that spreads across North America, Europe, and Asia and, before logging and settlement, nearly encircled the northern latitudes of the globe.
		conserve heat, the mammals that do live in the boreal forest tend to be large: moose, which are the largest type of deer, wolverines, which are the largest weasel, and the largest species of grouse all live in boreal forests.
		Animals from farther south migrate to the boreal forest to feed on everything from lemmings to caterpillars to seeds, which all appear in great numbers during the region's brief warm season.
	library.thinkquest.org /17456/borealall.html (979 words)

	Save the Heart of the Boreal Forest - NRDC's BioGems
		Vast stretches of Canada's boreal forest are undisturbed by development, but they are not quiet.
		Thirty percent of North America's songbirds and 40 percent of its waterfowl migrate to the boreal to rear their young.
		Until recently the wildest stretch of the forest along the border of Manitoba and Ontario was in danger of losing these nesting grounds to new hydropower development.
	www.savebiogems.org /boreal (356 words)

	Boreal Forest
		The forest ecosystem of the boreal region is a green belt of conifer and deciduous trees that acts as part of the largest source and filter of fresh water on the planet.
		Canada's boreal forest is the largest contiguous intact forest left on earth, covering 35 per cent of the country's land mass and stretching across the north from Newfoundland to the Yukon.
		The boreal is often referred to as the "lungs of the planet", and has a daily rhythm of breathing in carbon dioxide and breathing out oxygen.
	www.davidsuzuki.org /Forests/Forests_101/boreal.asp (585 words)

	Hinterland Who's Who - Canada's Boreal Forest
		Many of the birds that we see in our communities have bred in the boreal forest or passed through it travelling north or south, and many of these are the singers of the forests—small birds such as warblers, vireos, thrushes, kinglets, grosbeaks, sparrows, and flycatchers—which are hard to see but wonderful to hear.
		The boreal forest is a challenging home for reptiles and amphibians, which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures.
		The boreal forest is strongly influenced by natural disturbances, such as wildfires, insects, and disease, as well as human ones.
	www.ffdp.ca /hww2.asp?id=354 (3178 words)

	The Forest: Library: Boreal Forest Fragmentation in Ontario
		The few deciduous trees associated with the boreal forest (apart from tamarack, which is both coniferous and deciduous), white birch, balsam poplar and trembling aspen, tend to be pioneer species as well — fast-growing, opportunistic species that thrive on disturbance, and frequently displace slower-growing conifers.
		Boreal forests tend to support much less in the way of a shrub layer than do deciduous forests, particularly in predominantly coniferous stands; birch and poplar stands support a wider variety of shrubs.
		Significantly, the old growth forests were dominated by coniferous tree species, while the logged forests, regardless of age, were now dominated by deciduous trees, which is likely to have influenced the magnitude of the difference; other studies performed in cut and uncut deciduous forests showed a smaller, but still significant, difference.
	www.wildideas.net /forest/library/fragmentation.html (5728 words)

	Boreal Forest
		The boreal forest is a northern forest dominated by coniferous trees.
		The plants and animals of the boreal forest are adapted for the long cold winters.
		The breeding cycles of animals are also adapted to the conditions of the boreal forest.
	www.scsc.k12.ar.us /2000backeast/ENatHist/Members/BeaverM/Default.htm (513 words)

	FreeGrassy.org: The Boreal Forest
		The forest management unit covers an expanse of over one million hectares and is at the northern most edge of Ontario’s Boreal forest lands that have been licensed for logging.
		Some of the Boreal’s key environmental features include mitigating global warming: the thick layers of moss, soil and peat of the boreal are the world's largest terrestrial storehouse of organic carbon and play an enormous role in regulating the Earth's climate.
		Close to 650,000 hectares of Boreal forest are logged each year in Canada and the predominant method of cutting this forest is via clearcutting where most, if not all, of the trees are removed.
	freegrassy.org /learn_more/the_boreal_forest (1065 words)

	Boreal Forest - Ecoregions - Sierra Club
		Although, the boreal forest conjures up images of vast pristine wilderness, an unending expanse of conifers in an area that has been left untouched by human interference and industrial development, it is increasingly threatened by a range of resource extraction and other activities.
		In North America, the boreal ecoregion extends from Alaska to Newfoundland, bordering the tundra to the north and touching the Great Lakes to the south.
		Also characteristic of the boreal are innumerable water bodies: bogs, fens, marshes, shallow lakes, rivers and wetlands, mixed in among the forest and holding a vast amount of water.
	www.sierraclub.org /ecoregions/boreal.asp (879 words)

	Northern Alaska Environmental Center :: Alaska's Boreal Forest
		Conservation of boreal forests is important for wildlife, human uses, and the mitigating effects these forests play in global climate change.
		Alaskan forests are under the ownership of the Federal government, the State, Native Corporations, the University of Alaska, and private individuals.
		Forest health is crucial for protecting our air and water, for supporting abundant plant and animal life and the subsistence lifestyles that rely on them, and for maintaining the reputation of Alaska as one of the last, best places on earth.
	www.northern.org /artman/publish/forest.shtml (524 words)

	Forest Action Network - Boreal Forests Campaign
		The boreal forest ecosystem is a contiguous green belt of coniferous and deciduous trees encircling much of the northern hemisphere, including most of Russia, Scandanavia, and Canada.
		Urgent action is needed to save boreal forests from logging, mining, dams, and oil and gas development.
		Boreal forests are under increasing pressure from logging, mining, dams, and oil and gas development.
	www.fanweb.org /boreal/index.html (127 words)

	Boreal Songbird Initiative : Canada's Boreal Forest
		The Boreal ecosystem is a unique and productive mosaic of interconnected habitats that include forests, lakes, river valleys, wetlands, peat lands and tundra at its northern reaches.
		The Boreal Forest circles the northern portion of the globe like an emerald halo and is found in Russia, Canada, Alaska and Scandinavia.
		At 1.3 billion acres, Canada's Boreal Forest is one of the largest intact forest ecosystems remaining on Earth.
	www.borealbirds.org /forest.shtml (280 words)

	What is The Boreal? - Boreal Forest Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Boreal forest is a remarkably biologically diverse and dynamic domain, extending some 15 million square kilometers over one-tenth of the earth's northern land surface, and about one-third of Canada.
		The life in the Boreal forest is both ancient and new; fragile and hardy; and houses the largest and smallest mammal species (wood bison and pygmy shrews) of the North American continent.
		The rich wildlife diversity of the Boreal is a joy to behold: woodland caribou and lynx; whooping cranes and wood bison; northern owls; woodpeckers with three rather than four toes; colorful wood warblers.
	www.borealnet.org /overview/whatistheboreal.html (534 words)

	The Bountiful Boreal - National Wildlife Magazine
		âThe boreal is a mecca for all the colorful warblers and songbirds American birders enjoy on a regular basis,â says Peter Blancher, a researcher with Bird Studies Canada and author of the report Importance of Canadaâs Boreal Forest to Landbirds.
		BOREAL DENIZENS that rely on the forest for at least part of the year include (clockwise from left): the American robin, peregrine falcon, caribou, dark-eyed junco, American white pelican and spruce grouse.
		When the forestâs trees are cut, its thick layer of organic matter heats up and decomposes rapidly, potentially releasing large plumes of CO into the atmosphere.
	www.nwf.org /nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueid=70&articleid=989 (2700 words)

	Ontario's Northern Boreal Forest
		The forest north of the 51st parallel in Ontario is currently one of the last extensive boreal wilderness areas in the world.
		Fieldwork is being conducted in collaboration with multiple partners to produce the first baseline surveys and applied research on wolverines in eastern Canadian lowland boreal forests.
		In addition, large-scale spatial analyses on existing woodland caribou data are being evaluated to determine thresholds of caribou persistence in conjunction with the expansion of roads, cutovers, and settlements into prime caribou habitat.
	www.wcs.org /international/northamerica/WCSCanada/northernboreal (394 words)

	The forest biome
		However, forests are becoming major casualties of civilization as human populations have increased over the past several thousand years, bringing deforestation, pollution, and industrial usage problems to this important biome.
		Present-day forest biomes, biological communities that are dominated by trees and other woody vegetation (Spurr and Barnes 1980), can be classified according to numerous characteristics, with seasonality being the most widely used.
		Occuring between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes, boreal forests can be found in the broad belt of Eurasia and North America: two-thirds in Siberia with the rest in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /exhibits/biomes/forests.php (1063 words)

	Forest Ethics : Boreal Campaign Backgrounder
		The boreal forest is also home to hundreds of First Nations communities, many of which rely on fishing, hunting and trapping for their livelihoods.
		Close to 650,000 hectares of Boreal forest are logged each year in Canada and the predominant method of cutting this forest is via clearcutting where most, if not all, of the trees are removed.
		In Canada's boreal forest, logging occurs primarily on public land — in the case of thirteen of the largest companies on logging allocations the size of Switzerland.
	www.forestethics.org /article.php?id=986 (1322 words)

	Fire in the Boreal Forest
		One of the primary goals of the WHRC boreal North America program is to determine the impact of fire on boreal carbon cycling through a broader understanding of how changes in the boreal fire system alter the fate of stored carbon and sequestration through forest regrowth.
		Stand replacement fires, a common type of fire within boreal regions, result in the death and partial burning of most overstory trees, complete burning of understory vegetation, and partial burning of mosses, lichens, litter, and organic soil.
		Ultimately boreal carbon source/sink dynamics are a balance of NPP and decomposition (microbial respiration) rates, and the age structure of the forest, which is determined largely by fire disturbance regimes.
	www.whrc.org /borealnamerica/role_of_fire.htm (538 words)

	Global Forest Watch: Canada - Index
		Canada’s boreal forest is one of the three largest ‘frontier forests’ remaining on the planet.
		Canada’s relatively undisturbed forest areas are sufficiently large to maintain all of their native biodiversity.
		Logging is the dominant activity in Canada’s forests and a key sector in Canada’s economy: the forest industry generated over $68 billion in sales and $11 billion in wages in 1996.
	www.globalforestwatch.org /english/canada/index.htm (651 words)

	The Nature Conservancy in Canada - Canadian Boreal Forest
		The boreal forest is named for Boreas, the Greek god of the north wind, the North American boreal forest is one of three largest frontier forests remaining on Earth.
		The Conservancy is supporting boreal research by funding work at the University of Alberta to document the habitat needs of breeding bird populations in the boreal forest.
		The Conservancy is also supporting a project by Global Forest Watch and the Conservation Biology Institute to make boreal forest data available to scientists and communities.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/northamerica/canada/work/art12507.html (592 words)

	Northern Coniferous Forest
		The northern coniferous forest of the Subarctic climate, also known as the boreal forest, is dominated by coniferous trees, with hardy deciduous trees like birch mixed in.
		To the south lies the temperate forest and the north the tundra.
		Needles are an important adaptation to the extreme conditions present in the climate of the boreal forest.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/biogeography/biomes_northern_forest.html (675 words)

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